AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
The document discusses meteorological parameters that influence air quality and dispersion modeling. Primary parameters include wind speed, direction, and atmospheric stability, while secondary parameters include temperature, precipitation, and topography. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the ambient lapse rate to the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Stability categories include unstable, neutral, and stable atmospheres. Plume rise and dispersion are influenced by stability, with unstable air resulting in greater vertical mixing and stable air suppressing vertical dispersion. The Gaussian plume model is presented as a method to estimate pollutant concentrations downwind of a point source.
Atmospheric stability and plume behaviourAratiSavant
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
This chapter discusses how meteorological conditions influence the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. It covers key topics such as:
1) Wind patterns from global to micro scales that affect pollutant movement.
2) Lapse rates which describe how temperature changes with altitude. Inversions and stable/unstable conditions impact vertical air movement.
3) Maximum mixing depth, the vertical extent of mixing which influences pollutant dispersion and urban air pollution episodes.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
The document discusses meteorological parameters that influence air quality and dispersion modeling. Primary parameters include wind speed, direction, and atmospheric stability, while secondary parameters include temperature, precipitation, and topography. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the ambient lapse rate to the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Stability categories include unstable, neutral, and stable atmospheres. Plume rise and dispersion are influenced by stability, with unstable air resulting in greater vertical mixing and stable air suppressing vertical dispersion. The Gaussian plume model is presented as a method to estimate pollutant concentrations downwind of a point source.
Atmospheric stability and plume behaviourAratiSavant
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
This chapter discusses how meteorological conditions influence the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. It covers key topics such as:
1) Wind patterns from global to micro scales that affect pollutant movement.
2) Lapse rates which describe how temperature changes with altitude. Inversions and stable/unstable conditions impact vertical air movement.
3) Maximum mixing depth, the vertical extent of mixing which influences pollutant dispersion and urban air pollution episodes.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
This document is a seminar presentation on control devices for gaseous air pollutants by Sourabh M. Kulkarni. It discusses sources of gaseous air pollutants from industries and natural sources. It then summarizes various methods to control gaseous pollutants including absorption, adsorption, and combustion. Finally, it describes control devices used for gaseous pollution control such as packed towers, wet scrubbers, and catalytic converters.
The Gaussian plume model is a simple mathematical model used to predict pollution dispersion from point sources like power plants. It assumes pollutant spread is from molecular diffusion and concentrations follow a double Gaussian distribution based on meteorological conditions. The model calculates concentrations using emission rates, wind speed/direction, stack parameters, and dispersion coefficients that account for atmospheric stability and turbulence. It is one of the most widely used air quality models.
Unit 3 control of particulate contaminantsChockalingam T
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Control of Particulate Contaminants. It is very useful for students studiying Air Pollution and Control Engineering either as an Open elective or Professional elective.
This document discusses various methods for sampling air pollutants. It describes techniques for sampling particulate pollutants such as sedimentation, filtration, impingement, and precipitation. For gaseous pollutants, techniques discussed include absorption sampling, adsorption sampling, and condensation sampling. New methods like bubble sampling and sorbent sampling are also summarized. The objectives of air sampling are to measure the quality, quantity, and variation of pollutants from emission sources to help determine control methods. Location selection aims to avoid disturbances and capture predominant wind directions.
Air pollution and control with their disaster episodes= Muese valley ( Belgium), Donora (USA), London (UK), Los Angeles, Poza Rica (Mexico), Tokyo, Bhopal Gas tragedy ( India)
The document discusses methods for controlling gaseous pollutants, including absorption, adsorption, and combustion. Absorption involves passing polluted gases through liquid absorbents like in a packed tower, plate tower, or spray tower. Adsorption uses solid adsorbents like activated carbon to concentrate pollutants on surfaces. Combustion destroys pollutants through direct flame, thermal incineration using a residence chamber, or catalytic combustion using catalysts to aid oxidation. Overall, the document outlines common industrial processes for removing gaseous pollutants from emission streams.
There are several types of plumes classified based on the environmental lapse rate (ELR) and adiabatic lapse rate (ALR):
1. Coning plume occurs under sub-adiabatic conditions (ELR < ALR) or with high winds, taking on a cone-like structure with limited vertical mixing.
2. Fanning plume occurs under inversion conditions (negative ELR), causing the plume to disperse horizontally rather than rising.
3. Looping plume occurs in super adiabatic environments (ELR > ALR), leading to an unstable atmosphere and the plume taking on a wavy, looping form.
4. Neut
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
Airpollution Dispersion And Modelling Using Computers Ub ChitranshiKetan Wadodkar
The document discusses various air pollution dispersion and modeling techniques using computers. It describes how pollutants move through mass, momentum and heat transfer processes. It then explains the basics of different modeling approaches like box models, Gaussian plume models and Eulerian/Lagrangian models. Key assumptions and equations for calculating plume rise and dispersion using Gaussian models are provided. Input requirements and structure of typical air pollution dispersion models are also summarized.
