The orientation of runways at an airport depends primarily on prevailing wind conditions. Runways are typically oriented to ensure that aircraft can take off and land at least 95% of the time without exceeding allowable crosswind limits. Wind rose diagrams which show wind direction, duration, and intensity are used to determine the optimal runway orientation that provides maximum wind coverage. Other factors such as terrain, wind during low visibility conditions, and aircraft performance standards also influence runway configuration and orientation.
This document discusses various aspects of airport engineering and design. It begins by outlining the history of air transport development in India. It then defines key terms like airport, airfield, aerodrome and describes important airport components such as runways, terminals, taxiways, and control towers. The document also discusses factors that influence airport site selection and layout, including aircraft characteristics, wind patterns, and safety. It provides examples of different types of airports and concludes by covering topics like runway orientation, design, lighting and signage.
This document provides information about airport engineering and components of aircraft. It discusses key aspects of airport layout including runways, terminal buildings, taxiways, and control towers. It also covers aircraft characteristics such as type of propulsion, size, minimum turning radius, speed, and landing/takeoff distances. Different types of aircraft are described along with their engine types. The core components of an airplane like wings, fuselage, propeller, and controls are explained. Finally, it discusses the development of air transportation globally and in India.
The document discusses methods for determining the optimal orientation of a runway based on wind data. Wind data is collected over many years and displayed on a wind rose diagram showing wind direction and speed. A transparent strip representing the allowable crosswind component is placed over the diagram in different directions. The orientation with the highest total percentage of time that winds are within the crosswind limit, plus calm periods, is selected as the optimal runway orientation. Having wind coverage over 95% of the time may require a second runway to be built for safety.
This document discusses the key elements of an airport, including runways, stopways, clearways, approach zones, land use, taxiways, aprons, terminal areas, and hangars. It provides details on each element, such as defining runways as cement landing strips for takeoffs and landings, stopways as paved areas at the end of runways for aborted takeoffs, and clearways as areas beyond runways for dealing with engine failures. It also discusses approach zone obstructions, appropriate land uses around airports and heliports, the purpose of taxiways and aprons, what makes up a terminal area, and the uses and sizes of hangars.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for airplane landings and takeoffs. They can be made of materials like asphalt or grass. Runway length requirements vary based on factors like aircraft size, weight, and altitude. At sea level, 10,000 feet is adequate for any aircraft, but longer runways are needed at higher altitudes with less dense air providing less lift. Runway patterns include single runways, parallel runways, intersecting runways, and non-intersecting runways, with capacity depending on factors like wind direction, intersection location, and air traffic control method.
The document discusses several key factors regarding airport lighting, including different types of lights used for various purposes like approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. It explains that airport lighting must be properly installed and maintained to guide pilots during night operations or low visibility conditions. Different lighting systems and patterns are used depending on the airport classification and level of air traffic. Standardization of airport lighting helps pilots navigate unfamiliar airports safely.
This document provides information on geometric design considerations for airport runways, taxiways, and terminals. It discusses factors that influence runway orientation such as wind conditions and aircraft performance. It also describes guidelines for determining basic runway length based on elevation, temperature, and aircraft characteristics. Additional topics covered include runway configuration, geometry standards for length, width, gradients and sight distances, taxiway design standards, and concepts for terminal area layout and space requirements.
This document discusses important considerations for airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics and airport site selection. Key aircraft characteristics that impact planning are type of propulsion, size, minimum turning and circling radii, speed, weight, and noise levels. Important factors for selecting an airport site include regional plans, ground accessibility, topography free of obstructions, suitable wind conditions, and future development needs. Economic considerations and the availability of utilities from nearby towns are also important factors.
This document discusses various aspects of airport engineering and design. It begins by outlining the history of air transport development in India. It then defines key terms like airport, airfield, aerodrome and describes important airport components such as runways, terminals, taxiways, and control towers. The document also discusses factors that influence airport site selection and layout, including aircraft characteristics, wind patterns, and safety. It provides examples of different types of airports and concludes by covering topics like runway orientation, design, lighting and signage.
This document provides information about airport engineering and components of aircraft. It discusses key aspects of airport layout including runways, terminal buildings, taxiways, and control towers. It also covers aircraft characteristics such as type of propulsion, size, minimum turning radius, speed, and landing/takeoff distances. Different types of aircraft are described along with their engine types. The core components of an airplane like wings, fuselage, propeller, and controls are explained. Finally, it discusses the development of air transportation globally and in India.
The document discusses methods for determining the optimal orientation of a runway based on wind data. Wind data is collected over many years and displayed on a wind rose diagram showing wind direction and speed. A transparent strip representing the allowable crosswind component is placed over the diagram in different directions. The orientation with the highest total percentage of time that winds are within the crosswind limit, plus calm periods, is selected as the optimal runway orientation. Having wind coverage over 95% of the time may require a second runway to be built for safety.
