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Introduction to steam turbine
- 1. Introduction to Steam Turbine Mahendra Prabhu SUBRMANI Rotating Equipment Engineer
- 2. Contents • Thermodynamics & Steam Cycle terms • History of Steam turbine Development • Compounding Mechanism • Steam turbine Types • Steam turbine Construction • Materials • Extracts from API 611 & 612 • Accessories of Steam turbine • References
- 3. • Low Cost • Availability • High enthalpy of Vaporization Why Steam? Terms used in the steam cycle - Heat rate - Efficiency
- 4. Simple Ideal Rankine Cycle and Modifications Fig – Ideal Rankine Cycle Courtesy : Reference [3] Fig – Modified Rankine Cycle Courtesy: Reference [3]
- 5. History of Steam Turbine Development • 1st Century – Aeolipile • 1775 – James Watt – Reaction turbine • 1884 – Sir Charles Parsons – Reaction turbine • De laval’s - Impulse Turbine • 1896- Augusta Rateau – Alstom • Aurel Stodola – Professor at ETH, Zurich • Brown – Curtis – Impulse turbine – John Brown & Company Courtesy: Reference [1]
- 6. Impulse and Reaction blading Courtesy: Reference [1]
- 8. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 10. Types of Steam Turbine Steam Turbine Exhaust Condition Condensing Non Condensing No of Stages and Control Valves Single Valve Single Stage Single Valve Multi Stage Multivalve Single Stage Multistage Multi valve Process Controlled Extraction Non Controlled Extraction Controlled Induction Induction and Extraction Courtesy : Reference [2]
- 11. Main Components • Turbine Cylinder • Turbine Rotor • Turbine Blading • Seals • Bearings
- 12. Turbine Cylinder • Design consideration include Pressure , Temperature and High thermal stresses and distortion • Easy maintenance • Single flow high pressure turbine – Brown Boveri design • Single flow high pressure turbine – Kraftwerk union Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 13. Turbine Cylinder • Design consideration include Pressure , Temperature and High thermal stresses and distortion • Easy maintenance • Single flow high pressure turbine – Brown Boveri design • Single flow high pressure turbine – Kraftwerk union Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 14. Cont… Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 15. Cont.… Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 16. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 17. Rotors – Low Pressure Turbine Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 18. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 19. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 20. Blades Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 21. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 22. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 23. Turbine Seals Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 24. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 25. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 26. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 27. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 28. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [1]
- 29. API 611 (ISO 10436) 4th Edition • Scope: General purpose turbines are horizontal or vertical turbines used to drive equipment that is usually spared, is relative small in size (power), or is in non-critical service. They are used where steam conditions will not exceed a pressure of 48 bar and a temperature of 400°C or where speed will not exceed 6000 rpm. • Annex: - A – General purpose steam turbine data sheets - B – Damped unbalanced response analysis - C – Worksheet and Procedure for determination of residual unbalance - D – Minimum Pressurized lube- oil system - E – Vendor drawing and data requirements - F – Inspector’s checklist - G – Corresponding International Standards
- 30. API 612 (ISO 10437) 6th Edition Basic Design: IEC 60045-1 and NEMA SM 23 contain recommendations for steam purity levels. The purchaser’s approval is required for built-up rotors (disks shrunk on the shaft) when blade tip velocities exceed 250 m/s at maximum continuous speed or when stage inlet steam temperatures exceed 440 °C. Over Speed shutdown system: a) Electronic overspeed detection system b) Electro-hydraulic solenoid valves c) Emergency trip valve(s) / combined trip and throttle valve(s) If specified a turbine with an exhaust pressure less than atmospheric pressure shall be provided with an exhaust vaccum breaker actuated by the shutdown system. Details of such a system shall be agreed by the purchaser and the turbine vendor. Performance test according to PTC 6
- 31. Cont. Annex: A – Data Sheets B – Steam turbine nomenclature C – Procedure for determining residual unbalance D – Alarm and Shutdown systems E – Coupling guards F – Foundation drawings G – Gland sealing and leak-off system H – Typical inspection of components I – Inspector's check list
- 32. Difference between API 611 and API 612 API 611 • Cast iron bearing housing • Sleeve journal bearing • Ball or tilted pad thrust bearings • Carbon ring steam seals • Keyed shaft • NEMA A or D governor • 1 hr uninterrupted mechanical test • Standard rotor balance API 612 • Steel baring housing • Sleeve or tilt-pad journal bearings • Tilt-pas thrust bearing • Labyrinth end seals • NEMA D governor • Oil operated T&T valve • 2 out of 3 voting electronic trip • No mechanical trip • Casing field rotor balance provision • Rotor shafts must be degaussed • 4 – hour uninterrupted mechanical test • Rotor Dynamics Testing Courtesy : Reference [4]
- 33. Accessories of Steam Turbine • Lube Oil System • Governors • Surface condenser's package
- 34. Governors Courtesy : Reference [6]
- 35. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [6]
- 36. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [6]
- 37. Governors Courtesy : Reference [5]
- 38. Cont. Courtesy : Reference [5]
- 39. Surface Condenser Courtesy : Wikipedia
- 42. References 1. “Steam Turbine Components and Systems” by R.A.Chaplin 2. NEMA SM 23 and API 611 and API 612 3. “Thermodynamics Engineering Approach” 5th Edition by Yunus A. Cengel.,Michel A.Boles 4. “Selecting Steam Turbines for Pump drives” by Dave Scoot.,Wayne Adams at Calgary Pump symposium 5. “Standard Control Devices for Steam Turbines” Application Sheet 51238 Rev A from Woodward 6. “Steam turbine Control procedure” Application Sheet 83403 Rev B from Woodward