Triangulation
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This document appears to be notes from a geology class discussing various topics related to earthquakes and seismology. It includes discussions of plate tectonics, analyzing seismic waves to determine epicenters through triangulation, examples of students locating earthquake epicenters based on travel times, and summaries of the devastating 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami.
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Presentation on how to locate epicenter of an earthquake
Locating earthquake by using Triangulation Method with the description of Earthquake, Body Waves, Epicenter, Focus, Seismogram, Seismograph , P and S waves Time travel Curve and Graph and scaling
Triangulation
This document appears to be notes from an earthquake science class. It includes questions about converting between miles and kilometers, the difference between magnitude and intensity, triangulating the location of an earthquake using data from different seismographs, and examples of earthquake data from Sumatra in 2005 highlighting the cause of the tsunami and patterns of subsequent aftershocks.
Earth Science G10 Module 1 Activity 1
To locate an earthquake epicenter using triangulation, seismologists determine the S-P interval from seismograms of at least three seismic stations. This interval is converted to epicentral distance and circles are drawn on a map with radii equal to these distances. The intersection of these circles identifies the epicenter. Triangulation is suitable for local quakes, while distance-time graphs are used for more distant quakes. Locating epicenters helps identify active fault lines and areas at risk for future major quakes due to long periods of inactivity on certain faults.
Science 10 First Quarter Module 1 Activity no 1. Find the Center
This document provides instructions for using the triangulation method to locate the epicenter of an earthquake using data from three seismic recording stations in the Philippines. Students are given hypothetical data on the arrival times of P and S waves and asked to compute distances, plot circles on a map, and determine where the circles intersect, which would indicate the epicenter. Questions assess the student's understanding of locating the epicenter and importance of determining earthquake epicenters.
EarthSci 6- Volcanoes
Seismographs are used to measure earthquake waves and locate earthquakes by analyzing the differences in arrival times of P and S waves recorded by multiple seismographs. Triangulating data from three or more seismograph stations allows the precise epicenter location to be found. Over 95% of major quakes occur in narrow zones that have been identified using this seismic location technique.
Find the center
This document discusses locating the epicenter of an earthquake using data from three seismic stations. It provides data on the difference in arrival times of P and S waves and the distances of three stations (Batangas, Puerto Princesa, and Davao) from the epicenter. Using triangulation, the epicenter is determined to be in Negros. Having data from only two stations would make locating the epicenter difficult. The document also discusses how triangulation is used to determine the distance of the epicenter from each station using a distance-time graph.
Measuring earthquakes
The document discusses two scales used to measure earthquakes:
1) The Richter scale is a scale from 0 to 10 that measures the power of an earthquake based on scientific recordings, with each increase of 1 representing a 10 times increase in power.
2) The Mercalli scale describes and compares the effects of an earthquake on a scale of I to XII by evaluating the damage done at a location.
3) Earthquakes are measured using scientific instruments like seismographs, which detect and record the movement of the ground to measure the strength and effects of an earthquake.
Recommended
Presentation on how to locate epicenter of an earthquake
Locating earthquake by using Triangulation Method with the description of Earthquake, Body Waves, Epicenter, Focus, Seismogram, Seismograph , P and S waves Time travel Curve and Graph and scaling
Triangulation
This document appears to be notes from an earthquake science class. It includes questions about converting between miles and kilometers, the difference between magnitude and intensity, triangulating the location of an earthquake using data from different seismographs, and examples of earthquake data from Sumatra in 2005 highlighting the cause of the tsunami and patterns of subsequent aftershocks.
Earth Science G10 Module 1 Activity 1
To locate an earthquake epicenter using triangulation, seismologists determine the S-P interval from seismograms of at least three seismic stations. This interval is converted to epicentral distance and circles are drawn on a map with radii equal to these distances. The intersection of these circles identifies the epicenter. Triangulation is suitable for local quakes, while distance-time graphs are used for more distant quakes. Locating epicenters helps identify active fault lines and areas at risk for future major quakes due to long periods of inactivity on certain faults.
Science 10 First Quarter Module 1 Activity no 1. Find the Center
This document provides instructions for using the triangulation method to locate the epicenter of an earthquake using data from three seismic recording stations in the Philippines. Students are given hypothetical data on the arrival times of P and S waves and asked to compute distances, plot circles on a map, and determine where the circles intersect, which would indicate the epicenter. Questions assess the student's understanding of locating the epicenter and importance of determining earthquake epicenters.
