The document summarizes key points from the IPCC AR5 report about natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing. It discusses that the IPCC assesses climate change science and was set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP. It has three working groups that assess different aspects of climate change. The document then defines radiative forcing and explains that human activities have altered the historical balance of energy entering and leaving the Earth, warming the planet. It notes that concentrations of greenhouse gases are unprecedented in at least 800,000 years due to human emissions since 1750. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels have been the primary driver of increased radiative forcing and climate change.
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record-high temperatures, are already taking place. One important way to track and communicate the causes and effects of climate change is
through the use of indicators. An indicator represents the state or trend of certain environmental or societal conditions over a given area and a specified period of time. This lesson highlights all those indicators for a better understanding of climate change.
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
IPCC, role of IPCC, IPCC AR5, key messages. approach in climate change mitigation, trends of green house gases, mitigation pathways and measures, mitigation policies and institutions,
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record-high temperatures, are already taking place. One important way to track and communicate the causes and effects of climate change is
through the use of indicators. An indicator represents the state or trend of certain environmental or societal conditions over a given area and a specified period of time. This lesson highlights all those indicators for a better understanding of climate change.
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
IPCC, role of IPCC, IPCC AR5, key messages. approach in climate change mitigation, trends of green house gases, mitigation pathways and measures, mitigation policies and institutions,
Climate Change Paper - CO2 or Crop Irrigation?Keith_Shotbolt
Describes all important observations of climate change and assesses the possible effects of increased CO2, human activity energy consumption, and large-scale crop irrigation.
This is the fourth lesson titled 'Attributions of climate change' of the course ' Climate Change and Global environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
Conclusions
Mitigating and adapting to climate
change while honoring the diversity
of humans entails major transformations in the ways our global society
functions and interacts with natural
ecosystems. We are encouraged by a
recent surge of concern. Governmental
bodies are making climate emergency
declarations. Schoolchildren are striking. Ecocide lawsuits are proceeding
in the courts. Grassroots citizen movements are demanding change, and
many countries, states and provinces,
cities, and businesses are responding.
As the Alliance of World Scientists,
we stand ready to assist decision-makers in a just transition to a sustainable
and equitable future. We urge widespread use of vital signs, which will
better allow policymakers, the private sector, and the public to understand the magnitude of this crisis,
track progress, and realign priorities
for alleviating climate change. The
good news is that such transformative change, with social and economic
justice for all, promises far greater
human well-being than does business
as usual. We believe that the prospects
will be greatest if decision-makers and
all of humanity promptly respond to
this warning and declaration of a climate emergency and act to sustain life
on planet Earth, our only home.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
NATURAL AND ANTHAOPOGENIC RADIATIVE FORCING BASED ON IPCC AR5
1. NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC
RADIATIVE FORCING
IPCC AR5
Anakha mohan
2014-20-123
Academy Of Climate Change
Education And Research, KAU
Vellanikkara
1
2. The intergovernmental panel on climate change
International body for assessing the science related to
climate change
Was set up in 1988
By the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
IPCC
2
4. Working Group I assesses the scientific aspects of the climate system and
climate change ·
Working Group II addresses the vulnerability of socio- economic and natural
systems to climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate
change, and options for adapting to it·
Working Group III assesses options for limiting greenhouse gas emissions
and otherwise mitigating climate change
4
5. Radiative forcing or climate forcing is defined as the difference of
insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back
to space.
Anthropogenic forcing is a change in the Earth’s energy
balance due to human activities.
Natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing
5
6. The planet was in radiative balance with space before the industrial
revolution. Human activities have altered this balance. The net impact of
any perturbation can be quantified via a net power input into the planet,
This is its radiative forcing.
Positive forcing warm the planet
AR5 recognises this for the first time, and designates the total forcing
including these effects as the effective radiative forcing.
Cont’d
6
7. Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic
emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history. Recent climate
changes have had widespread impacts on human and natural system
Which driven atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide to levels that are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000
years, leading to an uptake of energy by the climate system.
Radiative forcing quantifies the perturbation of energy into the Earth
system caused by these drivers. Radiative forcing larger than zero lead to
a near-surface warming, and radiative forcing smaller than zero lead to a
cooling.
Cont’d
7
8. Atmospheric concentrations of GHGs are at levels that are unprecedented
in at least 800,000 years. Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have all shown large increases since 1750
(40%, 150% and 20%, respectively)
Cont’d
8
13. The radiative forcing from aerosols, which includes cloud adjustments, is
better understood and indicates a weaker cooling effect than in AR4. The
aerosol radiative forcing over 1750–2011 is estimated as –0.9 W/m2
(medium confidence).
There is high confidence that the global mean total aerosol radiative forcing
has counteracted a substantial portion of radiative forcing from well mixed
GHGs. Aerosols continue to contribute the largest uncertainty to the total
radiative forcing estimate.
The radiative forcing from aerosols
About 5 out of 10 chance About 8 out of 10 chance
13
14. Human activities affecting emission drivers
About half of the cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions between 1750 and
2011 have occurred in the last 40 years (high confidence).
