Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
Astigmatic lens used in ophthalmology and eyeRACHANA KAFLE
different types and classifications of astigmatic lens used
availability of astigmatic lens
uses of astigmatic lens
advantages and disadvantages of astigmatic lens
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
Astigmatic lens used in ophthalmology and eyeRACHANA KAFLE
different types and classifications of astigmatic lens used
availability of astigmatic lens
uses of astigmatic lens
advantages and disadvantages of astigmatic lens
Optometry instruments is a presentation to describe instrument in a beautiful way. use this tool to improve your knowledge. stay blessed. Regards Muhammad Akbar Rashid Qadri.
TRIAL BOX OR TRIAL CASE OR TRIAL SET
It is a box containing set of lenses, arranged in pairs, a trial spectacle frame, and other devices used in testing vision.
Or
It is a box containing two types of lenses; optical and accessory lenses use to treat the refractive error and to diagnose the pathology.
Optical lenses
Accessory lenses
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. “
It is a box containing
different types of spherical
& cylindrical lenses, prisms,
trial frame, cross cylinder,
maddox rod, stenopeic slit,
pin hole, occluder, red and
green filters, etc.
2
4. Contents of the trial set :
1. Spectacle trial frame
2. Spherical lenses
3. Cylindrical lenses
4. Prisms
5. Occluder
6. Pin hole
7. Plano lenses
8. Red & green filters
9. Maddox rod
10. Stenopeic slit
11. Jackson cross cylinder
3
5. Trial frame
● It is made up of metallic or plastic
frame.
● It is light weight with comfortable nose
rest.
● It has usually three compartments one
each for spherical lenses, cylindrical
lenses and occluder.
● Compartment of cylindrical lens has
smooth & accurate rotation.
● Nose bridge and temple are adjustable
according to patient face. 4
8. Full aperture lenses
Approximately 38mm
diameter.
Biconvex or biconcave
form.
Trial lens
Reduced aperture lenses
Lenses of 20mm
diameter mounted in the
metal rim of 38mm
diameter.
Planoconcave or
planoconvex form.
7
During refraction the practitioner utilize a
set of known lenses called as trial lenses.
USES : - For hand neutralization and to
check refractive error.
9. Spherical lenses
Present in plus (convex) & minus
(concave) form.
Range: + & - 0.12 to + & - 20.00D
Variations:
0.25 to 4.00 in increment of 0.25D
4.00 to 6.00 in increment of 0.50D
6.00 to 14.00 in increment of 1.00D
14.00 to 20.00 in increment of 2.00D
Cylindrical lenses
Present in plus (convex) & minus
(concave) form.
Range: + & - 0.25 to + & - 6.00D
Variations:
0.25 to 4.00 in increment of 0.25
4.00 to 6.00 in increment of 0.50
88
10. Prisms
● A prism is a refractive medium having
two surfaces inclined at an angle.
● Prism displace the image towards apex.
● Prisms are arranged by base apex
notation.
● USES : - To measure small squint
- To prescribe prisms in spectacles
- Convergence relaxation and
reducing diplopia
9
11. Occluder
● It is a black opaque disc made up
of plastic or metallic rim.
● It is used for uniocular testing and
to intercept the light reaching to
the eye.
● Used to relax accommodation and
occlude one eye while the other
eye can be tested for visual acuity.
10
12. Pin hole
● Opaque disc with a pin hole of 1-2mm
diameter in its centre.
● Allows only a pencil of light to pass
through the cornea.
● Helps to determine whether the eye has
refractive or pathological error.
● Pinhole of 1.32mm diameter is more
effective.
● Usually available pinhole is 1mm in trial
set. 11
13. Stenopeic slit
It is made up of black opaque disc
with slit aperture.
The slit is usually 1mm in wide.
It allows the rays of light to pass
through only one meridian.
It is used to find the axis of the
cylinder.
Plano lens
Zero power lens, used to satisfy
and identify malingering patient.
1212
14. ● Red before the RE and Green before the
LE.
