The document discusses various topics related to astronomy and celestial observation including: - Differences in the constellation Scorpius as seen from different latitudes on Earth - Factors that influence lunar eclipses and the different types of lunar eclipses - Seasons and the relationship between equinoxes, solstices and the tilt of the Earth - Motions of the Moon and how its phases relate to its position relative to the Earth and Sun - Retrograde motion of planets and differences between geocentric and heliocentric models - Composition and structure of the interiors of the gas giant planets in our solar system

1. Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius

2. Earth Shadow during Lunar Eclipse Multiple Exposure Photograph

3. Cyrene Tropic of Cancer Syene Alexandria

4. Syene Alexandria Earth 7 14 / 60 º Sunlight

5. North Pole South Pole Equator

6. South Pole North Pole Equator

7. Meridian North Pole South Pole Equator

8. South Pole North Pole Meridian Equator

9. South Celestial Pole North Celestial Pole Celestial Sphere Celestial Equator

10. SCP NCP Celestial Meridian CEq Declination

11. Local Sky N W E S Horizon Zenith

12. SCP NCP CEq Z Below the Horizon N S E W Visible Half of the Sky

13. Measuring Latitude Horizon Latitude N W E S NCP CEq Zenith

14. N S W E Z NCP Equator Z NCP N S W E 40º N Latitude Z NCP North Pole

15. Zenith W E S N NCP CEq Never Sets Above Horizon for 12 h Above Horizon for > 12 h Above Horizon for < 12 h Never Rises

16. SCP NCP Obliquity of the Ecliptic CEq Ecliptic ~23.5º

18. SCP NCP CEq Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Ecliptic

19. SCP NCP CEq Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Vernal Equinox Autumnal Equinox Ecliptic

20. W E S N NCP Summer Solstice Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes Winter Solstice Z CEq

21. W E S N NCP CEq Summer Solstice Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes Winter Solstice Z

22. December March June September

23. Equinoxes: March 20 & Sept. 22 Northern Spring/Fall Southern Fall/Spring

24. December 21: Winter Solstice Northern Winter Southern Summer

25. June 21: Summer Solstice Northern Summer Southern Winter

26. 1 KW/m 2 1 KW/m 2 1 m 2 2 m 2

27. 2000 Dec 21: Winter Solstice 2001 June 21: Summer Solstice 2001 Mar 20: Vernal Equinox 2001 Sept 22: Autumnal Equinox Winter Summer Summer Winter Spring Autumn Autumn Spring

28. Draco Ursa Minor Cepheus Thuban Polaris 2000 AD 2700 BC

29. Precession of the Equinoxes

30. Moon at Perigee Moon at Apogee

31. New Moon Full Moon Waning Crescent Last Quarter Waning Gibbous Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent First Quarter

32. Moonrise & Moonset at 1 st Quarter Sunset Sunrise Midnight Moonset Noon Moonrise

33. Moonrise & Moonset at Full Moon Sunset Moonrise Moonrise Sunrise Midnight Noon

34. Moonrise & Moonset at Last Quarter Sunset Sunrise Midnight Moonrise Noon Moonset

35. Sidereal vs. Synodic Months New Moon T=0 d T=27.3 d (Sidereal) T=29.5 d (Synodic)

36. Penumbra Sun Earth Umbra

37. Sunlight Uneclipsed Moon Penumbral Eclipse Total Lunar Eclipse Partial Lunar Eclipse

38. Total Lunar Eclipse (Note the ruddy scattered sunlight) Partial Lunar Eclipse

39. Moon Earth Sunlight Umbra Penumbra

40. SCP NCP CEq Ecliptic 4th 1st 2nd 3rd Cross-Quarter Days Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Vernal Equinox Autumnal Equinox

41. Solar & Sidereal Days T=0 h Not to Scale Noon T=23 h 56 m 04 s (Sidereal Day) T=24 h (Solar day) Noon

42. Earth Inferior Conjunction Superior Conjunction

43. Earth Maximum Eastern Elongation Maximum Western Elongation

44. Conjunction Opposition Earth

45. Opposition Conjunction Earth Eastern Quadrature Western Quadrature

46. Mars Retrograde Motion in 1994/95 1995 Jan 2 1995 Mar 24 1994 Sept 24 1995 July 4

47. Saturn & Jupiter 4/1999 - 6/2000 Saturn Jupiter Mars 11/1998-10/1999 Venus 6-11/1999 Mercury 10-12/1999

48. SCP NCP Celestial Sphere (Daily E-W Motion) Ecliptic Sphere (Annual W-E Motion 23.5º tilt) Planetary Spheres (Retrograde Motions)

