TRIAL CASE PPT
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This document lists and describes the various tools and lenses used in an eye examination trial case. It includes convex and concave lenses ranging from +0.12D to +20D in various steps, convex cylindrical lenses from +0.25D to +3.50D, filters, prisms, occluders, pinholes, trial frames, Maddox rods, retinoscope mirrors, and stenopic slits. These tools are used to fully examine patients and correctly diagnose and treat refractive errors and other eye conditions.
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This document discusses different types of special purpose frames. It describes frames that hold supplementary lenses outside the main frame, frames that contain cells to hold additional lenses behind the prescription, and folding frames with hinges at the bridge and temples to reduce the frame size. It also covers frames with extensions to support the lower eyelid, trial frames without temples, monocular frames that allow viewing through one lens at a time, and frames with flip-down lenses for reading or sunglasses.
Tinted lenses
This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
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Vergence
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Objective refraction
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Retinoscopy is the primary objective refraction technique discussed, which uses a retinoscope to illuminate the retina and observe the movement of the red reflex to determine the refractive error, neutralizing with trial lenses. The document covers the optics
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This document discusses spectacle refraction and how it relates to correcting refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It defines spectacle refraction as the power of the lens needed to correct refractive errors at the spectacle plane. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, and is corrected using concave lenses. Hyperopia is when light focuses behind the retina, corrected with convex lenses. Astigmatism is an irregular refraction that can be corrected using lenses, contacts, surgery, or lasers. The document also discusses how to calculate spectacle refraction from ocular refraction using vertex distance.
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This document discusses different types of special purpose frames. It describes frames that hold supplementary lenses outside the main frame, frames that contain cells to hold additional lenses behind the prescription, and folding frames with hinges at the bridge and temples to reduce the frame size. It also covers frames with extensions to support the lower eyelid, trial frames without temples, monocular frames that allow viewing through one lens at a time, and frames with flip-down lenses for reading or sunglasses.
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This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
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This document provides information about the Maddox rod and Maddox wing, which are used to measure eye alignment and phoria. The Maddox rod consists of cylindrical lenses available in red and white, and is used at distances of 3m and 6m to measure horizontal and vertical distance phoria by having one eye view a line while the other views a spot. The Maddox wing is used at 33cm to measure near phoria by having the eyes view dissimilar images of arrows pointing to a scale. The procedures for each are described. References for more information are also provided.
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Vergence
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Retinoscopy is the primary objective refraction technique discussed, which uses a retinoscope to illuminate the retina and observe the movement of the red reflex to determine the refractive error, neutralizing with trial lenses. The document covers the optics
Progressive Spectacle Lens Fitting
This document discusses progressive addition lenses (PALs) and how to properly fit them. PALs provide uninterrupted vision at all distances without visible lines but require careful fitting. The fitting process involves identifying patient needs, selecting an appropriate frame, adjusting the frame measurements, determining pupil distance, marking the lens insert position, checking the fit, and delivering instructions. Common fitting issues include incorrect pupil distance, lens heights, or prescriptions. Proper troubleshooting requires identifying potential causes and remedies through refitting adjustments or remaking lenses. Attention to detail in fitting and addressing patient complaints is important for successful PAL adaptation.
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This document discusses spectacle refraction and how it relates to correcting refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It defines spectacle refraction as the power of the lens needed to correct refractive errors at the spectacle plane. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, and is corrected using concave lenses. Hyperopia is when light focuses behind the retina, corrected with convex lenses. Astigmatism is an irregular refraction that can be corrected using lenses, contacts, surgery, or lasers. The document also discusses how to calculate spectacle refraction from ocular refraction using vertex distance.
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- Important temporary and permanent markings on progressive lenses used in fitting, including the fitting cross, distance reference circle, and lateral locator lines.
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Decentration and prismatic effect in lens (1)
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Synaptophore
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Fault
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Frame measurement & marking
The document discusses different measurement systems used for eyeglasses, including the datum system and boxing system. It provides definitions for key optical and frame measurements such as:
- Eye size and lens size refer to the horizontal length of the lens or frame opening.