EarthSci 6- Volcanoes
Seismographs are used to measure earthquake waves and locate earthquakes by analyzing the differences in arrival times of P and S waves recorded by multiple seismographs. Triangulating data from three or more seismograph stations allows the precise epicenter location to be found. Over 95% of major quakes occur in narrow zones that have been identified using this seismic location technique.
Find the center
This document discusses locating the epicenter of an earthquake using data from three seismic stations. It provides data on the difference in arrival times of P and S waves and the distances of three stations (Batangas, Puerto Princesa, and Davao) from the epicenter. Using triangulation, the epicenter is determined to be in Negros. Having data from only two stations would make locating the epicenter difficult. The document also discusses how triangulation is used to determine the distance of the epicenter from each station using a distance-time graph.
Measuring earthquakes
The document discusses two scales used to measure earthquakes:
1) The Richter scale is a scale from 0 to 10 that measures the power of an earthquake based on scientific recordings, with each increase of 1 representing a 10 times increase in power.
2) The Mercalli scale describes and compares the effects of an earthquake on a scale of I to XII by evaluating the damage done at a location.
3) Earthquakes are measured using scientific instruments like seismographs, which detect and record the movement of the ground to measure the strength and effects of an earthquake.
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- Factors that influence lunar eclipses and the different types of lunar eclipses
- Seasons and the relationship between equinoxes, solstices and the tilt of the Earth
- Motions of the Moon and how its phases relate to its position relative to the Earth and Sun
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FINDING THE EPICENTER ACTIVITY SHEET
This document provides instructions for locating the epicenter of an earthquake using triangulation from seismic station data. The procedure involves using the time difference between P and S wave arrivals at three stations to calculate the distance from each station to the epicenter. Circles are drawn on a map using these distances to find the point where all three intersect, which identifies the epicenter. Determining the epicenter is important for understanding the earthquake's location and effects.
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Plate tectonics: Locating the epicenter
In 1977, after decades of tediously collecting and mapping ocean sonar data, scientists began to see a fairly accurate picture of the seafloor emerge. The Tharp-Heezen map illustrated the geological features that characterize the seafloor and became a crucial factor in the acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. Today, these theories serve as the foundation upon which we understand the geologic processes that shape the Earth.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/plate-tectonics/#:~:text=The%20theory%20of%20plate%20tectonics,upper%20portion%20of%20the%20mantle.&text=Thus%2C%20at%20divergent%20boundaries%2C%20oceanic%20crust%20is%20created.
Week One Esp101 What Is An Earthquake Clarakwan
1) An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of stored elastic energy in rock.
2) The focus is where the earthquake originates within the earth, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface.
3) Seismographs can be used to locate an earthquake's epicenter by measuring the difference in arrival times of P and S waves from at least three locations.
Epicenter location 6th
The document discusses how the difference in arrival times between P and S-waves at seismic stations can be used to locate an earthquake's epicenter. It explains that the longer the difference in times between stations, the further away the epicenter is located. An example shows how comparing the differences in arrival times between 4 stations could identify which station is closest and furthest from the epicenter.
Richter Scale
The document describes the effects of earthquakes at increasing levels of intensity on the Richter scale. Minor quakes below level 3 are felt indoors as a rumble but do little visible damage. Between levels 4-5, hanging objects sway, furniture moves, and windows break as buildings are damaged. Major quakes from 6-7 see widespread structural damage as houses collapse, bridges are destroyed, and large cracks form in the ground.
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Most earthquakes follow plate boundaries and large quakes of magnitude 7 or greater primarily occur along convergent plate boundaries. About 50% of large quakes happen within 100 miles and 70-75% are within 200 miles of these boundaries. Seismologists use new tools like satellites to detect infrared radiation and magnetic signals to better predict earthquake locations, with the area around Crete cited as being overdue for a significant quake.
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Latitude is measured in degrees north and south of the equator, which divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Longitude is measured in degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. Together, lines of latitude and longitude can be used to precisely identify any location on Earth.
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Our mission is to track hurricanes using precise latitude and longitude coordinates. Latitude and longitude form a grid system that allows us to pinpoint exact locations on Earth. We can track the latest hurricanes by their latitude and longitude coordinates using Google Earth.