AERMOD is a steady-state Gaussian plume dispersion model used to predict pollutant concentrations from emissions sources. It uses meteorological and site data along with source specifications to calculate pollutant dispersion and concentrations at receptor locations. The model workflow involves using AERMET to process meteorological surface and upper air data along with surface characteristics. AERMAP processes terrain data. BPIP accounts for building downwash effects. The model then calculates concentrations at receptor locations specified by the user. Model output includes concentration and deposition values at receptors which can be used to assess impacts and compliance with air quality standards.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Everyone can raise a question that how to prevent an Air pollution and so on. So here is our presentation on Control of Air pollution. So using the technique called adsorption sampling is an interesting one to all of the human beings
- Lapse rate is the decrease of air temperature with increasing elevation in the troposphere. It is influenced by factors like dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR), wet adiabatic lapse rate (WALR), and environmental lapse rate (ELR).
- The stability of the atmosphere depends on the relationship between the ELR and the DALR/WALR. If ELR > DALR, the atmosphere is unstable. If ELR < DALR, the atmosphere is stable. If ELR = DALR, the atmosphere is neutral.
- Radiosondes are instruments used to measure atmospheric variables like temperature, pressure, humidity at different
Industrial air pollutant control devicesAtul Patel
This document discusses industrial air pollution and control equipment. It begins by describing the causes and effects of air pollution, including burning fossil fuels, agriculture, factories, and more. It then discusses objectives and methods for air pollution control, including particulate control devices like cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, and wet scrubbers. It also discusses gaseous pollutant control methods like absorption, adsorption, condensation, and incineration. Specific air pollution control technologies and their operating principles are described in detail.
The document discusses different types of stack plume patterns that can occur based on wind profiles and atmospheric stability conditions. It describes six main types of plumes: fanning plumes, which spread horizontally under temperature inversions; looping plumes, which occur during unstable afternoon conditions; coning plumes, which take on a conical shape during moderate winds; fumigating plumes, which rise and fall briefly during changing conditions; lofting plumes, which remain above inversion layers; and trapping plumes, which get trapped between inversion layers above and below the stack. Each plume type depends on specific wind and stability factors that determine how pollutants from the stack will disperse into the atmosphere.
This seminar discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and methods of control. It defines air pollution and lists major air pollutants like carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter. Air pollution arises from natural and man-made sources such as industries. It affects human health, animals, vegetation and the environment. The document outlines five processes to control particulate pollutants - settling chambers, cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, baghouses and filters, and scrubbers. For gaseous pollutants, absorption, adsorption and combustion are used. Standards for ambient air quality and vehicular emissions in India are also mentioned. In conclusion, appropriate control devices and processes can help remove pollutants
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, sources, classification, effects, and the structure of the atmosphere. It defines air pollution and describes the major layers of the atmosphere. It then covers the causes and sources of air pollution, how pollutants are classified, and the effects of air pollution on human health, vegetation, and animals. Key pollutants and their health impacts are also mentioned.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena and their effects on weather and climate. It influences air pollution levels through factors like wind speed, temperature, and humidity. Different wind profiles and stability conditions create different plume rise and dispersion patterns from smokestacks. Meteorological data is used to identify pollution sources, predict events like inversions, and simulate air quality using models.
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology and how they impact air pollution. It defines meteorology as the study of the atmosphere and weather processes. Various meteorological parameters that influence pollution dispersion are described, including wind speed and direction, temperature, stability, mixing height, and humidity. Atmospheric stability is classified and different plume rise patterns like looping, coning, fanning, and fumigation are explained in relation to stability conditions. Temperature inversions that can trap pollution near the surface are also outlined.
This document is a seminar presentation on control devices for gaseous air pollutants by Sourabh M. Kulkarni. It discusses sources of gaseous air pollutants from industries and natural sources. It then summarizes various methods to control gaseous pollutants including absorption, adsorption, and combustion. Finally, it describes control devices used for gaseous pollution control such as packed towers, wet scrubbers, and catalytic converters.
The Gaussian plume model is a simple mathematical model used to predict pollution dispersion from point sources like power plants. It assumes pollutant spread is from molecular diffusion and concentrations follow a double Gaussian distribution based on meteorological conditions. The model calculates concentrations using emission rates, wind speed/direction, stack parameters, and dispersion coefficients that account for atmospheric stability and turbulence. It is one of the most widely used air quality models.
Unit 3 control of particulate contaminantsChockalingam T
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Control of Particulate Contaminants. It is very useful for students studiying Air Pollution and Control Engineering either as an Open elective or Professional elective.
This document discusses various methods for sampling air pollutants. It describes techniques for sampling particulate pollutants such as sedimentation, filtration, impingement, and precipitation. For gaseous pollutants, techniques discussed include absorption sampling, adsorption sampling, and condensation sampling. New methods like bubble sampling and sorbent sampling are also summarized. The objectives of air sampling are to measure the quality, quantity, and variation of pollutants from emission sources to help determine control methods. Location selection aims to avoid disturbances and capture predominant wind directions.