- Geometric center is the midpoint of the horizontal midline between the lens borders.
- Effective diameter is twice the distance from the geometric center to the lens bevel edge.
- Bridge size is the distance between the two lenses at the narrowest point of the frame.
- Segment height specifies the vertical distance of bifocal or progressive addition lenses.
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Lens manufacturing
How spectacle lenses are made.
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trial set
An optical trial box contains lenses, a trial frame, and other devices for testing vision. It is used for objective and subjective refraction testing, diagnosing squint, and assessing binocular vision. The trial box contains convex and concave spherical lenses from +0.12 to +20 diopters, cylindrical lenses from +0.25 to +6 diopters, as well as occluders, pinholes, Maddox rods, filters, and prisms for specialized vision testing. A trial frame is designed to hold different lenses and must be lightweight, adjustable, and comfortable for accurate testing of each eye.
Lensometers
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
subjective refraction
This document discusses the process of subjective refraction to determine a patient's prescription. It involves 5 main steps: 1) determining the best vision sphere for each eye, 2) using a Jackson Cross Cylinder to find the cylindrical axis and power, 3) refining the results, 4) binocular balancing to account for any differences between the eyes, and 5) determining the binocular best sphere. Fogging and duochrome tests are used to achieve the best vision sphere. Near additions are also considered for presbyopic patients based on their habitual reading distance and age. Trial lens sets and phoropters are the main instruments used.
Lens material and its propertes
The document discusses different lens materials used in ophthalmic lenses, including their properties and characteristics. It covers natural materials like quartz, glass materials like crown glass and flint glass, and plastic materials like CR-39, polycarbonate, high index plastics, and Trivex. For each material, it provides details on composition, refractive index, Abbe value, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to educate about different lens materials and their properties for lens manufacturing.
Trial box
The document describes the components and uses of a trial box, which is a set of lenses, frames, and accessories used to test vision. It contains trial frames that hold spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses in various diopters for refraction testing. Accessories include occluders, filters, charts, and tools like Maddox rods and cross cylinders. The trial box is used for objective and subjective refraction, diagnosing conditions like squint, and assessing binocular vision.
Trial set
The trial case contains spherical and cylindrical lenses of known power ranging from +0.12D to -20.00D for spherical lenses and +0.25D to -6.00D for cylindrical lenses. It also includes prisms up to 10 prism diopters, trial frames, occluders, pinholes, filters, and other accessories used to perform refraction tests and examinations.
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This document discusses sagittal depth, which is the height or depth of a segment of a circle. It provides formulas for calculating the edge thickness (e) of different lens types based on the total thickness (t) and sagittal depth(s) of the lens surfaces. Formulas are given for plano-convex, biconvex, plano-concave, biconcave, positive meniscus and negative meniscus lens configurations. Diagrams illustrate the lens parameters and how they relate mathematically.
Synoptophore and its parts
The synoptophore is an instrument used in orthoptics to test binocular vision. It presents different images to each eye to test fusional abilities. The synoptophore was developed in the early 20th century based on the haploscopic principle. It uses mirrors and lenses to direct different images to each eye. Various models have different additional features like afterimage devices, automatic flashing, and measurement of vertical/torsional deviations. A wide range of slides can test functions like stereopsis, fusion, suppression, and retinal correspondence. The synoptophore is useful for both diagnosing binocular vision disorders and providing vergence therapy.
JCC -Jackson Cross Cylinder
The document provides information about the Jackson Crossed-Cylinder (JCC) technique for determining astigmatism during eye exams. It discusses the optics and proper use of the JCC. It describes the historical origins of the JCC, how it works, and the step-by-step procedure for using it to refine the axis and power of astigmatic corrections. Common sources of error are also outlined. The JCC is presented as an important tool for optometrists to accurately measure and correct astigmatism in clinical practice.