49. Less Time More Time Not to Scale First Quarter Last Quarter

50. Earth Deferent Epicycle

51. Earth Equant Center

52. Ptolemaic System Saturn Mars Jupiter Sun Mercury Venus Earth

53. Earth Venus Mercury Sun Solar System Mars Jupiter Saturn

54. Earth Mars Retrograde Motion

55. Venus Maximum Eastern Elongation 1 AU D Venus 46º

56. F 1 F 2 Semimajor Axis Center

57. T=0 d Equal Areas in Equal Times T=10 d T=0 d T=10 d

58. Jan 10 Jan 11 Jan 12 Jan 13 Jan 19 Jan 18 Jan 15 Jan 16

59. Io Europa Ganymede Callisto

60. Copernican System Ptolemaic System 3 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1

61. Falling Apple : Changing Speed (gets faster as it falls) Same Direction (always falls down)

62. Ball Swung around on a String : Same Speed, (in uniform circular motion) Changing Direction (swinging around the circle)

63. Donut Swung around on a String Force Acceleration

64. Equal and Opposite Force from the Table Net Force is Zero, No Net Motion Force = (apple’s mass)  (acceleration due to gravity)

65. M 1 M 2 d M 1 M 2 2d M 1 M 2 d/2

66. 2M 1 M 2 d M 1 M 2 d 2M 1 2M 2 d

68. Conic Section Curves Parabola Hyperbola Circle Ellipse

69. Parabola v = v E Hyperbola v>v E Ellipse v C <v<v E Circle v = v C Ellipse v<v C

70. Columbus, Ohio 40º N: 1280 km/h Arctic Circle 66.5º N: 666 km/h Equator 1670 km/h

72. 6 hours later Towards Sirius

73. Frequency (f) (# waves/second) Wavelength (  ) Speed (c)

74. B=1 B=1/9 B=1/4 d=1 d=2 d=3

75. Doppler Effect in Sound High Pitch (short waves) Low Pitch (long waves)

76. Half-Life = 35 sec T=0 s 0 popped 16 unpopped T=35 s 8 popped 8 unpopped

77. Hot Gas Faster Average Speeds Cool Gas Slow Average Speeds

78. Prisms disperse light into its component colors Prism Spectrum White Light

79. Continuum Source Continuous Spectrum Absorption-line Spectrum Emission-line Spectrum Cloud of Hydrogen Gas

80. Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Neon Iron

81. Continuum Source Cloud of Hydrogen Gas Lamp Light Absorbed by Hydrogen Atoms in the Cloud Lamp emits light at all energies

82. Energy Level Diagram of 1 H Continuum n=1 (Ground State) n=3 (2 nd excited state) n=2 (1 st excited state) n=4 n=5 n= 

83. Larger Jump = More Energy = Bluer Wavelength n=1 (Ground State) n=3 (2 nd excited state) n=2 (1 st excited state) n=4 n=5 n=3  2 6  2 5  2 4  2 n=6

84. Photons of all other energies (wavelengths) are ignored and pass on by unabsorbed. n=1 (Ground State) n=3 (2 nd excited state) n=2 (1 st excited state) n=4 n=5 n=2  3 2  6 2  5 2  4 n=6

85. Spectrum of a Fluorescent Light Mercury

86. Lens Retina Collecting Area

87. Simple Refracting Telescope Objective Lens Secondary Lens (Eyepiece) Focus

88. Primary Mirror Prime Focus Secondary Mirror Cassegrain Focus

89. 4.5 Billion Years Ago 238 U 206 Pb 235 U 207 Pb 238 U 206 Pb 235 U 207 Pb Today 1 half-life 6.3 half-lives 50% left 1.2% left

90. Seismic Station Lower Mantle Core Upper Mantle Crust Seismic Station P-waves Surface Waves S waves P & S waves Earthquake!

91. Two Faces of the Moon Near Side Far Side Maria Impact Basin Cratered Highlands

92. Apollo and Luna Landing Sites A12 A14 A15 A17 A11 A16 L24 L20 L16

93. Mars Earth Venus Mercury Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter

94. Pluto Ecliptic

95. Molecular Hydrogen Metallic Hydrogen Jupiter Interior “ Ice” Rock

96. Molecular Hydrogen Metallic Hydrogen “ Ice” Saturn Interior Rock

97. Interiors of Uranus & Neptune Uranus Neptune Rocky Cores Slushy “ Ice”Mantles Molecular Hydrogen

98. Metallic Hydrogen Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Earth

99. S S P P Star’s spectrum shifts redward Star’s spectrum shifts blueward