Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena and their effects on weather and climate. It influences air pollution levels through factors like wind speed, temperature, and humidity. Different wind profiles and stability conditions create different plume rise and dispersion patterns from smokestacks. Meteorological data is used to identify pollution sources, predict events like inversions, and simulate air quality using models.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology and how they impact air pollution. It defines meteorology as the study of the atmosphere and weather processes. Various meteorological parameters that influence pollution dispersion are described, including wind speed and direction, temperature, stability, mixing height, and humidity. Atmospheric stability is classified and different plume rise patterns like looping, coning, fanning, and fumigation are explained in relation to stability conditions. Temperature inversions that can trap pollution near the surface are also outlined.
Weather and storms are influenced by air masses and fronts. Air masses are large bodies of air that are classified by their source region (polar or tropical) and surface (continental or maritime). Fronts are boundaries between differing air masses. Thunderstorms develop through strong updrafts and produce lightning and thunder. Other storms include hurricanes, which form over warm ocean waters, and tornadoes, which are rotating columns of air. The ozone layer protects the Earth by absorbing UV radiation but is depleted by CFC emissions. El Niño is a phenomenon associated with extreme climate shifts.
1) The document discusses air pollution and its classification based on origin, state of matter, and presence in the environment. It describes primary and secondary pollutants.
2) Key concepts around dispersion of air pollutants are introduced, including factors affecting dispersion and different plume behaviors like looping, coning, and trapping based on atmospheric stability.
3) The Gaussian plume model for pollutant dispersion is explained, with the concentration distribution following a normal curve around the plume centerline. The model equation for determining downwind ground-level concentration is provided.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology and how they impact air pollution. It defines meteorology as the study of the atmosphere and weather processes. Various meteorological parameters that influence pollution dispersion are described, including wind speed and direction, temperature, stability, mixing height, and humidity. Atmospheric stability is classified and different plume rise patterns like looping, coning, fanning, and fumigation are explained in relation to stability conditions. Temperature inversions that can trap pollution near the surface are also outlined.
Weather and storms are influenced by air masses and fronts. Air masses are large bodies of air that are classified by their source region (polar or tropical) and surface (continental or maritime). Fronts are boundaries between differing air masses. Thunderstorms develop through strong updrafts and produce lightning and thunder. Other storms include hurricanes, which form over warm ocean waters, and tornadoes, which are rotating columns of air. The ozone layer protects the Earth by absorbing UV radiation but is depleted by CFC emissions. El Niño is a phenomenon associated with extreme climate shifts.
1) The document discusses air pollution and its classification based on origin, state of matter, and presence in the environment. It describes primary and secondary pollutants.
2) Key concepts around dispersion of air pollutants are introduced, including factors affecting dispersion and different plume behaviors like looping, coning, and trapping based on atmospheric stability.
3) The Gaussian plume model for pollutant dispersion is explained, with the concentration distribution following a normal curve around the plume centerline. The model equation for determining downwind ground-level concentration is provided.
Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude and is affected by temperature, humidity, and elevation. It is measured using a barometer. Differences in air pressure cause winds to move from high to low pressure areas. Global wind patterns like trade winds and jet streams curve due to the Coriolis effect. Local winds are influenced by geographic features and temperature variations between land and bodies of water. Changes in weather occur when different air masses characterized by their temperature and moisture content meet at fronts like cold fronts and warm fronts, which can lead to thunderstorm formation.
The document provides information about the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It discusses that the atmosphere is composed of gases, water vapor, and dust particles. It also describes the different layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere. Additionally, it covers various elements that determine weather and climate such as temperature, pressure, winds, humidity, and clouds/precipitation.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and the water and wind patterns within it. It notes that nitrogen and oxygen make up most of the atmosphere and describes the nitrogen, oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide cycles. It explains the varying temperature and density of the atmosphere from Earth's surface to the exosphere. Key points include the greenhouse effect, evaporation and condensation processes, dew point, fog and cloud formation, and global wind patterns driven by differential heating.
The document discusses the layers of the atmosphere and weather phenomena. It begins by describing the five layers of the atmosphere from the troposphere closest to Earth, to the exosphere merging into space. Weather occurs in the troposphere, which contains most water vapor. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer protecting from UV rays. Thunderstorms form from rapid upward air motion and release heat. Weather forecasts predict future conditions using data from weather stations and satellites to model atmospheric pressure, temperature and other factors. Accurate forecasts are important for safety and economic activities.
