Dr. Richa Naik describes the process for prescribing spectacles, including: 1. Conducting objective and subjective refraction tests to determine the prescription. 2. Providing full correction for most myopia and hyperopia cases, though some require undercorrection. 3. Choosing lens types and materials based on the prescription and patient needs, such as polycarbonate lenses for safety or progressive lenses for presbyopia. 4. Adjusting the prescription over time as the patient's vision or needs change.

1. Dr. Richa Naik

2. How to prescribe a spectacle to a
person??
• Step 1:
• Objective refraction
1. Retinoscopy
2. Auto refractometer
3. Photorefraction
4. Electrophysiological method
• Step 2 :
• Subjective refraction.

3. Myope

4. Myopia upto 6D :
in children <8 years of age….
1. full correction
2.Constantly wearing of glasses to avoid developing
squinting and to enhance developing accommodation
Always undercorrect myopes.
Always advise the patient to choose the lens that
makes the letter more clear and not the one
which makes the letter smaller and darker.
in case of exophoria minus correction can be given.

5. in adults <30 years…full correction
in adults >30 years…not able to tolerate full
correction
over 3D
High myopia > 10D
undercorrection is always better to avoid problem of
near vision and that of minification of images.

6. Pseudomyopia

7. Cycloplegic refraction(atropine or HA)
• If tendency for accommodative spasm
- Cycloplegic drops
- Plus over correction
Increase accommodative facility by exercise

9. Hypermetropia

10. Cycloplegic refraction is must.
• If manifest error is small..i.e. 1D or small, correction is
given only if the patient is symptomatic.
• Children <4 years- accept full cycloplegic correction
once a child reaches school age, reduce the plus lenses
to 1/3 of refractive prescription( but child is not
allowed to accommodate more than 2.5D)
Older children- may not accept full correction
so 1st
undercorrect and gradually increase the spherical
correction at 6 month interval till he accepts manifest
hypermetropia.

11. If there is associated exophoria undercorrection for
about 1-2 D
In the presence of accommodative convergent squint,
full correction at 1st
sitting
Remember_ hypermetropia may diminish with
growth of child..so refraction should be carried
out every 6 months.
Try to give manifest correction for adults.

12. Astigmatism

13. • Adult- 1st
time diagnosed
• Try optimal correction
• Undercorrection is acceptable with maintaining the
spherical equivalent
• Rotate axis towards 90 & 180
• Check binocular vision
• Check one or both axis to be parallel
• adult- already astigmatic
• It can be due to change in power
• - see pts comfort
• -may require undercorrection
• Axis- try to maintain previous one
• -see binocular vision

14. Astigmatic dial technique
Fog the eye( to relax
accommodation) with
enough plus lenses by
creating compound
myopic astigmatism.
Patient is asked to identify
darkest and sharpest line..
Minus cylinder added
perpendicular to that axis
Rule of 30
Switch to distance vision
chart and reduce plus
lenses

15. Astigmatic fan test
Add plus lens
Refer the patient to the
fan chart and ask which
line or group of lines
appear clearest &
darkest
Directing attention to
the maddox arrow
Directing attention to
the blocks

16. fogging
 Place enough PLUS lenses to FOG vision to ~6/12 line
 Slowly reduce the plus power until best VA is
obtained
Remember:
“Maximum plus power for best visual acuity”

17. Duochrome test
Based on chromatic aberration
 Green letters clearer = Add ‘+ 0.25DS’
 Red letters clearer = Add ‘- 0.25DS’
 End-point is obtained when the letters on the
RedGreen chart appears equally dark or when a
reversal occurs.

18. Pin hole test
Pin hole is put in front
after correction if
patient is improving
than our prescribed lens
is undercorrected.

19. JCC used to determine the cylindrical axis and the
cylindrical power for the patient.

20. Binocular Balancing
The technique is also known as "equalising".
 During the monocular refraction, a different state of
relaxation of accommodation may occur because one
eye was under test while the other was not.
 Thus, binocular balancing is performed to balance
between eyes.
1. Fogging and Alternate occlusion method
2.Duochrome test with fogging
3. Prism dissociation method

21. Presbyopia

22. The amount of presbyopic correction can be
calculated if the remaining amplitude of
accommodation(for his near point) is determined and
his working distance is specified.
i.e. A emmetropic patient has remaining amplitude
of accommodation 3D(near point 33cm). In order to
achieve comfortable near vision he must keep
one third of this in reserve….so he must use only
2D. If he wishes to see 25 cm clearly he needs 4D of
accommodation n so requires 2D of presbyopic
correction.