About 40% of these anthropogenic CO2 emissions have remained in the
atmosphere since 1750. The rest was removed from the atmosphere by sinks,
and stored in natural carbon cycle reservoirs
Total annual anthropogenic GHG emissions have continued to increase over
1970 to 2010 with larger absolute increases between 2000 and 2010 (high
confidence)
14
17. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes
contributed about 78% to the total GHG emission increase between 1970
and 2010, with a contribution of similar percentage over the 2000–2010
period (high confidence).
Total annual anthropogenic GHG emissions have increased by about 10
GtCO2 between 2000 and 2010. This increase directly came from the
energy (47%), industry (30%), transport (11%) and building (3%) sectors
(medium confidence). Accounting for indirect emissions raises the
contributions by the building and industry sectors (high confidence).
Cont’d
17
18. Globally, economic and population growth continue to be the most
important drivers of increases in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
combustion. The contribution of population growth between 2000
and 2010 remained roughly identical to that of the previous three
decades, while the contribution of economic growth has risen
sharply (high confidence)
Cont’d
18
20. Estimated present-day radiative forcing is higher than in AR4 due to:
larger estimates of black carbon forcing, smaller estimate of aerosol
cloud-mediated cooling effect, and increased greenhouse gases since
2007.
CO2 overwhelms other forcing, in most future scenarios.
Natural forcing only would have cooled, Anthropogenic with natural
forcing fit to current observations
In a nut shell
20
to provide policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.
40% from natural sources
Decaying vegetation, marsh gas.
Agriculture, especially rice paddies with anaerobic bacteria.
Ruminants (cattle and sheep) – you don’t want to know where it comes from! 500L cow-1 day-1
Termites (same chemistry)
Radiative forcing from aerosols has two competing components: a dominant cooling effect from most aerosols and their cloud adjustments and a partially offsetting warming contribution from black carbon absorption of solar radiation Changes in solar irradiance and volcanic aerosols cause natural radiative forcing. The radiative forcing from stratospheric volcanic aerosols can have a large cooling effect on the climate system for some years after major volcanic eruptions. Changes in total solar irradiance are calculated to have contributed only around 2% of the total radiative forcing in 2011, relative to 1750.
. Cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 2040 ± 310 GtCO2 were added to the atmosphere between 1750 and 2011. Since 1970, cumulative CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, cement production and flaring have tripled, and cumulative CO2 emissions from forestry and other land use21(FOLU)22 have increased by about 40% (Figure 1.5)23. In 2011, annual CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, cement production and flaring were 34.8 ± 2.9 GtCO2/yr. For 2002–2011, average annual emissions from FOLU were 3.3 ± 2.9 GtCO2/yr.
| Annual global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (gigatonne of CO2-equivalent per year, GtCO2/yr) from fossil fuel combustion, cement production and flaring, and forestry and other land use (FOLU), 1750–2011. Cumulative emissions and their uncertainties are shown as bars and whiskers, respectively, on the right-hand side. The global effects of the accumulation of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are shown in Figure 1.3. Greenhouse gas emission data from 1970 to 2010 are shown in Figure 1.6. {modified from WGI Figure TS.4 and WGIII Figure TS.2}
Total annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (gigatonne of CO2-equivalent per year, GtCO2-eq/yr) for the period 1970 to 2010, by gases: CO2 from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes; CO2 from Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); fluorinated gases covered under the Kyoto Protocol (F-gases). Right hand side shows 2010 emissions, using alternatively CO2-equivalent emission weightings based on IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) and AR5 values. Unless otherwise stated, CO2-equivalent emissions in this report include the basket of Kyoto gases (CO2, CH4, N2O as well as F-gases) calculated based on 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) values from the SAR (see Glossary). Using the most recent GWP100 values from the AR5 (right-hand bars) would result in higher total annual GHG emissions (52 GtCO2-eq/yr) from an increased contribution of methane, but does not change the long-term trend significantly. Other metric choices would change the contributions of different gases (see Box 3.2). The 2010 values are shown again broken down into their components with the associated uncertainties (90% confidence interval) indicated by the error bars. Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion are known with an 8% uncertainty margin (90% confidence interval). There are very large uncertainties (of the order of ±50%) attached to the CO2 emissions from FOLU. Uncertainty about the global emissions of CH4, N2O and the F-gases has been estimated at 20%, 60% and 20%, respectively. 2010 was the most recent year for which emission statistics on all gases as well as assessments of uncertainties were essentially complete at the time of data cut off for this report. The uncertainty estimates only account for uncertainty in emissions, not in the GWPs (as given in WGI 8.7). {WGIII Figure SPM.1}
Total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (gigatonne of CO2- equivalent per year, GtCO2-eq/yr) from economic sectors in 2010. The circle shows the shares of direct GHG emissions (in % of total anthropogenic GHG emissions) from five economic sectors in 2010. The pull-out shows how shares of indirect CO2 emissions (in % of total anthropogenic GHG emissions) from electricity and heat production are attributed to sectors of final energy use. ‘Other energy’ refers to all GHG emission sources in the energy sector as defined in WGIII Annex II, other than electricity and heat production {WGIII Annex II.9.1}. The emission data on agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) includes land-based CO2 emissions from forest fires, peat fires and peat decay that approximate to net CO2 flux from the sub-sectors of forestry and other land use (FOLU) as described in Chapter 11 of the WGIII report. Emissions are converted into CO2-equivalents based on 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100), taken from the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR). Sector definitions are provided in WGIII Annex II.9. {WGIII Figure SPM.2}