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
Introduction to Environment Ecology and Ecosystemchirag yadav
Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
The document discusses different types of stack plume patterns that can occur based on wind profiles and atmospheric stability conditions. It describes six main types of plumes: fanning plumes, which spread horizontally under temperature inversions; looping plumes, which occur during unstable afternoon conditions; coning plumes, which take on a conical shape during moderate winds; fumigating plumes, which rise and fall briefly during changing conditions; lofting plumes, which remain above inversion layers; and trapping plumes, which get trapped between inversion layers above and below the stack. Each plume type depends on specific wind and stability factors that determine how pollutants from the stack will disperse into the atmosphere.
The document provides an introduction to climatology and discusses various global and local climate factors. It defines climate as the integration of weather conditions over time for a particular region, distinguishing it from weather which refers to short term atmospheric conditions. Key factors that influence climate are discussed including solar radiation, tilt of the Earth's axis, wind patterns, topography, and precipitation. Different climate zones and the climate of India are also summarized.
The document discusses the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere. It notes that early Earth had a reducing atmosphere composed of gases like methane and ammonia released from volcanoes. Through photosynthesis over billions of years, oxygen levels rose which allowed the development of more complex life. The atmosphere protects life and influences climate and weather patterns through greenhouse gases and the global circulation of air masses.
This document discusses key aspects of estimating plume rise, which refers to predicting the vertical distance a plume of pollutants will rise from its source. Accurate estimation is important for assessing impacts on air quality and health. Plume rise is influenced by emission characteristics, atmospheric stability, and meteorological conditions. Common models like the Pasquill-Gifford-Gartrell model use stability categories and formulas to estimate plume rise based on factors such as stability class and wind speed. Understanding plume rise is crucial for regulatory compliance and emergency response situations.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Upon the completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Distinguish between weather and climate,
Explain the place to place distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia,
explain the time to time patterns of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia,
Analyze climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomic aspects,
identify the causes, consequences and response mechanisms of climate change.
5.1 The concept of weather and climate
Both weather and climate are concepts about atmospheric conditions. The basic difference on them is duration and areal coverage.
Weather is atmospheric condition observed in a very specific area with a short term fluctuation, while
Climate is a prolonged(30-35years) atmospheric condition observed in a relatively wider geographic area.
Weather condition likely changed hour to hour, in a daily base or weakly but climate is relatively permanent.
Elements of Weather and Climate
Elements(components) of weather and climate are the following variables
Atmospheric temperature (how cold or hot is the atmosphere)
Precipitation (any kind of moisture falling from the atmosphere to the ground, mostly rainfall)
Air pressure (the weight exerted by the air)
Humidity (the level or proportion of water vapor within the atmosphere)
Sunshine (the duration and intensity of solar heat as well as light)
Wind (horizontal motion of air)
The document discusses the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins by explaining that the atmosphere protects Earth and drives weather patterns. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases. Early atmospheres lacked oxygen but organisms began producing it over billions of years, forming an ozone layer. The atmosphere has five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - defined by temperature trends. Solar radiation and the greenhouse effect warm the atmosphere, while convection currents driven by temperature differences and the Coriolis effect produce global wind patterns like the trade winds and jet streams that influence weather. Clouds form through condensation in rising air.
This document provides an introduction to engineering hydrology. It defines hydrology and discusses the hydrologic cycle and its basic components, including precipitation, runoff, evaporation, condensation, transpiration, infiltration, and depression storage. It also covers the water budget equation, world water balance, applications of hydrology, and sources of hydrological data. The key aspects of the hydrologic cycle and how hydrology is applied to engineering projects like irrigation, dams, and water supply are summarized.
This document discusses typhoons and weather. It defines typhoons, cyclones, and hurricanes as intense low pressure weather systems that form over warm ocean waters. Typhoons develop in stages through evaporation of water, rising warm air, condensation of water vapor to form clouds, and faster rotating winds due to the Coriolis effect. The key conditions for typhoon formation are continuous evaporation and water cycles, differences in air pressure, and convergent winds blowing toward a central area. Meteorologists use various instruments like anemometers, barometers, thermometers, and wind vanes to monitor weather conditions.