This document discusses the key elements of an airport, including runways, stopways, clearways, approach zones, land use, taxiways, aprons, terminal areas, and hangars. It provides details on each element, such as defining runways as cement landing strips for takeoffs and landings, stopways as paved areas at the end of runways for aborted takeoffs, and clearways as areas beyond runways for dealing with engine failures. It also discusses approach zone obstructions, appropriate land uses around airports and heliports, the purpose of taxiways and aprons, what makes up a terminal area, and the uses and sizes of hangars.
Runways are paved surfaces on airports designed for airplane landings and takeoffs. They can be made of materials like asphalt or grass. Runway length requirements vary based on factors like aircraft size, weight, and altitude. At sea level, 10,000 feet is adequate for any aircraft, but longer runways are needed at higher altitudes with less dense air providing less lift. Runway patterns include single runways, parallel runways, intersecting runways, and non-intersecting runways, with capacity depending on factors like wind direction, intersection location, and air traffic control method.
The document discusses several key factors regarding airport lighting, including different types of lights used for various purposes like approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. It explains that airport lighting must be properly installed and maintained to guide pilots during night operations or low visibility conditions. Different lighting systems and patterns are used depending on the airport classification and level of air traffic. Standardization of airport lighting helps pilots navigate unfamiliar airports safely.
This document provides information on geometric design considerations for airport runways, taxiways, and terminals. It discusses factors that influence runway orientation such as wind conditions and aircraft performance. It also describes guidelines for determining basic runway length based on elevation, temperature, and aircraft characteristics. Additional topics covered include runway configuration, geometry standards for length, width, gradients and sight distances, taxiway design standards, and concepts for terminal area layout and space requirements.
This document discusses important considerations for airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics and airport site selection. Key aircraft characteristics that impact planning are type of propulsion, size, minimum turning and circling radii, speed, weight, and noise levels. Important factors for selecting an airport site include regional plans, ground accessibility, topography free of obstructions, suitable wind conditions, and future development needs. Economic considerations and the availability of utilities from nearby towns are also important factors.
The document discusses the various imaginary surfaces that must be established around airport runways according to FAR Part 77. These surfaces include the primary surface, which is aligned with and extends 200 feet beyond each end of the runway. The horizontal surface is a horizontal plane 150 feet above the airport elevation. The conical surface extends outward and upward at a 20:1 slope from the horizontal surface. The transitional surfaces extend outward and upward at a 7:1 slope to connect the approach and horizontal surfaces or approach and transitional surfaces. The approach surfaces are centered on the runway centerline and extend beyond the primary surface at various slopes depending on the type of runway. These surfaces are established to ensure the safe operation of aircraft by keeping the areas around the
This document discusses runway orientation and configuration. It notes that runway orientation is typically determined based on prevailing wind direction to maximize wind assistance during takeoffs and landings. Two common methods of wind rose analysis are described to evaluate wind data and determine optimal runway orientation. The document also outlines several basic runway configurations including single, parallel, intersecting and open-V runways. Lighting and signage used for runway guidance are briefly mentioned.
A taxiway connects runways, aprons, hangars, and terminals at an airport to allow aircraft to move between facilities. There are geometric design standards for taxiways including length, width, safety area width, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. The International Civil Aviation Organization provides recommendations for these standards including that taxiway widths be less than runway widths, longitudinal gradients not exceed 1.5% for smaller airports and 3% for larger airports, and sight distances along taxiways allow visibility of 300 meters for smaller airports and 250 meters for larger airports.
The document provides information about the components and design of airport taxiways. It discusses the functions of taxiways as connecting runways, aprons, hangars and terminals. Key factors considered in taxiway layout include avoiding interference with aircraft using runways and providing the shortest route from runways. The document also outlines geometric design standards for taxiways such as recommended widths, gradients and sight distances set by ICAO for different aircraft types. Turning radii are designed so aircraft can negotiate curves without reducing speed significantly.
This document provides an overview of airport engineering and related topics covered in Lecture 2, including:
1) Key international organizations that regulate air transport such as ICAO and their roles in standardizing protocols and facilitating international civil aviation.
2) Factors involved in airport site selection such as proximity, accessibility, wind conditions, and environmental considerations.
3) Methods of classifying airports based on runway length and geometric design standards.
4) The importance of properly orienting runways based on prevailing wind patterns to maximize usability, safety, and efficiency as represented by wind rose diagrams.
Taxiway design and geometrical design of taxiwayBALAJI ND
A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport to connect runways to aprons, hangars and terminals. The document discusses factors that influence taxiway layout, including length, width, sight distance, turning radius and separation clearance. Exit taxiways, fillets, holding aprons and bypass taxiways are also addressed. Taxiways allow aircraft to move at lower speeds between airport facilities compared to takeoff and landing on runways.
Taxiways provide pathways for aircraft movement between parts of an airfield. They include apron taxiways around aircraft parking areas and exit taxiways connecting runways. Design considerations for taxiways include layout, width, longitudinal and transverse gradients, sight distances, safety areas, and separation clearances. Taxiway geometry is specified by standards bodies like ICAO based on airport class. Proper design ensures safe and efficient aircraft ground movements.
The document discusses runway and taxiway design standards. It covers topics like basic runway length determination, corrections for elevation, temperature, and gradients. It provides geometric design standards for runway length, width, safety areas, gradients, and sight distances. For taxiways, it discusses design considerations like length, width, safety areas, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. It also covers visual aids like airport markings and lighting for runways, taxiways, and other areas to assist pilots.
