Transport of Pollution in Atmosphere: Plume behaviour under different atmospheric
conditions, Mathematical models of dispersion of air pollutants, Plume behaviour in valley and terrains. Plume behaviour under different meteorological conditions, Concept of isoplates
History of Air pollution and episodes, Sources of air pollution and types, Introduction
to meteorology and transport of air pollution: Global winds, Headley cells, wind rose terrestrial wind profile, Effects of terrain and topography on winds, lapse rate, maximum mixing depths, plume rise
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
History of Air pollution and episodes, Sources of air pollution and types, Introduction
to meteorology and transport of air pollution: Global winds, Headley cells, wind rose terrestrial wind profile, Effects of terrain and topography on winds, lapse rate, maximum mixing depths, plume rise
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
The Gaussian plume model is the most common air pollution model. It is based on a simple formula that describes the three-dimensional concentration field generated by a point source under stationary meteorological and emission conditions.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Detailed description of Environmental Impact Assessment - Historical Background - Objectives - Assessment procedure - Necessity in Water resources projects - Environmental discourse on DAM construction - Case study
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Lab manual for Air Pollution Sampling and Analysis.
This laboratory manual is useful to environmental engineers, scientists, undergraduate and graduate students, chemists and environmental field engineers. The manual has been prepared as per the US EPA and IS standards
EIA for Major development projects - Mining projectsJenson Samraj
EIA is a decision making tool for developmental projects (Mining, construction of dams).
It will have environmental implication in changing the variables such as quality of air, ground water, soil in that area.
The purpose of assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts to implement the project
EIA helps us to measure or predict the impact of any developmental projects on the environment. Mining refers to Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
Metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Large scale mining pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water
Affects environment adversely
Results in deforestation
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
The Gaussian plume model is the most common air pollution model. It is based on a simple formula that describes the three-dimensional concentration field generated by a point source under stationary meteorological and emission conditions.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Detailed description of Environmental Impact Assessment - Historical Background - Objectives - Assessment procedure - Necessity in Water resources projects - Environmental discourse on DAM construction - Case study
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Lab manual for Air Pollution Sampling and Analysis.
This laboratory manual is useful to environmental engineers, scientists, undergraduate and graduate students, chemists and environmental field engineers. The manual has been prepared as per the US EPA and IS standards
EIA for Major development projects - Mining projectsJenson Samraj
EIA is a decision making tool for developmental projects (Mining, construction of dams).
It will have environmental implication in changing the variables such as quality of air, ground water, soil in that area.
The purpose of assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts to implement the project
EIA helps us to measure or predict the impact of any developmental projects on the environment. Mining refers to Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
Metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Large scale mining pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water
Affects environment adversely
Results in deforestation
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
Levels in planning, Functional requirements of water resources projects, steps in
water resources planning, Environmental aspects in water resources planning.
Air Pollution control- at source-equipments for control of air pollution-For particulate matter-Settling chambers-Fabric filters-Scrubbers-Cyclones-Electrostatic precipitators
, For Gaseous pollutants-control by absorption-adsorption-scrubbers-secondary combustion after burners, Working principles advantages and disadvantages
Effects of Air Pollution on human beings, plants and animals and Properties. Global
effects-Green house effect, Ozone depletion, heat island, dust storms, Automobile pollution sources and control, Photochemical smog, Future engines and fuels
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Introduction, hydrologic cycle, climate and water m1Bibhabasu Mohanty
Introduction, Hydrologic cycle, Climate and water availability, Water balances,
Precipitation: Forms, Classification, Variability, Measurement, Data analysis, Evaporation and its measurement, Evapotranspiration and its measurement, Penman Monteith method. Infiltration: Factors affection infiltration, Horton’s equation and Green Ampt method.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
Introduction:
Necessity of irrigation- scope of irrigation engineering- benefits and ill effects of irrigation- irrigation development in India- types of irrigation systems, Soil-water plant relationship: Classification of soil water- soil
moisture contents- depth of soil water available to plants-permanent
and ultimate wilting point
Water requirements of crops:
Depth of water applied during irrigation- Duty of water and deltaimprovement
of duty- command area and intensity of irrigation consumptive use of water and evapotranspiration- irrigation efficiencies- assessment of irrigation water
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
Road Geometric Design-The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a se...Ange Felix NSANZIYERA
The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Transport of Pollution
in Atmosphere
Prepared by
Bibhabasu Mohanty
Dept. of Civil Engineering
SALITER, Ahmedabad
MODULE- II
2. Contents…
Transport of Pollution in Atmosphere: Plume
behaviour under different atmospheric
conditions, Mathematical models of dispersion
of air pollutants, Plume behaviour in valley
and terrains. Plume behaviour under different
meteorological conditions, Concept of
isopleths
3. General Characteristics of Stack
Plumes
• Dispersion of pollutants
– Wind – carries pollution downstream from source
– Atmospheric turbulence - causes pollutants to
fluctuate from mainstream in vertical and cross-wind
directions
• Mechanical & atmospheric heating both present
at same time but in varying ratios
• Affect plume dispersion differently
4. Six Classes of Plume
Behavior
Looping:
• Plume has wavy character.