This document summarizes key concepts in agricultural meteorology, including:
1. The composition of the atmosphere, with nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide as the principal gases.
2. The physical structure of the atmosphere, describing the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere based on vertical temperature variation.
3. Key concepts around atmospheric humidity including specific humidity, absolute humidity, mixing ratio, and relative humidity. It also describes evapotranspiration and the factors that influence it.
4. The different forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet, and glaze. It also summarizes condensation and the various forms
The document discusses atmospheric circulation and weather systems. It explains that uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes pressure differences in the atmosphere which drive wind patterns. Key factors that determine winds include temperature, pressure, humidity, and the forces of pressure gradient, friction, and the Coriolis effect from the Earth's rotation. It describes global wind systems like the Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells that comprise the general circulation. It also covers local winds, air masses, fronts, and storm systems like cyclones, thunderstorms, and tornadoes.
Atmospheric stability and plume behaviourAratiSavant
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
The document provides information about weather forecasting and the key elements of weather and climate. It discusses:
- Temperature is a measure of heat intensity and is affected by factors like latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, winds, and ocean currents.
- Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere and is highest at sea level, decreasing with altitude. It is influenced by temperature, moisture, Earth's rotation, and affects wind patterns.
- Different types of winds include planetary winds like trade winds and westerlies, periodic winds, and local winds that vary by region. Wind is measured by direction and speed.
- Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude and is affected by temperature, humidity, and elevation. It is measured using a barometer. Differences in air pressure cause winds to move from high to low pressure areas. Global wind patterns like trade winds and jet streams curve due to the Coriolis effect. Local winds are influenced by geographic features and temperature variations between land and bodies of water. Changes in weather occur when different air masses characterized by their temperature and moisture content meet at fronts like cold fronts and warm fronts, which can lead to thunderstorm formation.
The document provides information about the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It discusses that the atmosphere is composed of gases, water vapor, and dust particles. It also describes the different layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere. Additionally, it covers various elements that determine weather and climate such as temperature, pressure, winds, humidity, and clouds/precipitation.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and the water and wind patterns within it. It notes that nitrogen and oxygen make up most of the atmosphere and describes the nitrogen, oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide cycles. It explains the varying temperature and density of the atmosphere from Earth's surface to the exosphere. Key points include the greenhouse effect, evaporation and condensation processes, dew point, fog and cloud formation, and global wind patterns driven by differential heating.
The document discusses the layers of the atmosphere and weather phenomena. It begins by describing the five layers of the atmosphere from the troposphere closest to Earth, to the exosphere merging into space. Weather occurs in the troposphere, which contains most water vapor. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer protecting from UV rays. Thunderstorms form from rapid upward air motion and release heat. Weather forecasts predict future conditions using data from weather stations and satellites to model atmospheric pressure, temperature and other factors. Accurate forecasts are important for safety and economic activities.
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
Introduction to Environment Ecology and Ecosystemchirag yadav
Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
The document discusses different types of stack plume patterns that can occur based on wind profiles and atmospheric stability conditions. It describes six main types of plumes: fanning plumes, which spread horizontally under temperature inversions; looping plumes, which occur during unstable afternoon conditions; coning plumes, which take on a conical shape during moderate winds; fumigating plumes, which rise and fall briefly during changing conditions; lofting plumes, which remain above inversion layers; and trapping plumes, which get trapped between inversion layers above and below the stack. Each plume type depends on specific wind and stability factors that determine how pollutants from the stack will disperse into the atmosphere.
The document provides an introduction to climatology and discusses various global and local climate factors. It defines climate as the integration of weather conditions over time for a particular region, distinguishing it from weather which refers to short term atmospheric conditions. Key factors that influence climate are discussed including solar radiation, tilt of the Earth's axis, wind patterns, topography, and precipitation. Different climate zones and the climate of India are also summarized.
The document discusses the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere. It notes that early Earth had a reducing atmosphere composed of gases like methane and ammonia released from volcanoes. Through photosynthesis over billions of years, oxygen levels rose which allowed the development of more complex life. The atmosphere protects life and influences climate and weather patterns through greenhouse gases and the global circulation of air masses.