Dispensing glasses PPT for O.A. 2nd year
This document discusses frame and lens selection based on occupation and age. Key factors in frame selection include comfort, appearance, safety, and suitability for the person's occupation and lifestyle. Different occupations require consideration of visual needs, hazards, and working conditions. Frame material, size, and lens material should be chosen accordingly. For example, plastic frames and polycarbonate lenses are recommended for drivers and industrial or sports workers due to safety concerns. Progressive or multifocal lenses may be suitable for various occupations requiring vision at multiple distances.
Progressive addition lenses
This document discusses progressive lenses, including their history, types, features, markings, fitting process, advantages, and disadvantages. It provides details on:
- The four main types of lenses - single vision, bifocals, trifocals, and progressive addition lenses.
- Key features of progressive lenses, including having multiple focal points that change continuously across the lens rather than distinct segments.
- Important temporary and permanent markings on progressive lenses used in fitting, including the fitting cross, distance reference circle, and lateral locator lines.
- The process of accurately relocating the fitting cross from temporary to permanent markings to ensure proper positioning over the pupil.
Soft Contact Lens Fitting
Fitting soft contact lenses requires considering many patient-specific factors to achieve excellent vision and ocular health. A proper fit involves selecting the correct total diameter, base curve, thickness, and material based on the patient's prescription, corneal shape, lifestyle, and health. Trial lenses are used to evaluate fit parameters like coverage, centration, movement, comfort, and vision to optimize on-eye performance while avoiding issues like tightness or looseness that could impact ocular health or vision. The goal is to find a lens that provides optimum vision and good comfort without causing any ocular insult.
Decentration and prismatic effect in lens (1)
Decentration of lenses can induce unwanted prism. The amount of induced prism depends on the distance of decentration from the optical center and the power of the lens. For plus lenses, the base of the induced prism is in the direction of decentration, while for minus lenses it is in the opposite direction. Prism power can be calculated using Prentice's rule. The induced prism from decentration can have effects on binocular vision and eye alignment. Careful centration of lenses is important for optimal vision and comfort.
Calculation of magnification in low vision
This document discusses various types and methods of magnification in low vision. It defines key terms like apparent magnification, iso-accommodative magnification, and equivalent viewing power. It describes three main types of magnification - relative size, relative distance, and angular magnification. Methods of low vision magnification include telescopic lenses, magnifying lenses, electronic magnifiers, and field enhancers. Formulas for calculating magnification using focal length and viewing distances are provided. The importance of specifying the equivalent viewing power when describing a low vision device is emphasized.
Progressive addition lenses
Progressive addition lenses are lenses that gradually change in optical power from the top to the bottom to provide clear vision at all distances without visible lines. They were invented in 1907 and the Varilux 1 was introduced in 1959. Unlike bifocals or trifocals, progressives ensure smooth vision at all distances. The power increase is achieved by gradually decreasing the lens curvature vertically and horizontally. Progressives have advantages over other lenses like continuous vision and no visible lines. Optical design factors like add power, corridor length, and zone widths affect progressives. Proper fitting involves adjusting the frame position and measuring pupil distance and fitting height.
Synaptophore
The synaptophore is an orthoptic instrument used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in optometry. It works using the haploscopic principle to divide visual space into two separate areas visible to only one eye each. Slides can be used for simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis, and other tests. Diagnostic uses include measuring deviations, retinal correspondence, and fusional reserves. Therapeutic uses treat suppression, amblyopia, and heterophorias. Proper adjustment and preliminary settings are required before administering tests to accurately diagnose and manage binocular vision anomalies.
Fault
This document summarizes various types of defects that can occur in ophthalmic lenses. It categorizes defects as occurring either in the material of the lens, on the surface of the lens, or from maltreatment of the finished surface. Defects in the material include bubbles, feathers, veins, coloration and strain. Surface defects from production include holes, greyness, polishing burns, waves, rings and generator marks. Maltreatment can cause scratches, chips, bruises and other abuse marks. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of each type of defect.
Frame measurement & marking
The document discusses different measurement systems used for eyeglasses, including the datum system and boxing system. It provides definitions for key optical and frame measurements such as:
- Eye size and lens size refer to the horizontal length of the lens or frame opening.