Air pollution and control with their disaster episodes= Muese valley ( Belgium), Donora (USA), London (UK), Los Angeles, Poza Rica (Mexico), Tokyo, Bhopal Gas tragedy ( India)
The document discusses methods for controlling gaseous pollutants, including absorption, adsorption, and combustion. Absorption involves passing polluted gases through liquid absorbents like in a packed tower, plate tower, or spray tower. Adsorption uses solid adsorbents like activated carbon to concentrate pollutants on surfaces. Combustion destroys pollutants through direct flame, thermal incineration using a residence chamber, or catalytic combustion using catalysts to aid oxidation. Overall, the document outlines common industrial processes for removing gaseous pollutants from emission streams.
There are several types of plumes classified based on the environmental lapse rate (ELR) and adiabatic lapse rate (ALR):
1. Coning plume occurs under sub-adiabatic conditions (ELR < ALR) or with high winds, taking on a cone-like structure with limited vertical mixing.
2. Fanning plume occurs under inversion conditions (negative ELR), causing the plume to disperse horizontally rather than rising.
3. Looping plume occurs in super adiabatic environments (ELR > ALR), leading to an unstable atmosphere and the plume taking on a wavy, looping form.
4. Neut
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
Airpollution Dispersion And Modelling Using Computers Ub ChitranshiKetan Wadodkar
The document discusses various air pollution dispersion and modeling techniques using computers. It describes how pollutants move through mass, momentum and heat transfer processes. It then explains the basics of different modeling approaches like box models, Gaussian plume models and Eulerian/Lagrangian models. Key assumptions and equations for calculating plume rise and dispersion using Gaussian models are provided. Input requirements and structure of typical air pollution dispersion models are also summarized.
AERMOD is a steady-state Gaussian plume dispersion model used to predict pollutant concentrations from emissions sources. It uses meteorological and site data along with source specifications to calculate pollutant dispersion and concentrations at receptor locations. The model workflow involves using AERMET to process meteorological surface and upper air data along with surface characteristics. AERMAP processes terrain data. BPIP accounts for building downwash effects. The model then calculates concentrations at receptor locations specified by the user. Model output includes concentration and deposition values at receptors which can be used to assess impacts and compliance with air quality standards.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Everyone can raise a question that how to prevent an Air pollution and so on. So here is our presentation on Control of Air pollution. So using the technique called adsorption sampling is an interesting one to all of the human beings
- Lapse rate is the decrease of air temperature with increasing elevation in the troposphere. It is influenced by factors like dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR), wet adiabatic lapse rate (WALR), and environmental lapse rate (ELR).
- The stability of the atmosphere depends on the relationship between the ELR and the DALR/WALR. If ELR > DALR, the atmosphere is unstable. If ELR < DALR, the atmosphere is stable. If ELR = DALR, the atmosphere is neutral.
- Radiosondes are instruments used to measure atmospheric variables like temperature, pressure, humidity at different
Industrial air pollutant control devicesAtul Patel
This document discusses industrial air pollution and control equipment. It begins by describing the causes and effects of air pollution, including burning fossil fuels, agriculture, factories, and more. It then discusses objectives and methods for air pollution control, including particulate control devices like cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, and wet scrubbers. It also discusses gaseous pollutant control methods like absorption, adsorption, condensation, and incineration. Specific air pollution control technologies and their operating principles are described in detail.
The document discusses different types of stack plume patterns that can occur based on wind profiles and atmospheric stability conditions. It describes six main types of plumes: fanning plumes, which spread horizontally under temperature inversions; looping plumes, which occur during unstable afternoon conditions; coning plumes, which take on a conical shape during moderate winds; fumigating plumes, which rise and fall briefly during changing conditions; lofting plumes, which remain above inversion layers; and trapping plumes, which get trapped between inversion layers above and below the stack. Each plume type depends on specific wind and stability factors that determine how pollutants from the stack will disperse into the atmosphere.
This seminar discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and methods of control. It defines air pollution and lists major air pollutants like carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter. Air pollution arises from natural and man-made sources such as industries. It affects human health, animals, vegetation and the environment. The document outlines five processes to control particulate pollutants - settling chambers, cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, baghouses and filters, and scrubbers. For gaseous pollutants, absorption, adsorption and combustion are used. Standards for ambient air quality and vehicular emissions in India are also mentioned. In conclusion, appropriate control devices and processes can help remove pollutants
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, sources, classification, effects, and the structure of the atmosphere. It defines air pollution and describes the major layers of the atmosphere. It then covers the causes and sources of air pollution, how pollutants are classified, and the effects of air pollution on human health, vegetation, and animals. Key pollutants and their health impacts are also mentioned.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena and their effects on weather and climate. It influences air pollution levels through factors like wind speed, temperature, and humidity. Different wind profiles and stability conditions create different plume rise and dispersion patterns from smokestacks. Meteorological data is used to identify pollution sources, predict events like inversions, and simulate air quality using models.