This document discusses key aspects of estimating plume rise, which refers to predicting the vertical distance a plume of pollutants will rise from its source. Accurate estimation is important for assessing impacts on air quality and health. Plume rise is influenced by emission characteristics, atmospheric stability, and meteorological conditions. Common models like the Pasquill-Gifford-Gartrell model use stability categories and formulas to estimate plume rise based on factors such as stability class and wind speed. Understanding plume rise is crucial for regulatory compliance and emergency response situations.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Upon the completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Distinguish between weather and climate,
Explain the place to place distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia,
explain the time to time patterns of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia,
Analyze climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomic aspects,
identify the causes, consequences and response mechanisms of climate change.
5.1 The concept of weather and climate
Both weather and climate are concepts about atmospheric conditions. The basic difference on them is duration and areal coverage.
Weather is atmospheric condition observed in a very specific area with a short term fluctuation, while
Climate is a prolonged(30-35years) atmospheric condition observed in a relatively wider geographic area.
Weather condition likely changed hour to hour, in a daily base or weakly but climate is relatively permanent.
Elements of Weather and Climate
Elements(components) of weather and climate are the following variables
Atmospheric temperature (how cold or hot is the atmosphere)
Precipitation (any kind of moisture falling from the atmosphere to the ground, mostly rainfall)
Air pressure (the weight exerted by the air)
Humidity (the level or proportion of water vapor within the atmosphere)
Sunshine (the duration and intensity of solar heat as well as light)
Wind (horizontal motion of air)
The document discusses the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins by explaining that the atmosphere protects Earth and drives weather patterns. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases. Early atmospheres lacked oxygen but organisms began producing it over billions of years, forming an ozone layer. The atmosphere has five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - defined by temperature trends. Solar radiation and the greenhouse effect warm the atmosphere, while convection currents driven by temperature differences and the Coriolis effect produce global wind patterns like the trade winds and jet streams that influence weather. Clouds form through condensation in rising air.
This document provides an introduction to engineering hydrology. It defines hydrology and discusses the hydrologic cycle and its basic components, including precipitation, runoff, evaporation, condensation, transpiration, infiltration, and depression storage. It also covers the water budget equation, world water balance, applications of hydrology, and sources of hydrological data. The key aspects of the hydrologic cycle and how hydrology is applied to engineering projects like irrigation, dams, and water supply are summarized.
This document discusses typhoons and weather. It defines typhoons, cyclones, and hurricanes as intense low pressure weather systems that form over warm ocean waters. Typhoons develop in stages through evaporation of water, rising warm air, condensation of water vapor to form clouds, and faster rotating winds due to the Coriolis effect. The key conditions for typhoon formation are continuous evaporation and water cycles, differences in air pressure, and convergent winds blowing toward a central area. Meteorologists use various instruments like anemometers, barometers, thermometers, and wind vanes to monitor weather conditions.
This document summarizes key concepts in agricultural meteorology, including:
1. The composition of the atmosphere, with nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide as the principal gases.
2. The physical structure of the atmosphere, describing the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere based on vertical temperature variation.
3. Key concepts around atmospheric humidity including specific humidity, absolute humidity, mixing ratio, and relative humidity. It also describes evapotranspiration and the factors that influence it.
4. The different forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet, and glaze. It also summarizes condensation and the various forms
The document discusses atmospheric circulation and weather systems. It explains that uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes pressure differences in the atmosphere which drive wind patterns. Key factors that determine winds include temperature, pressure, humidity, and the forces of pressure gradient, friction, and the Coriolis effect from the Earth's rotation. It describes global wind systems like the Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells that comprise the general circulation. It also covers local winds, air masses, fronts, and storm systems like cyclones, thunderstorms, and tornadoes.
Atmospheric stability and plume behaviourAratiSavant
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
This document discusses various atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of air pollutants, including:
1. Dilution effect, dispersion, gravitational settling, absorption, and rainout naturally reduce pollutant concentrations.
2. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the environmental lapse rate to the adiabatic lapse rate, with stable atmospheres inhibiting dispersion.
3. Other factors like wind, pressure systems, temperature inversions, moisture, and maximum mixing depth also impact pollutant plume behavior and dispersion.