- Geometric center is the midpoint of the horizontal midline between the lens borders.
- Effective diameter is twice the distance from the geometric center to the lens bevel edge.
- Bridge size is the distance between the two lenses at the narrowest point of the frame.
- Segment height specifies the vertical distance of bifocal or progressive addition lenses.
soft contact lens optics and soft contact lens materials
This document discusses the optical properties of contact lenses and soft contact lens materials. It begins with an introduction to contact lens optics, covering topics like basic optics concepts, conjugate planes, principal planes, back vertex power, and the effectivity relationship. It then discusses how contact lenses impact accommodation and convergence compared to spectacles. Ideal material properties and common soft lens materials like conventional hydrogels and silicone hydrogels are also mentioned. The document provides a concise overview of important optical considerations for contact lenses.
Lens manufacturing
How spectacle lenses are made.
In this section you will get the information about lens manufacturing (part 1),i.e, how lens blanks are manufactured and in lens surfacing (part 2) you will get the information about how lenses are surfaced and a finished lens is manufactured.
Lenticular lenses
The document discusses lenticular lenses, which have a central area with prescribed power surrounded by a carrier area of little or no power. Lenticular lenses are used for high prescriptions between +10 to -30 diopters. There are several types including aspheric, Welsh 4 drop, and multi-drop plus lenses as well as myodisc and minus lenticular minus lenses. Lenticular lenses provide benefits of reduced weight and thickness compared to standard lenses but can have aesthetic drawbacks when the edge of the aperture is visible. Various manufacturers produce lenticular lenses in different materials and indexes to accommodate a wide range of prescriptions.
RGP Fitting
This document discusses rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. It notes that RGP lenses are made of oxygen permeable materials and are better than soft lenses for vision, durability, correcting astigmatism, eye health, and ease of care. RGP lenses are recommended for conditions like keratoconus or high refractive errors. The fitting process involves screening patients, measuring the eye, trial fittings, and dynamic and static assessments. Proper care and maintenance of RGP lenses is also discussed.
trial set
An optical trial box contains lenses, a trial frame, and other devices for testing vision. It is used for objective and subjective refraction testing, diagnosing squint, and assessing binocular vision. The trial box contains convex and concave spherical lenses from +0.12 to +20 diopters, cylindrical lenses from +0.25 to +6 diopters, as well as occluders, pinholes, Maddox rods, filters, and prisms for specialized vision testing. A trial frame is designed to hold different lenses and must be lightweight, adjustable, and comfortable for accurate testing of each eye.
Lensometers
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
subjective refraction
This document discusses the process of subjective refraction to determine a patient's prescription. It involves 5 main steps: 1) determining the best vision sphere for each eye, 2) using a Jackson Cross Cylinder to find the cylindrical axis and power, 3) refining the results, 4) binocular balancing to account for any differences between the eyes, and 5) determining the binocular best sphere. Fogging and duochrome tests are used to achieve the best vision sphere. Near additions are also considered for presbyopic patients based on their habitual reading distance and age. Trial lens sets and phoropters are the main instruments used.
Lens material and its propertes
The document discusses different lens materials used in ophthalmic lenses, including their properties and characteristics. It covers natural materials like quartz, glass materials like crown glass and flint glass, and plastic materials like CR-39, polycarbonate, high index plastics, and Trivex. For each material, it provides details on composition, refractive index, Abbe value, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to educate about different lens materials and their properties for lens manufacturing.
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Trial box
The document describes the components and uses of a trial box, which is a set of lenses, frames, and accessories used to test vision. It contains trial frames that hold spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses in various diopters for refraction testing. Accessories include occluders, filters, charts, and tools like Maddox rods and cross cylinders. The trial box is used for objective and subjective refraction, diagnosing conditions like squint, and assessing binocular vision.
Trial set
The trial case contains spherical and cylindrical lenses of known power ranging from +0.12D to -20.00D for spherical lenses and +0.25D to -6.00D for cylindrical lenses. It also includes prisms up to 10 prism diopters, trial frames, occluders, pinholes, filters, and other accessories used to perform refraction tests and examinations.
