Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
This powerpint presentation includes all the detail of various types of AIR COPMPRESSSORS,with its real and schematic diagram
- Parth Patel
1st Year Electrical
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
Thank you!
This compressor works on the principle of centrifugal action. It finds wide variety of applications in engineering field. It is available in market from low to high capacities.
Air compressors:- One of the important device used to compress air at high pressure.
The presentation contains a detailed information about air compressors, classification of air compressors, reciprocating air compressors, rotary type, multistage/ single stage compressors. advantages and lastly application/ uses of air compressors.
Hope You like the presentation.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
This powerpint presentation includes all the detail of various types of AIR COPMPRESSSORS,with its real and schematic diagram
- Parth Patel
1st Year Electrical
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
Thank you!
This compressor works on the principle of centrifugal action. It finds wide variety of applications in engineering field. It is available in market from low to high capacities.
Air compressors:- One of the important device used to compress air at high pressure.
The presentation contains a detailed information about air compressors, classification of air compressors, reciprocating air compressors, rotary type, multistage/ single stage compressors. advantages and lastly application/ uses of air compressors.
Hope You like the presentation.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor_.pdfaliaseo052
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
By understanding this fundamental mechanism, one can appreciate the versatility and efficiency of air compressors in numerous settings, from industrial manufacturing to everyday tools and devices.
An air compressor is a device designed to pressurize air, which can be used for various purposes, from inflating tyres to powering pneumatic tools.
DETAIL STUDY ON TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR (POSITIVE & DYNAMIC ) WITH ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE. ADVANTAGE OF DYNAMIC COMPRESSURE, ADVANTAGE OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR,DRAWBACK OF SINGLE STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR OVER MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR
A compressor is a type of machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors helps to transport the fluid through a pipe maintaining the high pressure conditions. It is convers power (using and electrical motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below.
What Is the Basic Working Principle of an Air Compressor.docxcemenntcompressor
The basic working principle of an air compressor revolves around converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. This process involves drawing in ambient air, compressing it to a higher pressure, and then compressing it for various applications.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Contents
Theory of compression
Purpose of compression
Understanding of key terms
Kinetic theory of gases
Compressibility
Methods of compression
Types of compressors
Centrifugal compressors
Advantages and disadvantages
Basic construction
Understanding compressor curves
Basic operation
Compressor arrangements
Maintenance
3. Theory of compression
Compression
Process of increasing the pressure of a fluid in order to make it travel to another place
Compressor
Mechanical equipment that is used to increase the pressure of a compressible fluid.
Why compressors are required
Increase temperature and pressure of gas for certain reactions to take place.
Liquefaction of gases for storage purposes
Refrigeration effect
Pressurized air is used for measuring and control
Applications in industry
In every field of life.
Purpose of compression
5. Theory of compression
Capacity of a compressor
Understanding of key terms
Volume of gas handled in a unit time.
Its units are cubic feet per minute
Capacity is always measured at compressor suction flange.
SCFM and ACFM
9. Theory of compression
The average kinetic energy of the
molecules does not change with time.
The average kinetic energy of the
molecules is proportional to absolute
temperature.
Kinetic theory of gases
11. Theory of compression
Trap quantities of gas, reduce the volume, push the compressed gas out
of the enclosure.
Trap gas, carry it without volume change to the discharge opening.
Compress the gas by backflow from discharge system, then push the
compressed gas out of the enclosure
Compress by the mechanical action rotating impellers or bladed rotors
that impart velocity and pressure
Entrain the gas in a high velocity jet of the same or another gas and
convert the high velocity of the mixture into pressure in a diffuser.
Methods of compression
15. Types of compressors
Continuous and intermittent
Compressors can be subdivided into two broad groups based on
compression mode.
Intermittent
This compression is cyclic in nature. A specific quantity
of gas is ingested by the compressor, acted upon and
discharged, before the cycle is repeated.
Continuous
The compression mode in which gas is moved into the
compressor, acted upon, moved through compressor,
and discharged without interruption of the flow at any
point in the process.
16. Types of compressors
Compressors
Positive displacement Dynamic
Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Axial
Single acting Double acting
Diaphragm
Lobe Screw Vane
Liquid ring Scroll
Ejector
19. Centrifugal Compressors
Working Principle
The working principle is based upon
imparting kinetic energy to a fluid
stream and conversion of this dynamic
energy into static energy, i.e., from
velocity into pressure.
The specific compression energy
transmitted to the gas by the impeller
is called "head."
The discharge pressure of a turbo
compressor, which is affected by gas
inlet conditions, is a function of head.
20. Centrifugal Compressors
Less efficient for small volumes.
Discharge pressure limitation.
Effect of gas density and temperature.
Problem of surge phenomenon.
Discharge flow is relatively free of pulsation.
Mechanical design permits high through puts, capacity limitation is
rarely a problem.
Centrifugal Compressors are capable efficient performance over a wide
range of pressure and capacities even at constant speed operation.
These are relatively small, occupy less space, operate with minimum
attention and quieter.
Less contamination due to lubricants.
Disadvantages
Advantages
21. Centrifugal Compressors
Major components of a centrifugal compressor include:
Impeller
The part of centrifugal compressor that moves the gas is the impeller. As the impeller
rotates, it moves the gas toward the outer rim of the impeller and its velocity
increases.
Diffuser
As the gas leaves impeller, it flows into a passage-way called the diffuser. The diffuser
being larger in volume, the velocity of gas decreases and its pressure increases
Volute
Gas passes from diffuser into the volute. In the volute, the conversion of velocity
energy to pressure energy continues.
Casing
It is the outer cover of a centrifugal compressor which contains inlet and discharge
nozzles.