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The document discusses various topics related to astronomy and celestial observation including:
- Differences in the constellation Scorpius as seen from different latitudes on Earth
- Factors that influence lunar eclipses and the different types of lunar eclipses
- Seasons and the relationship between equinoxes, solstices and the tilt of the Earth
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- Retrograde motion of planets and differences between geocentric and heliocentric models
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This document provides instructions for locating the epicenter of an earthquake using triangulation from seismic station data. The procedure involves using the time difference between P and S wave arrivals at three stations to calculate the distance from each station to the epicenter. Circles are drawn on a map using these distances to find the point where all three intersect, which identifies the epicenter. Determining the epicenter is important for understanding the earthquake's location and effects.
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Plate tectonics: Locating the epicenter
In 1977, after decades of tediously collecting and mapping ocean sonar data, scientists began to see a fairly accurate picture of the seafloor emerge. The Tharp-Heezen map illustrated the geological features that characterize the seafloor and became a crucial factor in the acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. Today, these theories serve as the foundation upon which we understand the geologic processes that shape the Earth.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/plate-tectonics/#:~:text=The%20theory%20of%20plate%20tectonics,upper%20portion%20of%20the%20mantle.&text=Thus%2C%20at%20divergent%20boundaries%2C%20oceanic%20crust%20is%20created.
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1) An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of stored elastic energy in rock.
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3) Seismographs can be used to locate an earthquake's epicenter by measuring the difference in arrival times of P and S waves from at least three locations.
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The document discusses how the difference in arrival times between P and S-waves at seismic stations can be used to locate an earthquake's epicenter. It explains that the longer the difference in times between stations, the further away the epicenter is located. An example shows how comparing the differences in arrival times between 4 stations could identify which station is closest and furthest from the epicenter.
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Most earthquakes follow plate boundaries and large quakes of magnitude 7 or greater primarily occur along convergent plate boundaries. About 50% of large quakes happen within 100 miles and 70-75% are within 200 miles of these boundaries. Seismologists use new tools like satellites to detect infrared radiation and magnetic signals to better predict earthquake locations, with the area around Crete cited as being overdue for a significant quake.
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Earthquake...
An earthquake is caused by the sudden fracturing and movement of tectonic plates underneath the earth's surface. Scientists can measure earthquakes using seismometers which detect the seismic waves generated. While we cannot precisely predict individual earthquakes, scientists study plate tectonics, fault activity, and past seismicity to determine areas that are more likely to experience earthquakes in the future. To minimize risk, people should avoid building in known earthquake and tsunami zones, and know emergency plans for different tsunami warnings.
The science of earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slip past one another at plate boundaries, releasing stored energy in seismic waves. The location below ground where it starts is the hypocenter, above which at the surface is the epicenter. Scientists measure earthquakes using seismographs which record seismic waves on seismograms to determine magnitude based on wave amplitude and fault size. Triangulation of arrival times between P and S waves at multiple stations locates the hypocenter. While earthquakes cannot be predicted, some speculation exists that weather or animal behavior may provide warning signs.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slip past one another at plate boundaries, releasing stored energy in seismic waves. The location below ground where it starts is the hypocenter, above which at the surface is the epicenter. Scientists measure earthquakes using seismographs which record seismic waves on seismograms to determine magnitude based on wave amplitude and fault size. Triangulating arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations allows scientists to locate the earthquake epicenter but not predict when future quakes will occur.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slip past one another at plate boundaries, releasing stored energy in seismic waves. The location below ground where it starts is the hypocenter, above which at the surface is the epicenter. Scientists measure earthquakes using seismographs which record seismic waves on seismograms to determine magnitude based on wave amplitude and fault size. Triangulation of arrival times between P and S waves at multiple stations locates the hypocenter. While earthquakes cannot be predicted, some research investigates possible links to weather or animal behavior.
REVIEW OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN THE LIGHT OF PLATE TECTONICS AND SEISMIC RISK...
This slide represents the knowledge of tectonic plates related problems and massive earthquakes affecting our lives. Here also I accumulated the relationship between geomorphological and plate tectonic aspects in Bangladesh.
LocatingEpicenterEarthquake.ppt
1) The triangulation method uses seismic data from three or more stations to locate an earthquake's epicenter through triangulation.
2) Seismographs record the arrival times of P and S waves from an earthquake at different locations.