Wind roses are graphic tools that show the frequency of wind speed and direction at a location. They depict the percentage of time winds blow from different compass directions within concentric circles, with color bars indicating wind speed ranges. The spokes with the longest lengths on the wind rose indicate the most frequent wind directions. Wind roses provide a useful way to summarize large amounts of wind data in a single plot.
The document discusses airport drainage systems. It explains that a well-designed drainage system is important for safety, efficiency, and pavement durability. The key aspects covered are: 1) Airport drainage systems use surface ditches, inlets, and underground pipes to remove runoff. 2) Estimating runoff involves calculating factors like rainfall intensity and runoff coefficient. 3) Drainage channels and underground pipes are designed using equations like Manning's, with velocities above 2.5 ft/sec to prevent deposits. Inlets are placed at low points with spacings depending on the airport type.
This document discusses factors to consider in airport site selection. Key factors include:
- Air traffic potential and adequate access to the site
- Sufficient land for facilities, expansion, and utilities
- Favorable atmospheric, meteorological, and soil conditions
- Availability of land and utilities for future expansion
- Consideration of surrounding development, obstructions, and other airports
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Markings include colored stripes and patterns on runways, taxiways, and aprons to indicate centerlines, edges, directions, and restricted areas. Runway markings identify numbers, thresholds, and touch down zones. Taxiway markings guide planes to and from runways. Airport lighting uses colored lights to replicate markings for nighttime visibility. Together, these visual aids allow pilots to orient themselves and follow correct paths for takeoff and landing in all weather conditions.
An airport layout consists of key components like runways, taxiways, aprons, terminals, hangars and parking areas. Runways are the main landing and takeoff areas for aircraft. Taxiways connect runways to terminals and other facilities. Aprons are areas where aircraft park for loading/unloading passengers. Terminals house facilities for passengers and cargo. Hangars provide covered storage and maintenance areas for aircraft. Parking areas accommodate vehicles. The layout aims to design these components for safe, efficient and independent aircraft operations during all weather conditions and future expansion needs.
Planning OF AIRPORT REQUIREMENTS OF AIR PORT TERMINAL AREA RUNWAY LENGTH RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
The document discusses the planning requirements for airports, including runway length. It notes that runway length requirements vary depending on aircraft size, with larger aircraft and international flights typically requiring longer runways of 10,000 feet or more. The document also discusses other airport planning considerations like terminal area size and configuration, and factors involved in airline route planning.
This document discusses runway orientation and design considerations. It states that runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing winds to maximize lift during takeoff and landing. Key factors in determining runway orientation include wind data, maps, fog characteristics, and wind coverage. Runway length and width specifications are provided by airport type, along with safety area dimensions. Guidelines are also given for runway gradients, sight distances, and taxiway design.
The document discusses various factors related to airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics that influence airport design. It covers topics like types of aircraft propulsion systems; how aircraft size, weight, wheel configuration, turning radius, speed, and other characteristics impact runway length, taxiway width, apron size, and other facilities. Site selection factors for airports like land availability, meteorological conditions, accessibility, and surrounding development are also summarized.
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Airport markings include runway centerlines, thresholds, edges, numbers and touch down zones to guide landing and taxiing. Markings use standard formats, colors and lighting to enhance visibility. They avoid accidents and allow orderly aircraft flow by conveying critical navigation information to pilots.
09-Runway Configuration ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various runway configurations including single, parallel, staggered parallel, intersecting, and open-V runways. It also describes different types of taxiways like entrance, exit, parallel, bypass, and connecting taxiways that make up the ground movement network at an airport. Flight rules depend on weather conditions, with visual flight rules applied during good visibility and instrument flight rules in low visibility conditions.
Airport engineering involves planning, designing, and constructing airport facilities such as terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Airport engineers must account for aircraft impacts and demands in their designs. They use wind analysis to determine runway orientation and size safety areas to accommodate wingspans. Airports require runways for takeoffs and landings as well as buildings like terminals and hangars. Components include runways, terminals, aprons, taxiways, aircraft stands, and control towers. Runway configurations can be simple, parallel, open-V, or intersecting depending on traffic and wind conditions.
The document discusses the various imaginary surfaces that must be established around airport runways according to FAR Part 77. These surfaces include the primary surface, which is aligned with and extends 200 feet beyond each end of the runway. The horizontal surface is a horizontal plane 150 feet above the airport elevation. The conical surface extends outward and upward at a 20:1 slope from the horizontal surface. The transitional surfaces extend outward and upward at a 7:1 slope to connect the approach and horizontal surfaces or approach and transitional surfaces. The approach surfaces are centered on the runway centerline and extend beyond the primary surface at various slopes depending on the type of runway. These surfaces are established to ensure the safe operation of aircraft by keeping the areas around the
This document discusses runway orientation and configuration. It notes that runway orientation is typically determined based on prevailing wind direction to maximize wind assistance during takeoffs and landings. Two common methods of wind rose analysis are described to evaluate wind data and determine optimal runway orientation. The document also outlines several basic runway configurations including single, parallel, intersecting and open-V runways. Lighting and signage used for runway guidance are briefly mentioned.