Construction
22. Centrifugal Compressors
A centrifugal compressor has two main type of parts;
Rotor assembly
Main shaft
Impellers
Thrust runner
Disc spacer
Balance drum
Stationary parts
Casing
Nozzles
Volutes
Bearings
Shaft seals
Construction
59. Centrifugal Compressors
Start up Sequence
All jobs completed and blinds removed
All instrument calibrated and in service
System Purging
Lube oil Circulation
Cooling water circulation
System pressurization
Sealing system
Start up
Basic Operation
69. Centrifugal Compressors
Start up Procedure
Open suction valve
Open discharge valve (discharge check valve closed).
Open bypass or vent valve
Start and bring up to speed
Close bypass or vent
Place bypass or vent on automatic control
Basic Operation
71. Centrifugal Compressors
Thermodynamic condition
A compressor's efficiency is reflected by its thermodynamic
performance Evaluation of performance requires acquisition of the
following data.
Suction and discharge pressures of each stage
Suction and discharge. temperatures of each stage
Volume flow
Density
Operating speed
Power consumption
Cooling water Flow rate,
Fouling
Basic Operation
72. Centrifugal Compressors
Mechanical condition
The most critical components of a compressor are the rotor, its bearings
and seals. Monitoring of mechanical compressor functions, therefore,
will center around the behavior of these components. The following
data allow assessment of the mechanical condition:
Radial vibration
Shaft position
Bearing temperature
Lube-oil supply pressure and temperature
Seal-oil supply temperature, and differential pressure between oil supply
and reference gas
Seal buffer-gas pressures and differential pressures
Compressor speed (with variable speed driver)
Basic Operation
73. Centrifugal Compressors
Common Problems
Dirty Intercoolers - Increased gas temperature reduces the density into the
compression stage.
Hot Coolant - Increased gas temperature reduces the gas density into the compression
stage.
Dirty Inlet Filter - Reduces the pressure into the first stage.
Driver Input Speed - The ability for a centrifugal compressor stage to make pressure
falls as the square of the stage speed. A reduction in the driver input speed can
dramatically affect the total machine ratio.
Discharge valve closure - Discharge valve closure decreased the flow through the
compressor hence increase the pressure and causes surging .
Suction valve closure- Suction valve closure or suction vent opening causes pressure
drop in suction reducing flow and surging the machine.
Inter stage vent malfunction- In a multistage compressor if inter stage vent valve
malfunction and opens the down stream stage will surge.
Change in gas composition. If the gas composition change it effects the pressure thus
the compressor can go into surge at the same speed
Recycle valve malfunction. Recycle valves are normally open during reduced flow
operation. if closes by accident or malfunction it will surge the compressor.
Basic Operation
75. Centrifugal Compressors
Surging
Flow reverses in 20 to 50 milliseconds
Surge cycles at a rate of 0.3 s to 3 s per cycle
Compressor vibrates
Temperature rises
“Whooshing” noise or “Clanking” noise
Trips may occur
Conventional instruments and human operators may fail to recognize
surge
Basic Operation
76. • Rapid flow oscillations
• Thrust reversals
• Potential damage
• Rapid pressure oscillations with
process instability
• Rising temperatures inside
compressor
FLOW
PRESSURE
TIME (sec.)
1 2 3
TEMPERATURE
TIME (sec.)
1 2 3
TIME (sec.)
1 2 3
Centrifugal Compressors
Trend of major process parameters during surge
77. Qs, vol
Pd
Machine shutdown
no flow, no pressure
• Electro motor is started
• Machine accelerates to nominal
speed
• Compressor reaches performance
curve
• Note: Flow goes up faster because
pressure is the integral of flow
• Pressure builds
• Resistance goes up
• Compressor “rides” the curve
• Pd = Pv + Rlosses
A
• Compressor reaches surge point A
• Compressor looses its ability to make
pressure
• Suddenly Pd drops and thus Pv > Pd
• Plane goes to stall - Compressor surges
B
• Because Pv > Pd the flow reverses
• Compressor operating point goes to point B
C
• Result of flow reversal is that pressure goes
down
• Pressure goes down => less negative flow
• Operating point goes to point C
D
• System pressure is going down
• Compressor is again able to overcome Pv
• Compressor “jumps” back to
performance curve and goes to point D
• Forward flow is re-established
Pd
Pv
Rlosses
Pd = Compressor discharge pressure
Pv = Vessel pressure
Rlosses = Resistance losses over pipe
• Compressor starts to build pressure
• Compressor “rides” curve towards surge
• Point A is reached
• The surge cycle is complete
• From A to B 20 - 50 ms Drop into surge
• From C to D 20 - 120 ms Jump out of surge
• A-B-C-D-A 0.3 - 3 seconds Surge cycle
Centrifugal Compressors
Surge representation on compressor curves
78. Centrifugal Compressors
Unstable flow and pressure
Damage in sequence with increasing severity to seals, bearings,
impellers, shaft
Increased seal clearances and leakage
Lower energy efficiency
Reduced compressor life
Some surge consequences
79. Centrifugal Compressors
Surge
Factors leading to onset of surge
Startup
Shutdown
Operation at reduced throughput
Operation at heavy throughput with:
- Trips - Power loss
- Operator errors - Process upsets
- Load changes - Gas composition changes
- Cooler problems - Filter or strainer problems
- Driver problems
Surge is not limited to times of reduced throughput. Surge can occur at
full operation
80. Qs, vol
Rc
stable zone
of operation
adding
control
margins
Actual available
operating zone
Centrifugal Compressors
Anti surge control
90. Centrifugal Compressors
Commonly used drivers for a centrifugal compressor are:
Steam Turbine
Electric motor
Induction
Synchronous
Gas Turbine
Expander
Compressor drivers