Retinoscopy and its principles
This document provides an overview of retinoscopy, including:
- A brief history and the development of different types of retinoscopes.
- The optical principles behind how retinoscopy works to assess refractive error.
- Different techniques for performing retinoscopy, including static, dynamic, and near retinoscopy.
- Factors that can impact the results or make retinoscopy more difficult in some patients.
- Uses of retinoscopy beyond assessing refractive error, such as detecting other ocular issues.
Dark room
This document describes various instruments used in ophthalmic examinations including retinoscopes, trial frames, Placido's disc, Maddox wing and rod, lenses, occluders, pin holes, and stenopic slits. It provides details on how each instrument is constructed and its purpose in examining patients, determining refractive error, and testing for conditions like keratoconus and heterophoria.
Objective, subjective and cyclopegic refraction
This document discusses objective, subjective, and cycloplegic refraction. Objective refraction uses optical principles to obtain a measurement without accommodation. Subjective refraction finds the lenses that place the far point at infinity for best visual acuity. Cycloplegic refraction determines the total refractive error during paralysis of the ciliary muscles by cycloplegic drugs. Cycloplegic refraction is indicated for children, accommodative esotropia, and suspected hyperopia or pseudomyopia. Cyclopentolate is commonly used but the appropriate drug and dosage varies by age. Spectacle prescription from cycloplegic findings is an art considering emmetropization in children.
Subjective refraction
The document describes the procedures for performing subjective refraction to determine a patient's distance and near visual prescription. It involves first establishing the patient's best corrected and uncorrected visual acuity. The examiner then determines the patient's best vision sphere and estimates their astigmatism before refining the prescription with trial lenses to account for cylinder power and axis. Verification steps like binocular balance and range of clear vision are also mentioned. Near addition is calculated based on the patient's near point of focus and amplitude of accommodation. The document provides guidance on techniques, tools, and considerations for optimizing subjective refraction outcomes.
Refraction using a phoropter
This document describes the process of refraction using a phoropter. A phoropter is an ophthalmic testing device used to measure refractive error and determine eyeglass prescriptions. It contains different lenses. The summary describes the preliminary steps, which include positioning the patient and adjusting the device. It then outlines the 6 steps of subjective refraction: 1) test visual acuity, 2) establish spherical power, 3) refine cylindrical axis, 4) refine cylindrical power, 5) refine spherical power, and 6) perform binocular balancing.
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Test of Visual acuity, distance and near vision - prepared for post graduate students and rehab workers to conduct the assessments easily
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Prescriptions must contain specific information like the patient's name and address, prescriber's contact information, medication, dosage, directions, and refills. Latin abbreviations are commonly used. Controlled substances have additional requirements and are classified in Schedules based on their abuse and dependency potential. Prescriptions ensure accurate and safe dispensing of medications, especially controlled drugs.
Prescription glasses or contact lenses ppt
This document compares the advantages and disadvantages of prescription eyeglasses and contact lenses. Eyeglasses are easy to take on and off when needed but can be expensive and alter one's appearance. Contact lenses avoid having frames on the face, allow participation in sports comfortably, and enable wearing sunglasses without prescription lenses, but require adaptation time, may irritate eyes, cause eye fatigue, and risk being lost or causing infection if not cleaned properly. Both options have benefits and drawbacks to consider.
Astigmatism, presbyopia and aphakia
This document discusses astigmatism, presbyopia, and aphakia. It defines these conditions and describes their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. For astigmatism, it covers the different types including regular, irregular, and mixed astigmatism. It discusses optical correction using lenses, refractive surgery options like LASIK, and intraocular lenses. For presbyopia, it defines the condition, describes the age-related decline in accommodation, symptoms, and treatments like multifocal lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery options.