A taxiway connects runways, aprons, hangars, and terminals at an airport to allow aircraft to move between facilities. There are geometric design standards for taxiways including length, width, safety area width, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. The International Civil Aviation Organization provides recommendations for these standards including that taxiway widths be less than runway widths, longitudinal gradients not exceed 1.5% for smaller airports and 3% for larger airports, and sight distances along taxiways allow visibility of 300 meters for smaller airports and 250 meters for larger airports.
The document provides information about the components and design of airport taxiways. It discusses the functions of taxiways as connecting runways, aprons, hangars and terminals. Key factors considered in taxiway layout include avoiding interference with aircraft using runways and providing the shortest route from runways. The document also outlines geometric design standards for taxiways such as recommended widths, gradients and sight distances set by ICAO for different aircraft types. Turning radii are designed so aircraft can negotiate curves without reducing speed significantly.
This document provides an overview of airport engineering and related topics covered in Lecture 2, including:
1) Key international organizations that regulate air transport such as ICAO and their roles in standardizing protocols and facilitating international civil aviation.
2) Factors involved in airport site selection such as proximity, accessibility, wind conditions, and environmental considerations.
3) Methods of classifying airports based on runway length and geometric design standards.
4) The importance of properly orienting runways based on prevailing wind patterns to maximize usability, safety, and efficiency as represented by wind rose diagrams.
Taxiway design and geometrical design of taxiwayBALAJI ND
A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport to connect runways to aprons, hangars and terminals. The document discusses factors that influence taxiway layout, including length, width, sight distance, turning radius and separation clearance. Exit taxiways, fillets, holding aprons and bypass taxiways are also addressed. Taxiways allow aircraft to move at lower speeds between airport facilities compared to takeoff and landing on runways.
Taxiways provide pathways for aircraft movement between parts of an airfield. They include apron taxiways around aircraft parking areas and exit taxiways connecting runways. Design considerations for taxiways include layout, width, longitudinal and transverse gradients, sight distances, safety areas, and separation clearances. Taxiway geometry is specified by standards bodies like ICAO based on airport class. Proper design ensures safe and efficient aircraft ground movements.
The document discusses runway and taxiway design standards. It covers topics like basic runway length determination, corrections for elevation, temperature, and gradients. It provides geometric design standards for runway length, width, safety areas, gradients, and sight distances. For taxiways, it discusses design considerations like length, width, safety areas, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. It also covers visual aids like airport markings and lighting for runways, taxiways, and other areas to assist pilots.
Wind roses are graphic tools that show the frequency of wind speed and direction at a location. They depict the percentage of time winds blow from different compass directions within concentric circles, with color bars indicating wind speed ranges. The spokes with the longest lengths on the wind rose indicate the most frequent wind directions. Wind roses provide a useful way to summarize large amounts of wind data in a single plot.
The document discusses airport drainage systems. It explains that a well-designed drainage system is important for safety, efficiency, and pavement durability. The key aspects covered are: 1) Airport drainage systems use surface ditches, inlets, and underground pipes to remove runoff. 2) Estimating runoff involves calculating factors like rainfall intensity and runoff coefficient. 3) Drainage channels and underground pipes are designed using equations like Manning's, with velocities above 2.5 ft/sec to prevent deposits. Inlets are placed at low points with spacings depending on the airport type.
This document discusses factors to consider in airport site selection. Key factors include:
- Air traffic potential and adequate access to the site
- Sufficient land for facilities, expansion, and utilities
- Favorable atmospheric, meteorological, and soil conditions
- Availability of land and utilities for future expansion
- Consideration of surrounding development, obstructions, and other airports
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Markings include colored stripes and patterns on runways, taxiways, and aprons to indicate centerlines, edges, directions, and restricted areas. Runway markings identify numbers, thresholds, and touch down zones. Taxiway markings guide planes to and from runways. Airport lighting uses colored lights to replicate markings for nighttime visibility. Together, these visual aids allow pilots to orient themselves and follow correct paths for takeoff and landing in all weather conditions.
An airport layout consists of key components like runways, taxiways, aprons, terminals, hangars and parking areas. Runways are the main landing and takeoff areas for aircraft. Taxiways connect runways to terminals and other facilities. Aprons are areas where aircraft park for loading/unloading passengers. Terminals house facilities for passengers and cargo. Hangars provide covered storage and maintenance areas for aircraft. Parking areas accommodate vehicles. The layout aims to design these components for safe, efficient and independent aircraft operations during all weather conditions and future expansion needs.
Planning OF AIRPORT REQUIREMENTS OF AIR PORT TERMINAL AREA RUNWAY LENGTH RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
The document discusses the planning requirements for airports, including runway length. It notes that runway length requirements vary depending on aircraft size, with larger aircraft and international flights typically requiring longer runways of 10,000 feet or more. The document also discusses other airport planning considerations like terminal area size and configuration, and factors involved in airline route planning.