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology and how they impact air pollution. It defines meteorology as the study of the atmosphere and weather processes. Various meteorological parameters that influence pollution dispersion are described, including wind speed and direction, temperature, stability, mixing height, and humidity. Atmospheric stability is classified and different plume rise patterns like looping, coning, fanning, and fumigation are explained in relation to stability conditions. Temperature inversions that can trap pollution near the surface are also outlined.
Weather and storms are influenced by air masses and fronts. Air masses are large bodies of air that are classified by their source region (polar or tropical) and surface (continental or maritime). Fronts are boundaries between differing air masses. Thunderstorms develop through strong updrafts and produce lightning and thunder. Other storms include hurricanes, which form over warm ocean waters, and tornadoes, which are rotating columns of air. The ozone layer protects the Earth by absorbing UV radiation but is depleted by CFC emissions. El Niño is a phenomenon associated with extreme climate shifts.
1) The document discusses air pollution and its classification based on origin, state of matter, and presence in the environment. It describes primary and secondary pollutants.
2) Key concepts around dispersion of air pollutants are introduced, including factors affecting dispersion and different plume behaviors like looping, coning, and trapping based on atmospheric stability.
3) The Gaussian plume model for pollutant dispersion is explained, with the concentration distribution following a normal curve around the plume centerline. The model equation for determining downwind ground-level concentration is provided.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and the water and wind patterns within it. It notes that nitrogen and oxygen make up most of the atmosphere and describes the nitrogen, oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide cycles. It explains the varying temperature and density of the atmosphere from Earth's surface to the exosphere. Key points include the greenhouse effect, evaporation and condensation processes, dew point, fog and cloud formation, and global wind patterns driven by differential heating.
This document discusses global and local wind patterns and their relationship to differences in air temperature and pressure. It explains that differential heating of land and water leads to convection cells and sea breezes. Upward moving warm air creates low pressure zones, while downward cold air creates high pressure zones. This drives global wind belts like the trade winds and jet streams. Evaporation and condensation are also summarized, along with how they relate to humidity, dew point, and cloud and fog formation.
Part 1 of 3, most pilots loose the basics when they start flying due to numerous reasons. Whatever your reason, don't let not coming to this seminar be one of them. This three part series will fill in the memory gaps and show you how easy it can be to understand weather systems.
This document summarizes key concepts in agricultural meteorology, including:
1. The composition of the atmosphere, with nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide as the principal gases.
2. The physical structure of the atmosphere, describing the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere based on vertical temperature variation.
3. Key concepts around atmospheric humidity including specific humidity, absolute humidity, mixing ratio, and relative humidity. It also describes evapotranspiration and the factors that influence it.
4. The different forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet, and glaze. It also summarizes condensation and the various forms
The document discusses the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere. It notes that early Earth had a reducing atmosphere composed of gases like methane and ammonia released from volcanoes. Through photosynthesis over billions of years, oxygen levels rose which allowed the development of more complex life. The atmosphere protects life and influences climate and weather patterns through greenhouse gases and the global circulation of air masses.
The document provides information about the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It discusses that the atmosphere is composed of gases, water vapor, and dust particles. It also describes the different layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere. Additionally, it covers various elements that determine weather and climate such as temperature, pressure, winds, humidity, and clouds/precipitation.
This document discusses various atmospheric conditions related to weather and climate, including:
- Temperature is measured using thermometers in Fahrenheit or Celsius scales and is affected by solar radiation and terrestrial radiation. Atmospheric temperature varies based on location.
- Atmospheric pressure is measured in millibars and decreases with increases in temperature, altitude, and moisture. There are seven major pressure belts around Earth.
- Moisture in the air exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms. Evaporation and transpiration add moisture to the air while condensation can cause precipitation. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present.
This document provides an overview of an aviation weather course. It outlines the course objectives which are to identify weather conditions that may affect aviation safety, describe mitigation strategies for unfavorable weather, and identify aviation weather resources. The document then lists various weather topics that will be covered in the course, including weather basics, wind, visibility issues like fog, clouds, thunderstorms, icing, and frontal systems. It also discusses how terrain can influence weather conditions.
This chapter discusses weather and climate. It defines weather as short-term atmospheric conditions, while climate refers to longer-term patterns over 30-35 years. Weather is described by temperature, humidity, precipitation, pressure and winds. Temperature is influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover. Humidity refers to water vapor in the air. Precipitation forms as rain or snow depending on temperature. Air pressure decreases with altitude as air molecules are farther apart. Winds blow from high to low pressure areas. Sea and land breezes are influenced by differences in how land and sea absorb heat.
Upon the completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Distinguish between weather and climate,
Explain the place to place distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia,
explain the time to time patterns of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia,
Analyze climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomic aspects,
identify the causes, consequences and response mechanisms of climate change.