• Occurs in highly unstable conditions because
of rapid mixing.
• High turbulence helps dispersing plume rapidly.
• High conc. may occur close to stack if plume
touches ground.
5.
6. Coning:
• Plume shaped like a cone
• Takes place in neutral atmosphere, when wind
velocity > 32 km/h.
• Plume reaches ground at greater distance than
looping.
7.
8. Fanning:
• Plume emitted under extreme inversion
conditions.
• Plume spread horizontally.
• Prediction of ground level conc. is difficult.
• Light wind very little turbulence.
9.
10. Fumigation:
• Fan or cone with well defined cone.
• Pollutants are loft in air are brought rapidly to
ground level when air destabilizes.
• Little turbulence in upper layer.
• Large probability of ground contact.
11.
12. Lofting:
• Loops or cone with well defined bottom.
• Occurs when strong lapse rate above surface inversion.
• Moderate winds.
• Ground contact small.
• Best condition for pollutant dispersion.
13.
14. Trapping:
• Inversion above and below stack
• Diffusion of pollutants is limited to layer
between inversions
• Very critical from point of ground level
pollutant.
15.
16. Atmospheric dispersion modeling
• mathematical simulation of how air
pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere.
• performed with computer programs that solve
the mathematical equations and algorithms
which simulate the pollutant dispersion.
• dispersion models are used to estimate or to
predict the downwind concentration of air
pollutants or toxins emitted from sources such
as industrial plants, vehicular traffic or accidental
chemical releases.
17. • models are important to governmental agencies
tasked with protecting and managing the
ambient air quality.
• models are typically employed to determine
whether existing or proposed new industrial
facilities are or will be in compliance with
the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS)
• also serve to assist in the design of effective
control strategies to reduce emissions of harmful
air pollutants.
18. • dispersion models vary depending on the
mathematics used to develop the model, but all
require the input of data that may include:
– Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and direction
– amount of atmospheric turbulence (as characterized by what
is called the "stability class"),
– ambient air temperature,
– height to the bottom of any inversion aloft that may be
present,
– cloud cover and
– solar radiation.
19. • Emissions or release parameters such as source location
and height, type of source (i.e., fire, pool or vent
stack)and exit velocity, exit temperature and mass flow
rate or release rate.
• Terrain elevations at the source location and at the
receptor location(s), such as nearby homes, schools,
businesses and hospitals.
• The location, height and width of any obstructions
(such as buildings or other structures) in the path of the
emitted gaseous plume, surface roughness or the use of
a more generic parameter “rural” or “city” terrain.
20. Gaussian air pollutant dispersion
equation
• Gaussian model which incorporates the
Gaussian distribution equation is the most
commonly used.
• Gaussian distribution equation uses relatively
simple calculations requiring only two dispersion
parameters (i.e. σy and σz) to identify the
variation of pollutant concentrations away from
the centre of the plume.
21. • This distribution equation determines ground
level pollutant concentrations based on time-
averaged atmospheric variables (e.g. temperature,
wind speed).
• Time averages of ten minutes to one hour are
used to calculate the time-averaged atmospheric
variables in Gaussian distribution equation.
22.
23.
24.
25. • The Gaussian distribution determines the size of
the plume downwind from the source.