This document discusses runway orientation and design considerations. It states that runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing winds to maximize lift during takeoff and landing. Key factors in determining runway orientation include wind data, maps, fog characteristics, and wind coverage. Runway length and width specifications are provided by airport type, along with safety area dimensions. Guidelines are also given for runway gradients, sight distances, and taxiway design.
The document discusses various factors related to airport planning and design, including aircraft characteristics that influence airport design. It covers topics like types of aircraft propulsion systems; how aircraft size, weight, wheel configuration, turning radius, speed, and other characteristics impact runway length, taxiway width, apron size, and other facilities. Site selection factors for airports like land availability, meteorological conditions, accessibility, and surrounding development are also summarized.
Visual aids like markings and lighting help pilots navigate airports safely during day and night. Airport markings include runway centerlines, thresholds, edges, numbers and touch down zones to guide landing and taxiing. Markings use standard formats, colors and lighting to enhance visibility. They avoid accidents and allow orderly aircraft flow by conveying critical navigation information to pilots.
09-Runway Configuration ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various runway configurations including single, parallel, staggered parallel, intersecting, and open-V runways. It also describes different types of taxiways like entrance, exit, parallel, bypass, and connecting taxiways that make up the ground movement network at an airport. Flight rules depend on weather conditions, with visual flight rules applied during good visibility and instrument flight rules in low visibility conditions.
Airport engineering involves planning, designing, and constructing airport facilities such as terminals, runways, and navigation aids. Airport engineers must account for aircraft impacts and demands in their designs. They use wind analysis to determine runway orientation and size safety areas to accommodate wingspans. Airports require runways for takeoffs and landings as well as buildings like terminals and hangars. Components include runways, terminals, aprons, taxiways, aircraft stands, and control towers. Runway configurations can be simple, parallel, open-V, or intersecting depending on traffic and wind conditions.
The document discusses factors that determine runway length including basic runway length, corrections for elevation, temperature, gradient, and crosswind. It also covers runway orientation, which is usually in the direction of prevailing winds. Wind rose diagrams are used to determine the best orientation based on wind direction, duration, and intensity data over several years. The orientation that provides maximum wind coverage within allowable crosswind limits is selected.
Railways Harbors Tunneling and Airports Module 1 complete presentation as per VTU Syllabus
Importance of Orientation :
The correct runway orientation maximizes the possible use of the runway throughout the year accounting for a wide variety of wind conditions.
FAA and ICAO regulations establish rules about runway orientation and their expected coverage Runway Location Considerations.
FAA mandates identification standards for airport layout that is meant to assist pilots in easily recognizing runways.
Runway is usually oriented in the direction of prevailing winds.
The head wind i.e. the wind direction of wind opposite to the direction of landing and taking-off provides greater lift on the wings of the aircraft when it is taking-off.
As such the aircraft rises above the ground much earlier and in a shorter length of runway.
1. The document discusses airport layout and design considerations such as runway orientation based on prevailing wind direction, wind rose diagrams, runway length calculations, taxiway design standards, and exit taxiway design.
2. Key factors in runway orientation are headwind, tailwind, and crosswind components. Wind rose diagrams show wind speed and direction distribution.
3. Runway length is calculated based on aircraft needs and environmental factors like elevation, temperature, and gradient. Corrections are made to the basic runway length.
Introduction to Airport Engineering Air craft characteristics affecting airport planning &
design, selection of site for an airport. Airports - layout and orientation, Runway and taxiway design
consideration and geometric design. Airport drainage management, Zoning laws, Visual aids and air
traffic control, Runway lighting, Runway operation Helipads, hangers, service equipment.
Runway orientation is important for airport planning. The prevailing wind direction is typically used to determine the orientation of a runway, as wind force can help with takeoffs and landings. The direction of the runway then controls the layout of other airport facilities. Proper data on wind direction, duration, intensity and crosswind limits must be analyzed over several years to ensure at least 95% wind coverage. There are various basic runway patterns including single, parallel, intersecting and open-V configurations. Runways use different colored lights and signs to guide pilots and mark edges, thresholds, taxiways and ends.
An airport is a facility with runways and buildings where aircraft take off and land, connecting air transportation to ground transportation. Key components of an airport include runways for takeoffs and landings, hangars for storing and maintaining aircraft, and terminal buildings. Careful consideration must go into selecting an airport site, including factors like land availability, weather conditions, and accessibility. Runway orientation is also important, with runways often aligned with prevailing winds for safety during takeoffs and landings.
Runways are paved surfaces built for takeoffs and landings of aircraft. Runway orientation is primarily determined by prevailing winds, with additional considerations for airspace, environmental factors, and obstructions. There are four main runway configurations: single, parallel, open-V, and intersecting. Runways are named based on their magnetic heading and are marked with lights and painted lines to guide aircraft. Safety incidents can occur if aircraft exit a runway, overrun its length, use the wrong runway, or land short of the pavement.
The document discusses several key factors that influence the design and selection of airport sites, including aircraft characteristics, meteorological conditions, land availability, and accessibility. Specifically, it notes that aircraft weight, size, speed, and noise levels need to be considered for runway, taxiway, and facility design. Atmospheric visibility and wind direction are important meteorological factors, while sufficient expandable land area, utilities access, and proximity to population centers are also important considerations for site selection.