24. Spectacle for presbyopics
Bifocals
1. Franklin split bifocals
2.Franklin cemented bifocals
3. Fused
4.Double segment
5.Solid
Trifocals
Progressive

25. Franklin split bifocal lens
Earliest design
A distance lens whose
flat bottom abuts the
flat top of a separate
near lens.

26. Franklin cemented bifocals
Near portion is
constructed by attaching
supplementary lens to
the surface of a distance
lens of same RI.
Ulraviolet cured epoxy
resin used as adhesive.
Almost obsolete.

27. Fused bifocals
2 different material is
used…button is of flint
glass and main lens is of
crown glass.
Advantage-
inconspicuous dividing
line, mechanical stability
and low cost
Disadvantage-
chromatic aberrations

28. Solid(executive) bifocal
Single piece
construction
Near addition is
produced by a different
curvature of either- back
or front surface
Full width horizontal
junction
i.e.Plastic bifocals

29. Double segment(trifocal)
Close work above eye
level i.e. librarian,
electrician and painter
Fused as well as 1 piece

30. Progressive lens
 Power of lenses change
gradually between the
distance and near zones.
No visible interface
between zones.
2 types
1. Hard
2.Soft (newer)

31. Types of lenses
Flat lenses
1. Biconcave or biconvex
2.Plano-concave or plano-
convex
Curved lenses
1. Meniscus lens
2.Toric lens
3. Lenticular lens
4.Apheric lens

32. Meniscus lens
Base curve
-semifinished lens
Base curve is added to
anterior surface and
optician grinds its
other surface to get
required power
deep meniscus lens
Periscopic lens

33. Lenticular lenses
Used for high power
Central portion – power
– aperture – 30mm
Peripheral portion –
carrier – 1.2-2 mm
thinner than central part
Reduce the weight of
spectacle and
aberrations

34. Toric lens
Where one surface is spherical and other surface is
toroidal.
What is toroidal surface?
if we visualise a cylinder its one axis is curved while other
is straight which is the axis of cylinder…now straight axis
is also curved then surface will become toroidal.
Spherical lens is ground on anterior surface and
posterior surface is made toroidal
Base curve used 6D
Difference between base curve and curvature of toric
surface equals the cylindrical power

35. Aspheric lenses
 used to make high plus
aphakic lenses by
modifying the lens
curvature peripherally to
reduce aberration and
provide better
peripheral vision
Base curve for aphakic
lens is relatively flat.

36. Lens material
Polycarbonate lens
Photochromatic lens
High index lens
Polarised lens
Tinted lens
Trivex lens
Anti reflective coating lens
Yellow filter

37. Polycarbonate lenses
 These lenses are impact-resistant and are a good
choice for people who regularly participate in sporting
activities, work in a job environment in which their
glasses may be easily scratched or broken
 for children who may easily drop and scratch their
glasses.
 Polycarbonate lenses provide ultraviolet protection.

38. High index lenses
 Designed for people
who require high power
prescriptions, these
lenses are lighter and
thinner than the
standard thick lenses
that may otherwise be
needed.

39. Polarised lenses
Light reflected from
water or a flat surface
can cause unwanted
glare. Polarised lenses
reduce glare and are
useful for sport and
driving.

40. Photochromatic lenses
 Made from either glass or
plastic, these glasses
change from clear to
tinted when exposed to
sunlight. This eliminates
the need for prescription
sunglasses. These lenses
may not darken in a car
because the windscreen
could block the ultraviolet
rays from the sun.

41. Tinted lens
Decreases transmittance
Done when patient is uncomfortable in bright lights or
exposed to UV radiation
Transmittance level Uses
75-80% Indoor uses
20-25% Mountain climbing , flying
20% sunglasses

42. Trivex lenses
Made from a newer plastic with similar characteristics
of polycarbonate lenses. It is light weight, thin and
impact-resistant and may result in better vision
correction in some people than polycarbonate lenses.
Anti reflective coating glasses for IR
copper and gold coating reflect approximately 98% of
IR above 750 nm
Yellow filters
Shooter’s glasses
It increases contrast for longer wavelength objects
viewed against shorter wavelength background

43. THANK YOU