5.1 The concept of weather and climate
Both weather and climate are concepts about atmospheric conditions. The basic difference on them is duration and areal coverage.
Weather is atmospheric condition observed in a very specific area with a short term fluctuation, while
Climate is a prolonged(30-35years) atmospheric condition observed in a relatively wider geographic area.
Weather condition likely changed hour to hour, in a daily base or weakly but climate is relatively permanent.
Elements of Weather and Climate
Elements(components) of weather and climate are the following variables
Atmospheric temperature (how cold or hot is the atmosphere)
Precipitation (any kind of moisture falling from the atmosphere to the ground, mostly rainfall)
Air pressure (the weight exerted by the air)
Humidity (the level or proportion of water vapor within the atmosphere)
Sunshine (the duration and intensity of solar heat as well as light)
Wind (horizontal motion of air)
This document provides information about weather and climate elements such as temperature, humidity, clouds, rainfall, and pressure and winds. It discusses factors that affect temperature like latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover. It also explains concepts such as relative humidity, cloud formation, convectional and relief rainfall, land and sea breezes, and monsoon winds. Students are prompted to think about questions related to these topics and provided exercises to reinforce their understanding.
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING with different parametersSanthiya C
This document discusses ambient air monitoring and the importance of measuring various meteorological parameters including wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, pollutants, rainfall, and solar radiation. It provides details on each of these factors, how they are measured, their implications for air quality and weather, and how they can help understand atmospheric chemical reactions. Monitoring these ambient conditions is essential for studying air quality.
This document discusses weather, climate, and climate change. It begins by defining weather and climate, and describes the key elements of weather including temperature, relative humidity, clouds, rainfall, air pressure, and wind. It then explains the major climate types and their locations: equatorial, monsoon, and cool temperate marine west coast climates. The document goes on to discuss evidence that the global climate has changed in recent decades due to both natural and human factors like the greenhouse effect. It may lead to more extreme weather and affect people. Responses to address climate change are also mentioned.
The hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from surfaces into the atmosphere, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates as rain or snow back onto the Earth's surface, where it collects in lakes, oceans, soil, and underground aquifers before returning to the atmosphere through further evaporation or transpiration from plants. The sun drives the hydrological cycle by providing the energy needed for evaporation and transpiration. This cyclic movement of water is crucial to life on Earth and is known as the hydrological cycle.
The document discusses various methods of measuring humidity. It describes common humidity measurements like relative humidity, specific humidity, and dew point temperature. It then explains different types of instruments that can measure humidity, including psychrometers, hair hygrometers, capacitive hygrometers, resistive hygrometers, chilled mirror hygrometers, humidity cards, and gravimetric hygrometers. Each works on a different principle like evaporative cooling, expansion/contraction of materials, changes in electrical properties, or absorption of moisture. The document provides details on the principles, components, and workings of these various humidity measuring instruments.
This document discusses key aspects of estimating plume rise, which refers to predicting the vertical distance a plume of pollutants will rise from its source. Accurate estimation is important for assessing impacts on air quality and health. Plume rise is influenced by emission characteristics, atmospheric stability, and meteorological conditions. Common models like the Pasquill-Gifford-Gartrell model use stability categories and formulas to estimate plume rise based on factors such as stability class and wind speed. Understanding plume rise is crucial for regulatory compliance and emergency response situations.
The document discusses various topics related to biomass energy including:
- Types of biomass gasification such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and gasification. Pyrolysis involves thermal decomposition of biomass in an inert atmosphere. Hydrolysis uses water to break chemical bonds. Hydrogenation treats substances with hydrogen gas.
- Gasification is a process that converts biomass into syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) using heat in the absence of oxygen.
- Biodiesel production involves transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin.
- Biomass can be used to generate
This document discusses conventional and non-conventional energy sources. It describes conventional sources like coal, oil, natural gas, and electricity which are limited and non-renewable. Non-conventional sources discussed include solar, wind, and tidal energy which are renewable. It also explains different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, and concentrating collectors that use technologies like parabolic troughs, dishes and towers to harness solar energy.
The document discusses various methods for controlling air pollution, including particulate contaminants. It describes factors that affect the selection of control equipment such as gas-particle interaction and efficiency required. Several types of control equipment are examined, including gravity separators, centrifugal separators, fabric filters, particulate scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. The document also discusses methods to reduce air pollution through process changes, treatment of emitted gases, and reducing polluted streams. Key considerations for air pollution control technology include the pollution source, effluents, regulations, waste generated and disposal.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
1. CE8005 Air Pollution and Control
Unit 2
Effects of meteorology on Air Pollution -
Fundamentals, Atmospheric stability, Inversion,
Wind profiles and stack plume patterns-
Atmospheric Diffusion Theories – Dispersion
models, Plume rise.