AIRPORT AIR TRANSPORT CHARASTERSTICS.pptxRishi Nath
The document discusses various characteristics of aircraft that influence airport design, including weight and wheel distribution, minimum turning radius, minimum circling radius, speed, capacity, noise levels, tail vortices, jet blast, and fuel spillage. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting an airport site, such as traffic levels, available land, meteorological conditions, surrounding development, and soil characteristics.
The document provides information on the components and problems of airports and airways in Pakistan. It discusses the basic definitions of airports, airfields, aerodromes and airways. It then describes the key components of an airport including runways, taxiways, airport terminal buildings, aircraft stands, control towers, hangars and parking areas. It also notes there are problems faced by the Civil Aviation Authority in Pakistan.
This presentation provides an overview of key aspects of airport runways and taxiways, including:
- Runway designations are based on magnetic headings using two numbers separated by a slash.
- Runway markings help pilots identify the runway and provide visual guidance, including centerlines, edge lines, and displaced thresholds.
- The length and surface of runways must support the largest aircraft using the airport.
- Taxiways connect runways to aircraft parking areas and have markings to guide aircraft movement.
- Runway and taxiway lights aid in low-visibility conditions and identify surfaces for aircraft.
The document discusses wind roses, which graphically present wind conditions including direction and speed over a period of time at a location. It describes how wind roses are constructed from hourly wind observation data by analyzing wind direction frequencies and mean wind speeds. Wind roses are useful for airport runway orientation planning to minimize dangerous crosswinds. Specific examples of wind roses for airports in Catania, Barcelona, and Valencia are presented to illustrate how prevailing winds inform runway directions.
Aerial photography involves taking photographs from aircraft and is used for mapping and studying the Earth's surface. It has various uses like making pictorial representations, preparing base maps, photo interpretation, and expediting natural resource surveys. Factors like atmospheric conditions, aircraft, camera, and film processing influence aerial photographs. There are different types of aerial photographs based on the camera axis position and various stages involved in planning and executing aerial photography flights.
Aerial photography involves taking photographs from aircraft and is used for mapping and studying the Earth's surface. It has various uses like making pictorial representations, preparing base maps, photo interpretation, and expediting natural resource surveys. Factors like atmospheric conditions, aircraft, camera, and film processing influence aerial photographs. There are different types of aerial photographs based on the camera axis position and various stages involved in planning and executing aerial photography flights.
1) Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical power. The power output of a wind turbine depends on factors like the wind speed, turbine area, and a performance coefficient.
2) An ideal turbine cannot extract more than 59.3% of the power in the wind according to the Betz coefficient, but practical turbines typically extract 35-50% due to mechanical imperfections.
3) The power output of a wind turbine is maximized when the tip speed ratio of the turbine blades matches the wind speed. Beyond the rated wind speed, the turbine's performance coefficient decreases to limit its power output for safety.
This document discusses airport planning and design. It provides information on various aspects of airport layout including typical layout configurations, key considerations for layout design such as independent taxiing operations and minimizing taxi distances, and characteristics of good airport layouts. It also discusses runway design standards per the ICAO, including runway dimensions and corrections required for factors like elevation, temperature, and slope gradient. Examples are provided on calculating corrected runway length based on standard formulas.
Hands on experience with stall protection systemMayank Gupta
The document defines aircraft stall and describes the different regions of airflow over wings. It explains that a stall occurs when the angle of attack increases beyond a critical point, reducing lift. Stall protection systems calculate two maximum angles of attack to limit the actual angle and prevent stalling. In contrast, stall warning systems only provide indications to pilots of approaching stall without limiting control. The stall protection system and method aims to allow maximum performance while preventing prolonged stalling.
AIRPORT PAVEMENT - CONSTRUCTION & REPAIR.pptxAnujyadav514462
This document discusses the geometric design of airport runways including length, gradient, safety areas, and width. It also covers taxiway design and functions. Finally, it summarizes pavement design for both flexible and rigid surfaces and considerations for airport maintenance to repair cracks, deterioration, and other distresses in runways and taxiways.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Runway Orientation.pptx
1. Prof. Sudhanshu Sekhar Das
Department of Civil
Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India
Runway Orientation
Niharika Pattanayak
Department of Civil Engineering,
VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India
2. Runway Orientation
The orientation of a runway is defined by the direction, relative to magnetic
north, of the operations performed by aircraft on the runway.
Typically, runways can be oriented in such a manner that they may be used in
either direction. It is less preferred to orient a runway in such a way that
operating in one direction is precluded, normally due to nearby obstacles.
In addition to obstacle clearance considerations, runways are typically oriented
based on the area’s wind conditions. As such, an analysis of wind is essential for
planning runways. As a general rule, the primary runway at an airport should be
oriented as closely as practicable in the direction of the prevailing winds. When
landing and taking off, aircraft are able to manoeuvre on a runway as long as
the wind component at right angles to the direction of travel, the crosswind
component, is not excessive.