The document provides information about weather forecasting and the key elements of weather and climate. It discusses:
- Temperature is a measure of heat intensity and is affected by factors like latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, winds, and ocean currents.
- Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere and is highest at sea level, decreasing with altitude. It is influenced by temperature, moisture, Earth's rotation, and affects wind patterns.
- Different types of winds include planetary winds like trade winds and westerlies, periodic winds, and local winds that vary by region. Wind is measured by direction and speed.
- Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
1. UNIT II METEOROLOGY
Effects of meteorology on Air Pollution – Fundamentals,
Atmospheric stability, Inversion, Wind profiles and stack plume
patterns – Atmospheric Diffusion Theories – Dispersion models,
Plume rise.
2. What is meteorology?
• a science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena and
especially with weather and weather forecasting studied the
principles of meteorology.
• The branch of science that allows a weatherman to predict what the
weather will be like in the future is an example of meteorology.
3. What is meteorology a study of?
• Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, atmospheric
phenomena, and atmospheric effects on our weather.
• The atmosphere is the gaseous layer of the physical
environment that surrounds a planet.
4. Uses of Meteorology
• Meteorologists study and predict weather and climate.
• Meteorology focuses on the lower parts of the atmosphere, primarily
the troposphere, where most weather takes place.
• Meteorologists use scientific principles to observe, explain, and
forecast our weather.
• They often focus on atmospheric research or operational weather
forecasting.
• They analyze the relationship between the weather and other
environmental processes and observe the impact of weather and
climate on people, animals, and plants.
5. Effects of meteorology on Air Pollution
• Air movements influence the fate of air pollutants. So any study of air
pollution should include a study of the local weather patterns
(meteorology).
• If the air is calm and pollutants cannot disperse, then the
concentration of these pollutants will build up.
• On the other hand, when strong, turbulent winds blow, pollutants
disperse quickly, resulting in lower pollutant concentrations.
6. Meteorological data helps:
• Identify the source of pollutants.
• Predict air pollution events such as inversions and high-pollutant
concentrations days.
• Simulate and predict air quality using computer models.
7. • When studying air quality, it is important to measure the following
factors as they can help us understand the chemical reactions that
occur in the atmosphere:
• Wind speed and direction
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Rainfall
• Solar radiation
8. Wind speed and direction
• When high pollutant concentrations occur at a monitoring station,
wind data records can determine the general direction and area of
the emissions.
• Identifying the sources means planning to reduce the impacts on air
quality can take place.
• An instrument called an anemometer measures wind speed. At our
monitoring stations, the type of anemometer we use is a sonic
anemometer (Speed and direction).
9.
10. • Temperature
• Measuring temperature supports air quality assessment, air quality modelling
and forecasting activities.
• Humidity
• The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is highly variable—it depends
on geographic location, how close water bodies are, wind direction and air
temperature. Relative humidity is generally higher during summer when
temperature and rainfall are also at their highest.
• Rainfall (A common method to measure rainfall is to use a tipping bucket rain
gauge)
• Solar radiation
• It is important to monitor solar radiation for use in modelling photochemical
smog events (Cloudiness of the sky, time of day and geographic location all
affect sunlight intensity)
• An instrument called a pyranometer measures solar radiation from the output
of a silicon cell sensor.
14. Methods for Measurement of Meteorological
Variables
• Wind Direction Recorder
• Wind speed recorder
• Temperature measurement
• Solar radiation measurement
16. Wind Direction Aloft
• Pilot Balloons (Pibals)
• Tetroons
• Kite Balloons
• Radio and Radar
• Smoke trails
17.
18.
19.
20. Mixing Height
• The mixing height is the height of vertical mixing of air and suspended
particles above the ground.
• This height is determined by the observation of the atmospheric
temperature profile.
21. Atmospheric Turbulence
• Atmospheric turbulence is caused by a number of factors including
convective currents, wind shear, and airflow over obstacles.
• Atmospheric turbulence can significantly affect power performance of
wind energy and also impacts wind turbine loads as well as wake
effects, and noise propagation.
22.
23. Precipitation (a deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain,
sleet, or snow also : the quantity of water deposited)
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Lapse Rate
• The lapse rate is the rate at which an atmospheric variable, normally
temperature in Earth’s atmosphere, changes with altitude.