Objective structured practical question (ospe)
1) I am Dr Md Anisur Rahman Anjum passed MBBS from Dhaka Medical College in 1987. Diploma in Ophthalmology (DO) from the then IPGM&R (now it is Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University BSMMU) in 1993. Felllowship in Ophthalmology FCPS from Bangladesh College of Physician and surgeon in 1997. I am now working as associate professor in General Ophthalmology in National Institute of Ophthalmology Dhaka Bangladesh which is the tertiary centre in eye care in Bangladesh.
These OSPE are dedicated to the postgraduate student who are decided to builds their carrier in ophthalmology. I hope that they will be benefitted if they solve these OSPE
Jackson cross cylinder
The document discusses the Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) test, which is used during refraction to detect and refine astigmatism. The JCC is a combination of two cylinders of equal strength but opposite signs, placed at right angles to each other. During the test, the JCC is held in different positions before the eye to see if there is a change in visual acuity. If a position is clearer, it indicates the axis of astigmatism. The test is then used to refine the axis and power of any astigmatic correction.
Accommodation
This document summarizes research on accommodation presented to the Ophthalmology Department at Al-Azhar University. It defines accommodation as the eye's ability to change refractive power and focus on objects at different distances by altering the shape of the lens. The document discusses the mechanism of accommodation, theories around how it functions including Helmholtz's relaxation theory, and types of accommodation like tonic, proximal, and reflex accommodation. It also examines anomalies of accommodation such as presbyopia, insufficiency of accommodation, and their treatment.
Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...
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Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
Visual acuity
This document discusses tests used to measure visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. It describes how visual acuity is a measure of spatial resolution and the minimum angle that can be resolved. Common tests to measure visual acuity include Snellen charts for distant and near vision and Landolt C charts. Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to detect differences in luminance and is tested using gratings of different spatial frequencies. Potential vision tests like interferometry and potential acuity meters are used to estimate vision through cataracts by projecting patterns directly on the retina.
Accommodation and its anomalies
This document discusses various anomalies of accommodation that can occur, including accommodative fatigue, presbyopia, insufficiency of accommodation, inertia of accommodation, paralysis of accommodation, and spasm of accommodation. It describes the symptoms, causes, assessments, and management approaches for each condition. The key message is that anomalies of accommodation are common and their management is an important part of optometric practice.
Refraction
This document provides information about conducting an eye exam, including:
1) Taking a case history to understand a patient's vision needs, eye health history, and general health conditions.
2) Performing objective and subjective refraction tests to determine a patient's prescription for distance and near vision.
3) Evaluating binocular vision by testing motor and sensory functions like eye movements, stereopsis, and fusional reserves.
4) Prescribing corrective lenses or prisms as needed based on the refraction and binocular vision results.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a condition where the eye's refractive power varies in different meridians, causing blurred vision. It is caused most commonly by corneal irregularities, and results in light rays forming an image called the Sturm's conoid instead of focusing on the retina. Astigmatism can be regular, irregular, or oblique depending on the orientation of the steepest meridians. It is classified and treated based on whether the refractive error causes light to focus in front of, on, or behind the retina. Treatment options include corrective lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgeries like astigmatic keratotomy.
Classification of squint
This document classifies and describes different types of squint (strabismus). It discusses heterophoria vs heterotropia and describes various classifications of squint including by direction of deviation, comitancy, duration, laterality, accommodation, and other categories. The classifications are explained in detail with examples.
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Trial box
A trial box, also known as a trial case or trial set, contains lenses and other devices used to test vision and diagnose refractive errors and eye pathology. It includes trial lenses in various prescriptions, prisms, filters, occluders, and other accessories. Trial lenses are arranged in pairs ranging from -20D to +20D in steps, and cylinders from -6D to +6D. The trial frame holds the lenses and allows adjustment for pupil distance and lens height. A trial box is used for objective and subjective refraction, diplopia testing, diagnosing strabismus, and assessing binocular vision.
Trail box
A trial lens set contains spherical lenses from 0.12 to 20.0 diopters and cylindrical lenses from 0.12 to 6.0 diopters. It is the primary device used in refraction and includes lenses, occluders, pinholes, Maddox rods, and prisms. Cylindrical lenses are marked to indicate axis and do not have handles. Accessories like occluders and pinholes come in standard sizes and are used to test each eye separately or reduce retinal blur. Maddox rods form red streaks to detect heterophoria. Trial frames hold the lenses and have markings to properly position cylindrical lenses and accessories for refraction testing.