3. • Runway orientation depends on
• Cross wind
• Wind coverage
• Calm period
• Wind rose diagrams
• Runway configurations
Runway orientation
4. Runways
A runway is a rectangular area on the airport surface prepared for the
take-off and landing of aircraft.
An airport may have one runway or several runways which are sited,
oriented, and configured in a manner to provide for the safe and efficient
use of the airport under a variety of conditions.
Factors which affect the location, orientation, and number of runways at
an airport include local weather conditions, particularly wind distribution
and visibility, the topography of the airport and surrounding area, the type
and amount of air traffic to be serviced at the airport, aircraft performance
requirements, and aircraft noise.
5. • The runway orientation, the orientation of a runway depends upon the direction of the
wind and to some extent on the area available for development.
• The determination of a runway orientation is a critical task and effect in terms of planning
and designing of an airport.
• Runways are always orientated in the direction of the prevailing winds
• The reason is to utilizing the maximum force of the wind at the time of take-off and
landing of any aircraft.
• Lift and drag produced.
• The direction of the runway controls the layout of the other airport facilities such as
passenger terminals, taxiways, apron configurations, circulation roads and parking
facilities
• According to FAA standards, runways should be orientated so that aircraft can take-off
and or land at least 95% of the time without exceeding the allowable crosswinds.
6. Points needs to be considered in orienting Runway or Taxiway
• Avoiding delay in the landing, taxing and take-off operations with least
interference
• Providing the shortest taxi distance possible from the terminal area to the
end of the runway
• Making provision for maximum taxiway, so that the landing aircraft can leave
the runway as quickly as possible to the terminal area
• Provide adequate separation in the air traffic pattern
7. Data required
• Map of the area and contours to examine the flatness of the area and the
possible changes in the longitudinal profiles, so as to keep them within
permissible limits.
• Wind data and the wind data is required in three dimensions i.e. direction,
duration and intensity (Km/hr) in the vicinity of the airport
• Fog characteristics of the area
8. Wind direction
Wind direction keeps on varying throughout the year. It effect the aircraft
movements differently and depends on how wind acts
• Head wind
• Tail wind
• Cross wind
9. • Wind which is coming from the front side opposite to the movement of the aircraft
known as the head wind. It is creating effect on the head of the aircraft.
• Provides braking effect during landing and greater lift on the wings of the aircraft
during take-off.
• Thus the length of the runway gets reduced and this reduction maybe around
10%
• When wind is coming from the tail side, known as tail wind.
• Wind blowing in the same direction of landing or taking-off of the aircraft
(moving in the direction of the movement of the aircraft)
• Provides a push from the back, increasing the stop distance and lift-off distance
• May be dangerous for the nose diving aircrafts
10. • There can be another wind which is coming at an angle Ɵ with respect to the
longitudinal axis of the flight path of the aircraft. It has two components one
longitudinally moving in the direction of the aircraft or opposite to the direction of
the aircraft, depending on the angle of the theta whether it is less than 900 or it is
greater than 900, and the other component at transverse direction of the
movement of the aircraft which is termed as the cross wind component.
• Cross wind component is then the aircraft may not manoeuver safely, there will
be drifting effect.
• Aircraft will be move in the lateral direction away from the runway strip and if
the cross wind component is very large, all chances that during a take-off or
landing, the aircraft may move towards the shoulder or even away from that.
• Cross wind component is to be specified and remain below that, for the safe
and smooth operation of the aircrafts.
11. The maximum allowable cross wind depends on
• Size of the aircraft
• Wing configuration
• Condition of the pavement surface
For medium and light aircraft cross wind component is taken as less than or
equals to 25 kilometers per hour
ICAO recommended a maximum allowable cross wind component as per the
different field lengths
12. Wind coverage
Wind coverage or usability factor of airport can be defined as a percentage of
time in a year, during which the cross wind component remains within the limit
or runway system in not restricted, because of the excessive cross wind
component.
• ICAO and FAA both recommends the minimum wind coverage area of 95%
• When a single runway or a set of parallel runways cannot be oriented to
provide the required wind coverage, one or more than one cross wind
runways needs to be provided and the combined value of those runways
should be more than 95%
13. Calm period
Calm period is the one when the wind intensity remains below 6.4 kilometers per
hour
• This is common to all directions and hence can be added to wind coverage for
that direction.
• Calm period = 100 - Total wind coverage
= 100 - ∑percentage of time wind is blowing in any direction, with any
speed
14. Once the maximum permissible cross wind component is selected, the most desirable direction
of runway for cross wind coverage can be determined by examining the wind characteristics for
the following conditions
• The entire wind coverage regardless of visibility or cloud ceiling (normal condition)
• Wind condition when the cloud ceiling is at least 300 m and the visibility is at least 4.8 km and
this value during the concession period (visual metrological condition)
• Wind condition when the cloud ceiling is between 60 m and 300 m and or the visibility is
between 0.8 km and 4.8 km (instrument metrological conditions)
• When visibility approaches 0.8 km and the cloud ceiling is 60 m, there is very little wind
present, the visibility gets reduced due to fog, haze or smoke
• Sometimes, the visibility may be extremely poor, yet there is no distinct cloud ceiling.