31. Types of lapse rate
• Adiabatic lapse rate (ALR)
• Dry adiabatic lapse rate (9.8 °C/1000 m)
• Wet adiabatic lapse rate (3.6 – 5.50 C/1000m)
• Ambient or prevailing lapse rate (≈6°C/1000 m)
• Super adiabatic (hotter part having a lesser density )
• Sub adiabatic (With the hotter part having greater
density)
33. Inversion
• Temperature actually increases with altitude near the ground before
it begins to decrease with altitude. This results in warm, low-density
air riding on top of cool high density air: a very stable air column that
traps pollution near the ground
• Types of Inversion
• Radiation Inversion
• Subsidence Inversion
• Double Inversion (Sometimes both occur simultaneously)
34.
35.
36.
37. Radiation Inversion
• Radiation inversions generally happen in places where it cools off a
lot at night. During the night, the ground cools off, radiating the heat
to the sky. Hence, an inversion.
38.
39. Subsidence Inversion
• A subsidence inversion is sinking air that produces an inversion. When
air sinks then it warms adiabatically at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. A
situation in which this can occur is within a warm core high pressure
system. It can also occur on the lee side of a mountain range.
40.
41. Atmospheric Stability
• Stability – Ability to resist vertical motion
• Affects dispersion of pollutants.
• Developed for use in dispersion models.
• Stability classified into classes (A – F)
A. Strongly unstable
B. Moderately unstable
C. Slightly unstable
D. Neutral
E. Slightly stable
F. Moderately stable
42. Plume
• Plume refers to the path and extent in the atmosphere of the gaseous
effluents released from a source, usually a stack.
44. Fanning plume
• Formed at extreme inversion conditions owing to a negative lapse
rate.
• When the environment is under conditions of inversion, a stable
environment occurs just above the stack, and the plume moves
horizontally rather than upwards.
• Occurs more frequently when there is less turbulence.
• For high stack, fanning is considered a favorable meteorological
condition as it doesn’t cause ground pollution.
45. Fanning
• Occurs under large negative lapse rate.
• Strong inversion at a considerable distance above the stack.
• Extremely stable atmosphere
• Little turbulence
• If plume density is similar to air, travels downwind at approximately same
elevation
46.
47. Looping plume
• The wavy looping plume arises in a super adiabatic environment (ELR>ALR),
resulting in a very unstable atmosphere due to rapid mixing.
• In an unstable atmosphere, rapid vertical air motions occur both upward
and downward, resulting in a looping plume.
• As a result, large pollution concentrations may arise near the ground.
• It is common in the afternoon. Moderate and strong winds are formed on
sunny days creating unstable conditions.
• It is a type of plume which has a wavy character.
• It occurs in a highly unstable atmosphere because of rapid mixing.
• It exists for several hours.
48.
49. Looping
• High degree of convective turbulence.
• Super adiabatic lapse rate – strong instabilities.
• Associated with clear daytime conditions accompanied by strong solar
heating and light winds.
• Occurs in unstable atmospheric conditions.
50.
51. Coning plume
• Formed when horizontal wind velocity exceeds 32 km/h and cloud
blocks solar radiation during the day and terrestrial radiation during
the night.
• There is little vertical mixing.
• The environment is slightly unstable under sub-adiabatic conditions
(ELR<ALR).
• The plume shape is vertically symmetrical about the plume line.
52. Coning
• Stable with small-scale turbulence
• Associated with overcast moderate to strong winds
• Pollutants travel fairly long distance before reaching ground level in
significant amounts
• Occurs in neutral atmospheric conditions
53.
54. Lofting Plume
• Lofting plume is produced by a strong super adiabatic lapse rate
immediately above the stack and a negative lapse rate (inversion)
immediately below the stack opening.
• The downward movement is stopped by inversion.
• This results in a very rapid and turbulent upward mixing of the plume.
But the downward mixing is less.
• As a result, the dispersion of pollutants becomes quick, and pollutants
cannot come down to the ground.
• Such a plume is good for dispersing air contaminants and providing
significant protection to living beings.
55. Fumigating Plume
• The fumigant plume is the exact opposite of the lofting plume.