2. Meteorology
• Branch of science concerned with processes
and phenomena of atmosphere, especially as
a means of forecasting the weather.
• Factors which change the concentration of
pollutants in particular area is known as
Meteorological factors.
• Concentration of air pollutants in a particular
area depends on local weather conditions.
3. Objectives of Meteorological Factor Study
• To identify the source of pollutants
• To predict pollution events such as high
concentration days
• To simulate and predict air quality using
computer models
• To determine stack height
• To evaluate the intensity of air pollution
4. Meteorological Factors
• Primary Factors
- Wind speed and direction
- Temperature
- Atmospheric Stability
- Mixing Height
• Secondary Parameters
- Rainfall and precipitation
- Humidity
- Solar Radiation
- Visibility
5. Wind Speed and Direction
• Speed and direction of wind changes the
concentration of pollutants, especially near ground
level
• High speed of wind carries away the pollutants near
the point of emission
• Emitted air pollutants easily get diluted with high
volume of atmospheric air
• Speed of dilution process depends on speed and
direction of wind
6. Formula for calculating wind speed
Zo Anemometer Height
Z- Height where wind speed is to be
measured
Uo - Wind speed at Zo
K – Wind speed constant
1/9 for larger lapse rate
1/3 for marked inversions
1/7 general value used for calculations
7. Gustiness
• A characteristic which determines the extent to which
pollutants are diluted and mixed with surrounding air.
• It directly proportional to the wind speed.
• In plain terrain, wind speed and direction near source
decide the subsequent movement of pollutants.
• In hilly terrain, hills may deflect the air flow either
horizontally, vertically or both.
• Quantity of deflection depends upon vertical stability of
atmosphere.
• Wind speed is measured by anemometer.
8. Atmospheric Stability and Inversion
• The tendency of atmosphere to encourage or
discourage vertical motion.
• Vertical motion is directly related to atmospheric
conditions.
• For every 1000 ft in altitude, there will be a
temperature decrease of 6.4 o C/km.
• The rate at which the atmospheric temperature
decreases with increase in altitude is called lapse rate
• Inversion : When the reverse lapse rate occurs, a
dense-cold stratum of air at ground level gets covered
lighter warm air at higher level.
9. Inversion
• A reversal of the normal decrease of air temperature
with altitude, or of water temperature with depth.
• When the reverse lapse rate occurs, a dense-cold stratum
of air at ground level gets covered lighter warm air at
higher level.
• During inversion vertical air movement is stopped.
• Pollution will be concentrated below the inversion layer.
• Due to this temperature inversion, the atmosphere is
stable.
• This is called atmospheric stability.
• At this condition the pollutants in the air do not dilute.
11. Types of Inversions
Radiation Inversion
• The cool air stratum is covered with light
warm air.
• The vertical air movement is stopped until sun
warms the lower air in the next morning.
• Very common in winter than summer.
• It is due to reduced day times.
• Due to horizontal air movement, ground
radiation inversion occur frequently in valley
areas.
12. Subsidence Inversion
• Inversion occurring at moderate altitudes and
often remains for several days.
• It is caused by sinking or subsiding of air anti-
cyclones.
• The air circulating around the area descends
slowly at the rate of 1000 m per day.
• Anti-cyclone – High pressure area surrounded
by low pressure area
13. Mixing Height
• Height above the earth’s surface to which
related pollutants will extend.
• It is due to the action of atmospheric
turbulence.
• It is usually related to
- Wind direction
- Wind Speed
- Wind turbulence
14. Precipitation and Rainfall
• Secondary
meteorological factors
that exert two-fold
cleansing action on
pollutants.
• Rainfall accelerates the
deposition of particulate
matter on the ground.
• Rainfall can be estimated
by rain gauges.
15. Humidity
• Moisture content in atmosphere influences
the corrosive action of air pollutants.
• It represents for fog formation.
• Quantity representing the amount of water
vapour in the atmosphere.
16. Solar Radiation
• Induces the chemical reaction between atmospheric
air components and pollutants in the air.
• The reaction depends on the location.
• Solar radiation is the main heat source and it is
absorbed at ground level.
• Solar radiation plays a vital role in establishing the air
quality criteria.
17. Lapse Rate
• Adiabatic lapse rate: Change of temperature with a change in
altitude of an air parcel without gaining or losing any heat to the
environment surrounding the parcel.
• Dry adiabatic lapse rate: Dry parcel of air. Air cools 9.8°C/km rise
in altitude (5.4°F/1000 ft).
• Wet adiabatic lapse rate: As parcel rises, H2O condenses and
gives off heat, and warms air around it. Parcel cools more slowly
as it rises in altitude, ≈6°C/km (≈3°F/1000 ft).
• Ambient or prevailing lapse rate: The
actual atmospheric temperature change with altitude;
• Not only does water content modify lapse rates.
• But wind, sunlight on the Earth’s surface, and geographical
features change actual lapse rates.