● Used for colour dissociation, to find out
suppression of eyes, diplopia, to
measure fusion and squint.
● Used in WORTH FOUR DOT TEST and
FRIEND TEST.
● Some trial lens also contain yellow
filters.
13
Red & Green filters
13
15. Maddox rod
● The maddox rod is a handheld instrument
composed of red parallel plano convex
cylinder lens, which refracts light rays so that a
point source of light is seen as a line or streak
of light. Due to the optical properties the streak
of light is seen perpendicular to the axis of
cylinder.
● The maddox rod is usually coloured red or
green.
● It is used to find out the presence of
heterophoria or heterotropia.
14
16. ● It is a combination of two cylinders of
equal strength but opposite signs placed
with there axis at 90° to each other and
mounted in a handle.
● Usually the cross cylinder are of + & - 0.25
or + & - 0.50.
● Spherical equivalent is zero.
● Used to determine both cylindrical power
and axis.
1515
18. “
It is commonly used by eye
care professionals during an
eye examination, and
contains different lenses
used for refraction of the eye
during eye testing, to
measure individual’s
refractive error.
17
20. Manual phoropter
• It is operated manually by the
practitioner.
• Not all the refractors are same,
but they all have the essential
features i.e. controls to adjust
sphere, cylinder axis, cylinder
power, and an occluder.
19
21. Controls of the manual phoropter :
1. Rotation adjustment knob 12. Cylinder power knob
2. Mounting bracket 13. Cross cylinder unit
3. Mounting adjustment knob 14. JCC
4. Forehead rest knob 15. Cyl power scale
5. Spirit level 16. Cyl axis reference scale
6. PD knob 17. Cyl axis indicator
7. Vergence lever 18. Weak sphere dial
8. Auxiliary lens scale 19. Sphere power scale
9. Auxiliary lens knob 20. Strong Sphere control
10. Rotary prism unit 21. PD scale
11. Cylinder axis knob 22. Reading rod clamp screw
2020
23. Auto phoropter
• This machine is divided into main
body and keyboard.
• Has some principle of operation
like manual phoropter.
• Easier to operate, one button to
start the test.
• Contains memory system i.e. it
stores all the testing process.
• Simple and convenient.
22
24. Advantages
• More comfortable for patients.
• Lenses do not become dirty or
scratched.
• Axis of any cylindrical
correction can be read off
from the refractor.
• Additive errors can be reduced.
Disadvantages
• Examiner depends upon
subjective response.
• Refracting unit hides the
patients face.
• Corrects only lower
aberrations.
• If head is tilted during
refraction, the cylindrical axis
will be prescribed off axis.
823
25. Difference between Trial set & Phoropter
Trial Set Phoropter
A box containing arranged lenses, a trial
frame and other devices used in
testing vision.
An instrument containing different lenses
and other devices as whole one unit.
Time consuming and basic technique for
eye testing.
It is advanced, modified and faster
technique to use.
Can’t measure IPD. Can measure IPD.
Has 32 pairs of spherical lenses, 20 pairs
of cylindrical, 10 prisms and other
accessories.
It has all the accessories same as trial set
& it also contain spirit level and digital
viewing system.
26. Separated accessories are difficult
to use.
All accessories are attached
in it.
It is portable. It is not portable.
It is cheap to buy. It is expensive.
Patient can move freely and feel more
comfortable.
Can’t move freely and feel
uncomfortable.
Lenses are open and separated. All the lenses are inside the instrument.
Can be sterilized easily. Difficult to sterilize.
27. 8
Spirit level indicator is absent. Spirit level indicator is present.
Chances to lose accessories. No accessories can be lost.
Doesn’t hide patient’s face so easy to
interact with the patient.
It hides patient’s face so difficult to
interact with the patient.
Easy to perform retinoscopy.
Difficulties arises while doing
retinoscopy.
Large field of vision. Restricted field of vision.
Maintenance is cheaper. Requires expensive maintenance.