Trial lens set ppt by mhr
A trial lens set contains various lenses, frames, and accessories used to test a patient's vision and refractive error. It includes positive and negative spherical and cylindrical lenses, prisms, an occluder, pinhole, Maddox rod, stenopic slit, and Jackson Cross cylinder. The trial frame holds the lenses and allows them to be rotated for testing. Lenses range in powers from +20 to -20 diopters and cylinders from 0.25 to 6 diopters. Prisms range from 0.5 to 12 prism diopters. The set allows comprehensive refraction and assessment of binocular vision.
3 Tests for Binocular Single Vision
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.
Trial Set & Phoropter by Robin Singh (BMCO)
Clear your thoughts regarding Trial set and Phoropter here! Simplified slides for easy reading and learning.
Case report on rose k2 xl
A 27-year-old man with keratoconus in both eyes was fit with Rose K2 XL scleral lenses. Examination found steep corneas and irregular astigmatism in both eyes. Trial fittings of the Rose K2 XL lenses found a good fit with clear vision. The final lens parameters provided comfortable fits and good vision in each eye. Scleral lenses can provide clear vision for patients with keratoconus when spectacles and other options no longer work well.
Spectacle prescription
Dr. Richa Naik describes the process for prescribing spectacles, including:
1. Conducting objective and subjective refraction tests to determine the prescription.
2. Providing full correction for most myopia and hyperopia cases, though some require undercorrection.
3. Choosing lens types and materials based on the prescription and patient needs, such as polycarbonate lenses for safety or progressive lenses for presbyopia.
4. Adjusting the prescription over time as the patient's vision or needs change.
Trial box
The document describes the components and uses of a trial box, which is a set of lenses, frames, and accessories used to test vision. It contains trial frames that hold spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses in various diopters for refraction testing. Accessories include occluders, filters, Maddox rods, and near charts for additional exams. The trial box is an essential tool for optometrists to objectively and subjectively refract patients and diagnose vision disorders.
Direct ophthalmoscopy
The direct ophthalmoscope is a handheld instrument used to examine the fundus monocularly within a central 7-10 degree retinal area. It provides 15x magnification. It has illumination and viewing systems, including tungsten bulbs, lenses, filters and apertures to examine the retina, optic disc, vessels, macula and other structures. Key aspects include assessing the optic disc size and color, cup-to-disc ratio, macula, vessels and looking for abnormalities. It allows gross anterior segment examination with additional lenses.
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NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
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TRIAL CASE PPT
- 2. Trial case consists of : Pair of convex and concave lenses Pin hole occluder Maddox rod Trial frame Red and green filters Prisms Stenopic slit retinoscope
- 4. A pair of convex lenses ranging from +0.12D to +4 D in 0.25 steps +4 D to +6.0 D in 0.5 steps +6.0 D to +14 D in 1steps +14 D to +20 D in 2 steps and Same range in concave sph lenses but in a minus form
- 5. A pair of convex cyl lenses ranging from +.25 D to +3.50 D in .25 steps +4 to +6 in .50 steps
- 6. Plastic frame Metal frame
- 7. Occluder It is a black coloured opaque disc used to cover one eye while testing the other eye Stenopic slit Black coloured opaque disc with vertical and horizontal straight slit in the centre Prisms prisms are used to correct latent squint and also in the case of diplopia
- 9. Trial frame Preferably,an ajustable type which is used in children as well as in adults Pin hole Black coloured opaque disc with a small central hole To find any ocular pathology
- 11. Retinoscope mirror It consists of plane mirror on one side and concave mirror on other side. This instrument is used for estimating the error of refraction by the method of neutralisation. Maddox rod Consists of series of of parallel vertical and horizontal straight lines
- 12. Maddox rod Retinoscope mirror
- 13. It is used to find out the under and over correction of the refractive error. This is usually done after sub refraction