21. Plume and Plume Rise
• Plume – Path and direction of emitted gas
from a source into atmosphere.
• Plume – It is an air column, in which one air is
moving into another.
• Plume Rise – Distance of hot plume from the
stack into the atmosphere due to the
buoyancy and momentum.
23. Stack Height
• Emission from tall stacks are allowed to mix with
atmospheric air.
• It increases rate of dilution
• Ground level contamination of emission depends on
height of stack and height of plume rise
• Immediately above the stack the rise of pollutant is
proportional to emission velocity of gases.
• It also depends upon the temperature difference
between the gases and surrounding temperature.
30. Looping Plume
• Wavy character
• Occurs at highly unstable atmosphere
• It is due to rapid mixing
31. Neutral Plume
• Upward vertical rise of plume
• Occurs when environmental lapse rate is
approximately equal to adiabatic lapse rate
• Upward movement of plume will continue till
the plume density equals air density
32. Coning Plume
• Behaviour plume in the shape of cone
• Occurs in slightly stable environment
• When wind velocity is more than 32 km/h
coning plume occurs in neutral atmospheric
condition.
• Plume reaches ground at greater distances
than looping plume.
33. Fanning Plume
• Horizontal plume pattern for long distance
• Occurs when there is no vertical mixing
• Occurs under extreme inversion conditions,
due to negative environmental lapse rate from
ground level to certain heights.
34. Lofting Plume
• Occurs when there is a strong super adiabatic lapse
rate above inversion.
• Diffusion is rapid in upward direction.
• Diffusion does not penetrate the inversion layer in the
downward.
• Emission will not reach the ground surface.
• It is the best among all plume patterns.
35. Fumigating Plume
• It occurs at a short distance above stack height.
• Strong lapse rate prevails below the stack.
• Because of inversion layer, emission cannot move
above top of stack.
• It is the worst case of plume pattern, as it brought
down near the ground.
36. Trapping Plume
• When the inversion layer exists above and
below the plume layer the plume lies between
the inversions.
• Dispersion cannot go above a certain height
37. Wind Rose
• Pictorial representation of distribution of wind
direction at the given location over a
observation period.
• Used to show the prevailing wind direction.
• Used to view how the wind speed and
direction is typically distributed over a
particular location.
• Essentially used in construction airport
runways, to ensure best landing and take-off
in to the wind.
38. Wind Rose Diagram
• Wind rose diagram consists of eight or 16 emerging lines from
a circle.
• Emerging line indicates the wind direction.
• Length of each line specifies the frequency of wind direction.
• Frequency of calm condition is entered in the centre of the
diagram.
• Wind roses may be drawn from the data obtained over the
given time.
• Time interval may be several months or a year or a season.
• It is prepared using a scale to indicate percentage of
frequencies with appropriate shades, lines etc.
• Wind speed less than 1 km is mentioned as calm.
40. Types of Wind Rose
• Precipitation wind rose
• Smoke wind rose
• So2 wind rose
• HC wind rose
41. Pollution Roses
• In a wind rose diagram, various parameters
lime precipitation, smoke, SO2, HC are
attached with wind direction instead of speed.
• Type I – shows the direction and duration of
wind
• Type II – Shows the direction, duration and
intensity of wind
42. Plume Rise and Dispersion Theory
First Stage – Hot plume from stacks goes upto a certain
distance called “plume rise”
- it is due to buoyancy and momentum
Second Stage – Plume spreads both vertically and
horizontally by dispersion process
43. Plume Rise and Dispersion Theory
• Plume Temperature
• Rate of Emission
• Stack Parameters
- Height and diameter
- Wind speed and direction
- Atmospheric Stability
- Topography of region
46. Methods of Measuring Meteorological Factors
• The National Environment Engineering
Research Institute (NEERI) has developed the
following instruments
• Wind Direction Recorder
• Wind Speed Recorder
• Temperature Measurement
• Solar Radiation Measurement
47. Wind Direction Recorder
• Operated
mechanically without
any power supply.
• Continuously records
the wind direction on a
chart attached with the
instrument.
48. Types of Wind Vanes
• Flat plate wind vane
• Splayed vane
• Aerofoil vane
• Running average anemograph
50. Flat Plate Wind Vane
• Vertical plane is the sensing
element.
• Sensing element governs
azimuth angle of a vertical shift.
• It is mounted at one end of
horizontal rod.
• A counter weight is mounted at
the other end.
• The rod is fastened to a vertical
shaft.
• Wind pressure acting on flat
plate keeps the counter weight
heading in the wind.
51. Splayed Vane
• Two flat plates joined at
small angle at one end of
horizontal rod.
• It acts as wind direction
sensor.
52. Aerofoil Vane
• Vane has aerofoil cross section with span
often being three or four times the chord.
53. Running Average Anemograph
• It is always better to measure both average
wind speed and direction
• While averaging there is a problem in
differentiating 0o and 360o
• Because wind direction fluctuates around
north.