• Pollutants cannot escape above the stack under these conditions,
thus they settle towards the ground due to turbulence and mixing.
• As a result, the dispersion of contaminants in a fumigant plume is
exceedingly poor.
56. Fumigation
• Most dangerous plume: contaminants are all coming down to ground
level.
• They are created when atmospheric conditions are stable above the
plume and unstable below.
• This happens most often after the daylight sun has warned the
atmosphere, which turns a night time fanning plume into fumigation
for about a half an hour.
57. Trapping Plume
• Plume trapping occurs when a plume is emitted into a shallow layer
of unstable air capped by a deep lid of stable air. This condition is
frequent on overcast spring days.
• This plume isn’t optimal for pollution dispersion since it can’t go past
a particular height.
58. Trapping
• When the inversion layer exists above the stack and as well as below
the stack, the plume neither goes up nor goes down, rather it gets
trapped between these two inversion layers.
• This plume is not ideal for dispersion of pollutants as it cannot go
above a certain height.
59.
60.
61.
62. Wind profiles and stack plume patterns
• The dispersion of emitted gases from the source of their production is
known as plume.
• The source is known as stack (chimney).
• The behavior of a plume from any stack depends on localized air stability.
• The geometric forms of stack plumes are the function of the vertical
temperature and wind profiles or vice versa.
• The behavior and dispersion of a plume entirely depend on the
environmental lapse rate influencing the plume behavior are the seasonal
variations in the atmospheric stability and the long term variations which
occur with change in seasons.
63. Wind profile power law
• The wind profile power law is a relationship between the wind speeds
at one height, and those at another.
• The wind profile power law relationship is:
• Limits
• The wind profile of the atmospheric boundary layer (surface to
around 2000 metres) is generally logarithmic in nature and is best
approximated using the log wind profile equation that accounts
for surface roughness and atmospheric stability.
64. Air pollution dispersion
• Air pollution dispersion is the pollution of air dispersed into the
atmosphere.
• Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules,
or other harmful materials into Earth’s atmosphere, causing disease,
death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food
crops or the natural or built environment.
• Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources.
Dispersion refers to what happens to the pollution during and after its
introduction: understanding this may help in identifying and
controlling it.
65. Air pollution dispersion
• Air pollution has become the focus of environmental conservationists
and governmental environmental protection agencies (local, state,
province and national) of many countries (which have adopted and
used much of the terminology of this field in their laws and
regulations) regarding air pollution control.
66. Dispersion modeling
• Dispersion is the process of spreading out the emission over a large
area thereby reducing the concentration of the pollutants.
• Plume dispersion is in two dimensions:
• Horizontal and vertical.
• It is assumed that the greatest concentration of the pollutants is on
the plume centerline in the direction of the prevailing wind.
• The further the away from the centerline the lower the
concentration.
67. Air Quality Modeling (AQM) / Plume
dispersion models
• Predict pollutant concentrations at various locations around the
source.
• Identify source contribution to air quality problem.
• Assess source impacts and design control strategies.
• Predict future pollutants concentrations from sources after
implementation of new regulatory programs.
68.
69. Air Quality Modelling (AQM)
• Mathematical and numerical techniques are used in AQM to simulate
the dispersion of air pollutants.
• Modeling of the dispersion of pollutants
• Toxic and odorous substances
• Single or multiple points
• Point, Area, or Volume sources
• Input data required for Air Quality Modeling
• Source characteristics
• Meteorological conditions
• Site and surrounding conditions
70. Ambient Air Concentration Modeling
• Types of Pollutant Sources
• Point Sources
• E.g., Stacks or vents
• Area Sources
• E.g., Landfills, ponds, storage piles
• Volume Sources
• E.g., Conveyors, structures with multiple vents
71. Factors Affecting Dispersion of Pollutants in
the Atmosphere
• Source Characteristics
• Emission rate of pollutant
• Stack height
• Exit temperature of the gas
• Stack diameter
• Meteorological Conditions
• Wind velocity
• Wind direction
• Ambient temperature
• Atmospheric stability
72. Plume dispersion model
• Plume dispersion model also referred as air quality model.
• It is a mathematical relationship between emissions and air quality that
incorporates the transport, dispersion and transformation of pollutants
emitted into the air.