Respiratory tract infections are classified as either upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) that involve the areas above the vocal cords such as the nose, sinuses and throat, or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) that involve the areas below the vocal cords such as the trachea and lungs. Common causes of URTI include viruses and bacteria while LRTI are usually caused by bacteria or viruses with pneumonia being the most common LRTI. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infection but may include cough, sore throat, runny nose and fever. Treatment involves medications to reduce symptoms and antibiotics if caused by bacteria.

1. RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

2. INTRODUCTION
 Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a
number of infectious diseases involving
the respiratory tract
 It is classified in to 2 types they are:
 UPPER RESPIRATORYTRACT INFECTION
 LOWER RESPIRATORYTRACT INFECTION

3. The upper respiratory tract
consists
 Following parts

4.  The lower respiratory tract consists of

5. ABOUT URTI
 Upper respiratory tract
infections (URI or URTI) are the illnesses caused
by an acute infection which involves the
 upper respiratory tract
 : nose,
 sinuses,
 pharynx or larynx.
 This commonly includes:
tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis
media, and the common cold.

6. X-RAY OF URTI

7. ABOUT LRTI
o Inflammation of the air passages within the
lungs.
o Trachea(windpipe),and the large & small
bronchi(airways)within the lungs become
inflamed because of the infection.
• I t divided into 2 types :
 BRONCHITIS
 PNEMONIA

8.  BRONCHITIS

9. BRONCHITIS DIVIDED INTO:
A. Acute(viruses,pollutant)
B. Chronic(prolonged smoking,heavy exposure
to pollutants

10. BRONCHITIS CHEST X-RAY

12.  PNEUMONIA

13. PNEMONIA CHEST X-RAY

14. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
1. Rhinitis
2. Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis
3. Laryngitis(common cold)
4. Sinusitis
5. Ear infection
6. Cough
7. Sore throat
8. Runny nose

15. Cntd……
9.Headache
10.Lowgrade fever
11.Facial pressure
12.Sneezing

16. CAUSES
VIRUSES(Rhinovirus, Coronavirus,
Adenovirus).
BACTERIA(GroupA Strptococcus)
Influenza

17. RISK FACTORS
 physical or close contact with someone with a
upper respiratory infection
 poor hand washing after contact with an
individual with upper respiratory infection;
 close contact with children in a group
setting, schools or daycare centers;
 contact with groups of individuals in a closed
setting, such as, traveling, tours, cruises

18. Cntd…
 smoking or second-hand smoking.
 health care facilities, hospitals, nursing
homes.

19. Cntd…
 immunocompromised state (compromised
immune system) such as, HIV, organ
transplant, congenital immune defects, long
term steroid use.

20. PATHOPYSIOLOGY OF URTI
Bacteria
&Viruse
s
Direct hand-
hand contact
Droplet
Enters to the nose by
inhaling
Immune defenses
Hair lining filters and trap
some pathogens

21. Cntd…
Traps in URT which
coats by mucus
Junction of the
posterior nose to
pharynx

22. Cntd… Impinge on the back
of the throat
Transport pathogens
upto pharynx
Inflammatory
response to immune
system
SWELLING ERYTHMA
Increasing of
MUCUS
SECRETION
FEVER

23. PATHOPYSIOLOGY OF LRTI
Cigarette
smoking
Inflammation
Bradykinin,
Histamine,
Prostaglandin

24. Cntd….
Increasing capillary permeability
Fluid/cellular exudation
Edema of mucous membrane

25. Cntd….
Hypersecretion of mucus
Persistant cough

26. DIAGNOSIS
 The diagnosis of upper respiratory infection
is based on :
1. Symptoms,
2. Physical examination, and
3. Laboratory tests.

27. Cntd…
o By taking bacterial cultures with nasal swab,
throat swab
o Evaluation of allergies,asthma
o Enlarged lymphnodes and sore throat

28. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
o BLOOD tests
o SPUTUMTESTS
o X-RAYs of the neck
o CT scan
o NASAL ANDTHROAT SWAB

29. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
 In physical examination of an individual with upper
respiratory infection, a doctor may look for
1. swollen and redness inside wall of the nasal cavity (sign of
inflammation),
2. redness of the throat,
3. enlargement of the tonsils,
4. white secretions on the tonsils ,
5. enlarged lymph nodes around the head and neck,
6. redness of the eyes, and
7. facial tenderness (sinusitis).
8. Other signs may include bad
breath (halitosis), cough, voice hoarseness, and fever.

30. TREATMENT
 There are 2 types of treatments they are:
PHARMACOLOGICAL AND
 NON PHARMACOLOGICALTREATMENT.

31. NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TRATMENT
 Patients should be encouraged to drink fluids
prevent dehydration & possible decrease the
viscosity of respiratory secretions.
 use of vaporization may further promote the
thinning & losening of RESPIRATORY
SECRETIONS

32. PHARMACOLOGICAL TRATMENT
A. NSAIDS such as (T.IBUPROFEN +
T.PARACETAMOL) Dose: for
adults(400mg+325mg) for
children(100mg+125mg) t/d………
B. ANTIHISTAMINES such as
Syp.DIPHENEDRINE Dose: (10-20 ml) for
adults for children (5-7.5ml) Q4h

33. Cntd…..
3. ANTITUSSIVES such as Syp.ROBITUSSIN
Dose: adults(10-20ml), children(5-10ml)
Q4h.
4.STEROIDS such as T.PREDNISONE Dose:
adults (5mg), children(4-5mg) BD.
5.DECONGESTANTS such as
T.PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Dose:
adults(60mg),children(30mg)TD.

34. Cntd…
 ANTIBIOTICS.
1. CIPROFLOXACIN for adults (500mg) for
children(5o-15omg)BD
2. AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULATE for adults
(500+125mg), for children(250_125mg)TD
3. TETRACYLINE for adults(250_500mg), for
children(125-250mg

35. Cntd….
 Rarely surgical procedures may be necessary
in case of complicated sinus
infections, comprised airway with difficulty in
breathing

36. Some of the home remedies for
respiratory infection?
1. Making steam in shower by turning on the hot
water (without going under it) and breathing the
steamed air.
2. Drinking warm beverages (hot tea, hot
chocolate, warm milk).
3. Using a vaporizer to create humidity in the
room; and
4. Avoid cold, dry air if possible.
5.HONEY can be used.