3) By plotting the time differences between P and S wave arrivals on curves showing expected travel times, distances from each station to the epicenter can be determined.
3) The intersection of arcs drawn around each station at the corresponding distances locates the epicenter.
LocatingEpicenterEarthquake.ppt
1) The triangulation method uses seismic data from three or more locations to determine an earthquake's epicenter through trigonometry.
2) Seismographs measure the arrival times of P and S waves from an earthquake at different stations.
3) By plotting the time differences between P and S wave arrivals on curves showing expected travel times, intersections identify radii determining distances to the epicenter from each station.
4) Where the radii intersect from three stations is the earthquake's epicenter location.
6.28.12 EDU 653 Week 2 PowerPoint Assignment
This document contains information about earthquakes, including definitions of key terms like amplitude, epicenter, hypocenter, magnitude, and seismogram. It also explains how earthquake magnitudes are measured using the Richter scale and how much energy is released by different magnitude earthquakes. The document outlines steps for using a seismogram to determine an earthquake's magnitude and the distance to its epicenter, including using triangulation between multiple seismograms.
Measures of earthquakes
Scientists measure earthquakes using two methods: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude refers to the energy released using the Richter scale, where each whole number increase is a tenfold increase in energy. Intensity refers to the effects experienced at a location and is measured using the modified Mercalli scale. Before the Richter scale was developed in the 1930s, people observed and mapped earthquake intensity effects to understand their impacts.
Earthquakes
The document discusses four types of earthquake waves: P-waves, S-waves, surface waves, and tsunamis. P-waves and S-waves are body waves that travel through the interior of the Earth. P-waves are pressure waves that travel faster, while S-waves are slower shear waves that don't travel through liquids. Surface waves cause the most shaking and damage on the surface. The document uses the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami as an example of how seismic waves can be used to study earthquake locations and the interior of the Earth.
earthquakes and landslides
This document discusses earthquakes and landslides. It begins by explaining what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, and how scientists locate their epicenters. Large earthquakes can trigger landslides and rock avalanches. The document then examines case studies of the consequences of the 2015 Nepal earthquake, including damage to buildings, loss of life, and landslides that blocked roads and swept away villages. It describes the effects in India as well, with dozens of deaths. The second case study focuses on landslides in Gangtok, India triggered by heavy rainfall in 1997 that killed over 50 people and displaced thousands. Geological and rainfall data are presented relating to landslide risks in the area.
Earthquakes: Introduction and Evaluation
This lecture helps you to understand the basic terminologies of earthquakes. In this lecture you will also learn how to calculate the Earth Quakes.
EarthSci 4 - Earthquake
This document discusses different aspects of measuring and understanding earthquakes. It describes seismic waves like P and S waves and how their travel times are used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. It also discusses the Richter scale and Modified Mercalli scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes, and some of the destructive effects of earthquakes like liquefaction, tsunamis, landslides, and fires. While short term predictions remain difficult, long term forecasts try to identify seismic gaps along faults.
Earthquake
Earthquake
1.Interior of earth
2.Convection currents cause the movement of plates
3.Tectonic Plate
4.Why do earthquakes occur?
5.Where do earthquakes occur.
6.Definitions
7.Seismic waves: forms
8.Measuring earthquakes
9.Classification of earthquake
10.Locating the shaking
11.Earthquake risk and prediction
12.Short-term predictions
13.Impacts of Earthquake Prediction
Earthquake Basics Presentation
This document provides an overview of earthquake basics, including:
1) It describes the three types of plate boundaries where earthquakes occur - divergent, convergent, and transform - and the types and magnitudes of quakes associated with each.
2) It explains key earthquake concepts like hypocenter, epicenter, P and S waves, and surface waves and how scientists use seismic data to locate quakes.
3) It discusses factors like duration of shaking, near-surface geology, liquefaction, and nonstructural hazards that influence earthquake impacts and risks. Preparedness drills like the Great Alaska ShakeOut are also mentioned.
Earthquakes
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how the location and magnitude of earthquakes are determined, hazards associated with earthquakes such as shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis and fires, and challenges around predicting earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes occur due to the accumulation and sudden release of strain energy in rocks under stress. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves that travel through the interior of the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. The location of earthquakes is determined through measuring the time delay between arrival of P and S waves at multiple seismograph stations and triangulating the epicenter. Magnitude is a measure of the
Earthquake 02
This document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and how scientists locate the epicenter. It provides the following key points:
- Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy within the earth from plate tectonics activity and faulting.