• An anemograph automatically produces
average of both wind speed and direction.
54. Wind Direction Aloft
• Wind direction at the height of a plume from
one or more stacks is essential for analysis.
• The following are the methods.
- Pilot Balloons (Pibals)
- Tetroons
- Kite Balloons
- Radio and Rador
- Smoke Trails
56. Pilot Balloons (Pibals)
• A ceiling balloon also called a pilot balloon or pibal, is used
by meteorologists to determine the height of the base
of clouds above ground level during daylight hours.
• A theodalite is used to track the balloon in order to
determine the speed and direction of winds aloft.
• The principle behind the ceiling balloon is that timing of a
balloon with a known ascent rate (how fast it climbs) from its
release until it disappears into the clouds.
• It can be used to calculate the height of the bottom of the
clouds.
58. Tetroons
• A solar balloon is a balloon that gains buoyancy when the air
inside is heated by solar radiation
• The colour of balloon is usually black or any dark material.
• The heated air inside the solar balloon expands and has lower
density than the surrounding air.
• A solar balloon is similar to a hot air balloon.
• A vent at the top can be opened to release hot air for descent
and deflation.
59. Kite Balloons
• A kite balloon is a tethered
balloon which is aerodynamically
optimised for windy conditions.
• It is made directionally stable and
by minimising aerodynamic
resistance to the wind, or drag.
• It typically comprises a
streamlined envelope with
stabilising features and a harness
or yoke connecting it to the main
tether.
• The first reliable way to fly and
land in the same place
60. Smoke Trails
• Information on wind direction
aloft obtained by intervals the
position in space of smoke.
• Smoke is released above ground
by rising a rocket or aeroplane.
• However, observations during
fog, smoke at night are not
possible.
• This method requires skilled
person when compared to pilot
balloon method.
61. Wind Speed Recorder
• Four cup rotor is employed
to sense the wind.
• The motion of cup is
transferred after reducing
speed by gear system.
• Further to a pen which
makes continuous rise and
fall impression on chart
paper.
• Rate of rise or fall is
proportional to wind speed.
63. Humidity Psychrometer
• Simplest and reliable instrument is a whirling
psychrometer.
• Two thermometers (dry and wet) are whirled
in the air.
• The temperatures of both dry bulb wet bulb
are noted.
• From the difference between dry bulb and
wet bulb thermometers relative humidity can
be found by psychrometric table or chart.
64. Temperature Measurement
• Common instrument used for measuring
temperature is thermometer.
• Types of thermometer.
- Mercury thermometer
- Electrical resistance thermometer
- Bi-metallic thermometer
- Digital thermometer
65. Principle of Working of Thermometers
• Mercury Thermometer – Thermal expansion
of Hg
• Bimetallic Thermometer – Differential
expansion of metals
• Electrical Resistance Thermometer – Variation
in electrical resistance of a metallic wire and a
thermocouple.
67. Electric Resistance Thermometer
• Uses a sensitive element made of extremely pure metals like
platinum, copper or nickel.
• The resistance of the metal is directly proportional to the
temperature.
• Mostly, platinum is used in resistance thermometer.
• The platinum has high stability, and it can withstand high
temperature.
• Gold and silver are not used for RTD because they have low
resistivity.
• The copper has low resistivity and also it is less expensive.
• The only disadvantage of the copper is that it has low
linearity.
68. Electric Resistance Thermometer
• The resistance thermometer is placed inside the protective tube for
providing the protection against damage.
• The resistive element is formed by placing the platinum wire on the
ceramic bobbin.
• The resistance element is placed inside the tube which is made up
of stainless steel or copper steel.
• The lead wire is used for connecting the resistance element with
the external lead.
• The lead wire is covered by the insulated tube which protects it
from short circuit.
• The tip of the resistance thermometer is placed near the
measurand heat source.
• The heat is uniformly distributed across the resistive element.
• The changes in the resistance vary the temperature of the element.
69. Solar Radiation Measurement
• In places where, photochemical smog takes
place, solar radiation measurement is
essential.
- Pyrheliometer
- Solarmeter
- Chemical actinometer
70. Dispersion Models
• Mathematical simulation or approaches made
to study about dispersion of pollutants.
• Dispersion models depend upon mathematical
calculations.
• Dispersion models require,
- Meterological factors
- Source of emission
- Emission parameters
- Terrain elevation at source location
71. Types of Air Pollution Models
• Box Model
• Gaussian Model
• Lagrangian Model
• Eulerian Model
• Dense Gas Model
72. Applications of Dispersion Model
• Air Quality Assessment
• Estimation of downwind ambient conditions
• Calculation of toxins emitted from sources
such as
- Industrial plants
- Vehicular traffic
- Accidental chemical releases
73. Thank You
Dr A R Pradeep Kumar, B.E., M.E., Ph.D.
Professor and Head/Mech.
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering
Chennai 601 301
Email : dearpradeepkumar@gmail.com
99 41 42 43 37