• The plume size is dependent on the stability of
the atmosphere and the dispersion of the plume
in the horizontal and vertical directions.
26. • These horizontal and vertical dispersion
coefficients (σy and σz respectively) are merely
the standard deviation from normal on the
Gaussian distribution curve in the y and z
directions.
• These dispersion coefficients, σy and σz, are
functions of wind speed, cloud cover, and
surface heating by the sun.
27. • In order for a plume to be modelled using the
Gaussian distribution the following assumption
must be made:
– The plume spread has a normal distribution
– The emission rate (Q) is constant and continuous
– Wind speed and direction is uniform
– Total reflection of the plume takes place at the
surface
28. Briggs plume rise equations
• The most common plume rise formulas are
those developed by Gary A. Briggs. One of
these that applies to buoyancy-dominated
plumes is included.
• Plume rise formulas are to be used on plumes
with temperatures greater than the ambient air
temperature.
• The Briggs’ plume rise formula is as follows:
29.
30. Source Effects on Plume Rise
• Due to the configuration of the stack or
adjacent buildings, the plume may not rise freely
into the atmosphere.
• Some aerodynamic effects due to the way the
wind moves around adjacent buildings and the
stack can force the plume toward the ground
instead of allowing it to rise in the atmosphere.
31. • Stack tip downwash can occur where the ratio of
the stack exit velocity to wind speed is small.
• In this case, low pressure in the wake of the
stack may cause the plume to be drawn
downward behind the stack.
• Pollutant dispersion is reduced when this occurs
and can lead to elevated pollutant
concentrations immediately downwind of the
source.
32. • As air moves over and around buildings and
other structures, turbulent wakes are formed.
• Depending upon the release height of a plume
(stack height) it may be possible for the plume
to be pulled down into this wake area.
• This is referred to as aerodynamic or building
downwash of the plume and can lead to elevated
pollutant concentrations immediately downwind
of the source.
33.
34. Concepts of isopleths
• In geography, the word isopleths is used for
contour lines that depict a variable which cannot
be measured at a point, but which instead must
be calculated from data collected over an area.
• An example is population density, which can be
calculated by dividing the population of a census
district by the surface area of that district.
35. • In meteorology, the word isopleths is used for
any type of contour line.
• Meteorological contour lines are based
on generalization from the point data received
from weather stations.
• Weather stations are seldom exactly positioned
at a contour line.
• Instead, lines are drawn to best approximate the
locations of exact values, based on the scattered
information points available.
36. • Meteorological contour maps may present
collected data such as actual air pressure at a
given time, or generalized data such as average
pressure over a period of time, or forecast data
such as predicted air pressure at some point in
the future.
39. • In discussing pollution, density maps can be
very useful in indicating sources and areas of
greatest contamination.
• Contour maps are especially useful for diffuse
forms or scales of pollution.
• Acid precipitation is indicated on maps
with isoplats.
40. • Some of the most widespread applications of
environmental science contour maps involve
mapping of environmental noise (where lines of
equal sound pressure level are denoted isobels), air
pollution, soil contamination, thermal
pollution and groundwater
contamination.
• By contour planting and contour ploughing, the
rate of water runoff and thus soil erosion can be
substantially reduced.
41. Technical construction factors
• Line weight is simply the darkness or thickness of the
line used.
• If there is little or no content on the base map, the
contour lines may be drawn with relatively heavy
thickness.
• Also, for many forms of contours such as topographic
maps, it is common to vary the line weight and/or
color, so that a different line characteristic occurs for
certain numerical values.
42. • Line color is the choice of any number of pigments that
suit the display.
• Sometimes a sheen or gloss is used as well as color to set
the contour lines apart from the base map.
• Line colour can be varied to show other information.
43. • Line type refers to whether the basic contour
line is solid, dashed, dotted or broken in some
other pattern to create the desired effect.
• Dotted or dashed lines are often used when the
underlying base map conveys very important (or
difficult to read) information.
• Broken line types are used when the location of
the contour line is inferred.
44. • Numerical marking is the manner of denoting
the arithmetical values of contour lines.
• This can be done by placing numbers along
some of the contour lines, typically
using interpolation for intervening lines.
• Alternatively a map key can be produced
associating the contours with their values.