• 95% wind coverage is applicable to all the conditions
Runway Orientation
15. Wind Rose
• To finding the orientation of the runway to achieve the desired wind coverage
• Area is divided in the case of the wind rose diagram into 16 parts using an angle of
22.5O.
• Average wind data of 5 to 10 years is used for preparing such type of wind rose
diagrams
Two types of the wind rose diagram
• Type - I shows direction and duration of wind,
• Type - II shows the direction, duration and intensity of wind. All the three parameters
are shown in the second case.
16. Wind rose diagram Type - I
• It is based on the direction and duration of the wind
• Minimum 8 directions are taken and optimum 16 directions
• Data will include the total percentage of time in each direction
• Concentric circles are drawn to scale according to the percentage of time wind is blowing
in a direction
• Total percentage of time in each direction is marked on the radial line drawn in that
direction
• These points on radial lines are joined together to form a duration map
• Best direction of runway is indicated along that direction of the longest line on the wind
rose diagram.
17.
18. Wind rose diagram Type - II
• Based on direction, duration and intensity of wind
• Concentric circles are drawn to scale according to the wind velocity and not on the basis of
the percentage time as taken in Type – I.
• The influence of wind is assumed to spread at an angle of 22.5 degrees in a direction
• Radial lines from the centre are drawn up to the midpoint of the two directions, thus
dividing the space into 16 directions and 64 parts.
• The categorized duration is marked in the related cell
• A transparent rectangular template of length greater than the diameter of the diagram
width equal to the twice of allowable cross wind component is made
19. • Wind rose diagram is fixed in position and the template is placed above it such that the centre
of the template coincides with the centre of diagram and the centre line of template should
pass through the direction.
• The template is fixed in position and the sum of the duration shown in cells superimposed by
the template is calculated. Sum will become the percentage and represent the total wind
coverage for that direction.
• The template is then rotated and placed in next direction. The total wind coverage is
calculated for that direction too.
• Same procedure is adopted for all directions
• The direction giving maximum wind coverage is suitable direction for orientation of the runway
• If single runway is not sufficient to provide the necessary coverage, multiple runway can be
planed to get the desired coverage
20.
21. The appropriate orientation of the runway or runways at an airport can be determined
through graphical vector analysis using a wind rose. A standard wind rose consists of a
series of concentric circles cut by radial lines using polar coordinate graph paper. The radial
lines are drawn to the scale of the wind magnitude such that the area between each pair
of successive lines is centered on the wind direction.
22. As an example, assume that the wind data for all conditions of visibility are those shown
in Table. This wind data is plotted to scale as indicated above to obtain a wind rose, as
shown in Fig.
The percentage of time the winds correspond to a given direction and velocity range is
marked in the proper sector of the wind rose by means of a polar coordinate scale for
both wind direction and wind magnitude. The template is rotated about the center of
the wind rose, as explained earlier, until the direction of the centerline yields the
maximum percentage of wind between the parallel lines.
Once the optimum runway direction has been found in this manner, the next step is to
read the bearing of the runway on the outer scale of the wind rose where the centerline
on the template crosses the wind direction scale. Because true north is used for
published wind data, this bearing usually will be different from that used in numbering
runways since runway designations are based on the magnetic bearing. As illustrated in
Fig. 6-9, a runway oriented on an azimuth to true north of 90° to 270° (N 90° E to S 90°
W true bearing) will permit operations 90.8 percent of the time with the crosswind
components not exceeding 15 km/h.
23. Sector True
Azimuth
Wind Speed Range, Km/h Total
4-15 15-20 20-25 25-35
Percentage of Time
N 0.0 2.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 2.9
NNE 22.5 3.0 1.2 1.0 0.5 5.7
NE 45.0 5.3 1.6 1.0 0.4 8.3
ENE 67.5 6.8 3.1 1.7 0.1 11.7
E 90.0 7.1 2.3 1.9 0.2 11.5
ESE 112.5 6.4 3.5 1.9 0.1 11.9
SE 135.0 5.8 1.9 1.1 0.0 8.8
SSE 157.5 3.8 1.0 0.1 0.0 4.9
S 180.0 1.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 2.3
SSW 202.5 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 3.2
SW 225.0 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.0 2.3
WSW 247.5 2.7 0.4 0.1 0.0 3.2
W 270.0 4.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 5.4
WNW 292.5 3.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 4.6
NW 315.0 1.7 0.6 0.2 0.0 2.5
NNW 337.5 1.7 0.9 0.1 0.0 2.7
Subtotal 60.4 19.7 10.2 1.6 91.9
Calms 8.1
Total 100.0
24. A common compass rose as
found on a hydrographic
chart showing both true
north (using a nautical
star symbol) and magnetic
north with magnetic
variation.
25.
26.
27. Runway Configurations
The term “runway configuration” refers to the number and relative
orientations of one or more runways on an airfield. Many runway
configurations exist. Most configurations are combinations of several basic
configurations. The basic configurations are
(1) single runways,
(2) parallel runways
(3) intersecting runways, and
(4) open-V runways.
(5) Combinations of Runway Configurations