Haploid diploid polyploidy

2. Delvadiya Indrajay R.
Roll No. :
Reg.no. : 2010116027
M.Sc. (Agri) student
Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding
JAU , Junagadh

4. HAPLOIDS

5.  (1) POLLINATION WITH FOREIGN POLLEN,
 (2) DELAYED POLLINATION,
 (3) USE OF X-RAY IRRADIATED POLLEN FOR POLLINATION,
 (4) TEMPERATURE SHOCK,
 (5) TREATMENT WITH CHEMICALS LIKE COLCHICINE,
 (6) INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERGENERIC CROSSES, AND
 (7) ANTHER AND POLLEN CULTURE.
Methods for production of
haploids

6. ANTHER CULTURAL
The male reproductive part of a flower is called the stamen.
It is composed of a long tube called a filament and has a pollen-
producing structure on the end. This oval-shaped structure is
called the anther.
it produces the male gametophyte known as pollen.
Pollen: A fertilizing powder discharged from flowers anther

8. Anther culture is the process of using anthers to culture
haploid plantlets.
The technique was discovered in 1964 by Guha and
Maheshwari.
This technique can be used in over 200 species, including
tomato, rice, tobacco, barley,datura ,brassica ,etc.

9. Pre-treatment of anther
• ONCE THE DONOR MATERIAL CONTAINING THE
MICROSPORES HAS BEEN SELECTED , IT REQUIRES
SPECIFIC PRETREATMENT CONDITIONS
• THE PRETREATMENT CAN BE APPLIED AT DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF EXPLANTS , SUCH AS INTACT FLOWERS
(E.G. FOR BARLEY COMPLETE SPIKES), ISOLATED
ANTHERS, OR ISOLATED MICROSPORES.

10. COLD TREATMENT
• IN GENERAL, COLD TREATMENT BETWEEN 3-6 DEGREE C
FOR 3-15 DAYS GIVES GOOD RESPONSE.
• AS A RESULT OF COLD TREATMENT , WEAK OR NON-
VIABLE ANTHER AND MICROSPORES ARE KILLED ALSO IT
WILL RETARDS AGING OF THE ANTHER WALL
• IT WILL SHOWED PRONOUNCED ACTIVITY IN
MULTIPLICATION OF EMBRYONIC CELLS.

11. HOT TREATMENT
• FLORAL BUDS OR THE ENTIRE PLANT IN SOME SPECIES
WHEN SUBJECTED TO 30 DEGREE C FOR 24H OR 40
DEGREE FOR 1H STIMULATES EMBRYOGENESIS.
• ALSO CAUSE DISSOLUTION OF MICROTUBULES AND
DISLODGING OF THE SPINDLE WHICH CAUSES
ABNORMAL DIVISION OF THE MICROSPORE NUCLEUS

12. MEDIA:
• THE MEDIUM REQUIREMENT MAY VARY WITH THE
SPECIES
• FOR MOST OF THE SPECIES, THE COMMONLY USED
MEDIA FOR ANTHER CULTURE INCLUDE MS (MURASHIGE
AND SKOOG, 1962) MEDIUM.
• THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE BASAL MEDIUM AND
COMBINATIONS OF GROWTH REGULATORS ARE ALSO
AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ELICITING SUCCESSFUL
ANDROGENESIS

14. POLLEN CULTURAL
• FOR MICROSPORE CULTURE , ANTHER ARE COLLECTED
FROM STERILIZED FLOWER BUDS AND KEPT IN A SMALL
BEAKER CONTAINING BASAL MEDIA
• THE MICROSPORE ARE THEN SQUEEZED OUT OF THE
ANTHERS BY PRESSING THEM AGAINST THE SIDE OF
BEAKER WITH A GLASS ROD
• ANTHER TISSUE DEBRIS IS REMOVED BY FILTERING
THE SUSPENSION THROUGH A NYLON SIEVE

15. • THIS POLLEN SUSPENSION IS THEN CENTRIFUGED
• THE SUPERNATANT CONTAINING FINE DEBRIS IS
DISCARDED AND THE PELLET OF POLLEN IS
RESUSPENDED IN FRESH MEDIA AND WASHED AT LEAST
TWICE
• THE FINAL SUSPENSION IS THEN PIPETTED IN TO
SMALL PETRI DISHES

16. EMBRYO CULTURAL
EMBRYO CULTURE IS A COMPONENT OF IN
VITRO FERTILISATION WHERE IN
RESULTANT EMBRYOS ARE ALLOWED TO
GROW FOR SOME TIME IN AN ARTIFICIAL
MEDIUM .

18. DIPLOIDS

19. TRIPLOIDS

21. Fusion of a diploid gamete with a haploid one produces a triploid
SEEDLESS AUTOTRIPLOID FRUITS
Seedless Banana Seedless Watermelon Seedless Grapes

23. POLYPLOIDS
 POLYPLOIDY IS MAINLY INDUCED BY TREATMENT WITH A
CHEMICAL KNOWN AS COLCHICINE.
 THIS IS AN ALKALOID WHICH IS OBTAINED FROM THE SEEDS
OF A PLANT KNOWN AS COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE, WHICH
BELONGS TO THE FAMILY LILIACEAE.
 FOR EFFECTIVE INDUCTION OF POLYPLOIDY, USUALLY
CONCENTRATIONS OF 0.01% TO 0.5% ARE USED IN DIFFERENT
PLANT SPECIES.
 THE COLCHICINE INDUCED POLYPLOIDY IS KNOWN AS
COLCHIPLOIDY

31. Black mustard
Chinese cabbage, Bok Choi
Cauliflower, broccoli, kale
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompres sed) decompres sor
are needed to see this picture.
rape seed
Indian mustard
Collard greens
Brassica nigra
Brassica rapaBrassica olarecea
Brassica carinata Brassica juncea
Brassica napus
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picture sources: various www.
Allopolyploidy may lead to speciation
Example: Speciation in the cabbage family