- They are measured using magnitude and intensity scales. Magnitude measures the size based on wave amplitude, while intensity measures the severity of shaking at a given location.
- Using data from three different seismographs, scientists can draw circles around each station marking the estimated distance to the epicenter. Where the circles intersect is the calculated location of the earthquake's epicenter.
Chapter 15 Lesson 1: Earthquakes
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 5 Lesson 1 on Earthquakes. This lesson covers a broad range of information including types of faults, earthquake distribution, types of seismic waves, the difference between focus and epicenter, as well as mapping Earth's interior. There is a section that introduces how to locate an epicenter. Additional labs have been added for practice. Finally the lesson ends with different scales including the Richter magnitude scale, the moment magnitude scale, and the Modified Mercalli scale.
Earthquake tips 2
1) Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth's layers as body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
2) When seismic waves reach the Earth's surface, most of their energy is reflected back downwards. Some of this energy returns to the surface through reflections within soil and rock layers, causing stronger shaking at the surface.
3) Strong ground shaking during an earthquake is measured using instruments like seismographs, which have sensors to detect ground motions and recorders to log the measurements. Modern digital seismographs store shaking data internally.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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Triangulation
- 2. Bell Work 11-08-06 1. The distance from Seattle to Tucson is roughly 1700 miles. How many kilometers is that? (5280—don’t ask!) 2. What is the difference between magnitude and intensity? 3. An earthquake in Tokyo has a magnitude of 6.0 and an intensity of VIII, what is the magnitude and intensity as recorded in Tucson?
- 3. What’s in a Seismogram? Where does it start? Where’s Where’s Where’s the thethe Surface Wave? diddy? snoop?
- 4. So What? • Stack seismographs together (100,000’s) • Run the image through some computer filters • Image the interior of the Earth •Charge oil companies lot$ of CA$H!
- 5. Plate Tectonics • Where are the earthquakes compared to plate boundaries?
- 6. Plate Tectonics • Where are the earthquakes compared to plate boundaries?
- 7. Plate Tectonics • So do you suspect any convergent boundaries here?
- 8. Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics •• So do you suspect any convergent What about any convergent boundaries boundaries here? here?
- 9. Plate Tectonics • How do we find the epicenter?
- 11. Travel Time • Notice a pattern here?
- 12. Travel Time • Why so much noise? Shadow Zones!
- 13. Triangulation • Given the time travel graph, what can we tell about P wave and S wave arrivals?
- 14. Triangulation What does that information buy us?
- 15. Triangulation • So let’s try this! • Using the Time Travel Graph, figure out how far away the earthquake was from these seismographs: 1. 8 seconds between P and S wave arrivals 2. 9.75 seconds 3. 3 seconds
- 16. Triangulation • Now lets triangulate! 1. Find the distance from the epicenter using the Time Travel Graph 2. Adjust your compass so that the radius of your circle is the same as the distance to the epicenter 3. Draw a circle with the compass 4. Do the same for the second and third seismographs
- 17. Triangulation
- 18. U.S. Map
- 19. L.A. 3.5 Seconds
- 20. Seattle, WA 4.0 Seconds
- 21. Montpelier, VT 3.4 Seconds
- 22. You Try! • Hartford, CT 6 seconds • Dallas, TX 3.4 seconds • Ft. Wayne, IN 4.8 seconds • Where is the shakin’ going on?
- 23. Sumatra Earthquake 12-26-05 • Plate Motion • Any guess on the origin of this Map? (Hint: Wegener’s Homies)
- 24. Sumatra Earthquake 12-26-05 • What caused this Tsunami?
- 25. Sumatra Earthquake 12-26-05 • Wave propagation
- 26. Sumatra Earthquake 12-26-05 • Vertical movement of surface
- 28. Sumatra Earthquake 12-26-05 • Each circle is an earthquake, even the little ones are serious quakes! • Note the frequency and pattern of the subsequent aftershocks • The date and time are rolling on the bottom of the frame • PAY ATTENTION!
- 30. • kahler Affe – Bald Monkey • Felsen Herrn E – Mr. E Rocks • Schlaf des Muß nicht, der Clown ißt mich – Must not sleep, the clown will eat me • Warum tun wir dies? – Why are we doing this?