TRANSMISSION :
A PROCESS WHERE TRAFFIC (VOICE,DATA,VIDEO) IS DESPATCHED OVER A MEDIUM BETWEEN THE SOURCE AND THE DESTINATION
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA :
WIRED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1.COPPER CABLE
2.OPTICAL FIBER
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1.VSAT NETWORKS
2.MICROWAVE RADIO
This slides about Wireless sensor network MAC protocol,
There are bunch of MAC protocol in research field.
It classify the MAC protocol and summarize the feature of typical sensor network MAC protcol
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (SDMA) SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Soumen Santra
SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (SDMA)
Definition : The communication channel encountered by this array of antennas.
advanced antenna technology.
Smart Antenna
Uplink Transmission
Downlink Transmission
Block Diagram
Features
Beam Frequency Reuse
Advantages
Disadvantages
Here I'm discussing about ABS , why we use it, its components and working and how ECU control the vehicle with collaboration of Modulation unit , Hydraulic unit , pumps , master cylinder and wheel speed sensor. Comparison between Non ABS and ABS vehicle. Pros and corns of system using some visual clips.
This slides about Wireless sensor network MAC protocol,
There are bunch of MAC protocol in research field.
It classify the MAC protocol and summarize the feature of typical sensor network MAC protcol
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (SDMA) SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Soumen Santra
SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (SDMA)
Definition : The communication channel encountered by this array of antennas.
advanced antenna technology.
Smart Antenna
Uplink Transmission
Downlink Transmission
Block Diagram
Features
Beam Frequency Reuse
Advantages
Disadvantages
Here I'm discussing about ABS , why we use it, its components and working and how ECU control the vehicle with collaboration of Modulation unit , Hydraulic unit , pumps , master cylinder and wheel speed sensor. Comparison between Non ABS and ABS vehicle. Pros and corns of system using some visual clips.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats
Icebreakers and games for training and workshops - My website moved now to Bo...Boxolog.com
My preferred icebreakers and games for mid-level workshops and training. I like very much the 10 dollar auction game!
My website moved now to Boxolog.com
Complete details of EHV Transmission Line. Consolidated this presentation from those experts who had contributed separately on slider share and other web pages.Thanks for their valuable inputs.
Possible media for communication
Introduction to Communication Media
Introduction to Microwave communication
Manufacturers of Microwave
Why Microwave?
Characteristics of microwave
Types of Microwave communication
Types of Microwave Links
Requirements for the microwave communication
What is LOS?
Wave Propagation in the atmosphere
Multi path Propagation
LOS Purpose & requirements
Limitations of Line of Sight Systems
Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links
K- factor
Variations of the ray curvature as a function of k
Fresnel zone
Obstacles & Loses
Knife Edge Obstacles
Smooth Spherical Earth Obstacles
Path Loss
Other losses
Why vertical polarization favorable at high freq
Antenna type & Gain
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Fading Margin
Reliability
Basic Telecom concepts
Various Wireless Technologies
Cellular concepts & Principal of cellular Comm.
GSM Network Architecture
GSM channel Architecture
Call Flows in GSM
GSM Planning steps (Nominal Plan & RF surveys)
Alternative means of wireless communication
Walkie - Talkie
Pagers
Trunked private radios
Mobile Phone - the magic technology that enables everyone to communicate anywhere with anybody.
Till 1982 Cellular Systems were exclusively Analog Radio Technology.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
U.S. standard on the 800 MHz Band
Total Access Communication System (TACS)
U.K. standard on 900 MHz band
Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT)
Scandinavian standard on the 450 & 900 MHz band
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
The following table summarizes the frequency-related specifications of each of the GSM systems. The terms used in the table are explained in the remainder of this section.
System P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800
Frequencies: • Uplink • Downlink
890-915 MHz
935-960 MHz
Wavelength ~ 33 cm
880-915 MHz
925-960 MHz
GSM 1900
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz
1850-1910 MHz
1930-1990 MHz
~ 33 cm ~ 17 cm ~ 16 cm
Bandwidth 25 MHz
35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz
Duplex Distance 45 MHz
45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Carrier Separation 200 kHz
1
Radio Channels
200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
125
175 375 300
Transmission Rate 270 kbits/s
270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s 270 kbits/s
Table 3-1 Frequency-related specifications
FREQUENCY
F Did you know?
Due to frequency, a BTS transmitting information at 1800 MHz with an output power of 10 Watts (W) will cover only half the area of a similar BTS transmitting at 900 MHz. To counteract this, BTSs using 1800 MHz may use a higher output power.
An MS communicates with a BTS by transmitting or receiving radio waves, which consist of electromagnetic energy. The frequency of a radio wave is the number of times that the wave oscillates per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz indicates one oscillation per second. Radio frequencies are used for many applications in the world today. Some common uses include:
• Television: 300 MHz approx. • FM Radio: 100 MHz approx. • Police radios: Country dependent • Mobile networks: 300 - 2000 MHz approx.
The frequencies used by mobile networks varies according to the standard being used
2
. An operator applies for the available frequencies or, as in the United States, the operator bids for frequency bands at an auction. The following diagram displays the frequencies used by the major mobile standards:
DAMPS 1900 MHz
0450900800 1500 1800 1900 NMT 450
PDC 800
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900NMT 900
PDC 1500AMPS DAMPS 800
TACS
Figure 3-1 Frequencies for major mobile standards
Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s
Half rate => Used for speech at 6.5 Kbits/s
or sending data at 4.8 Kbits/s
Enhanced Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s but
with almost Land line quality
FCCH = FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL
=> To tell the Mobile that this is the BCCH carrier
=> To able the Mobile to synchronize to the frequency
(Downlink only)
SCH = SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
=> Used for sending BSIC (Base station Identity Code)
=> Give TDMA frame number to the Mobile.
(Downlink only)
BCCH = BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for sending information to the mobile like
CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells,
maximum output power allowed in the cell and other
broadcast messages like barred cell. (Downlink only)
PCH = PAGING CHANNEL
=> Used for paging the Mobile. (Downlink only)
Reason could be an incoming call or an incoming Short Message.
RACH = RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
=> Used for responding to the paging (terminating), Location updating
or to make call access (originating) by asking for a signaling channel.
(Uplink only)
AGCH = ACCESS GRANT CHANNEL
=> Used to allocate SDCCH to the mobile.
(Downlink only)
ell Allocation (CA) is the subset of the total frequency band that is available for one BTS. It can be viewed as the total transport resource available for traffic between the BTS and its attached MSs. One Radio Frequency CHannel (RFCH) of the CA is used to carry synchronization information and the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH). This can be any of the carriers in the cell and it is known as the BCCH carrier or the c
carrier. Strong efficiency and quality requirements have resulted in a
0
rather complex way of utilizing the frequency resource. This chapter describes the basic principles of how to use this resource from the physical resource itself to the information transport service offered by the BTS.
Carrier separation is 200 kHz, which provides: • 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band • 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band • 299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band
Using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each of these carriers is divided into eight Time Slots (TS). One TS on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel, i.e. on each duplex pair of carriers there are eight physical channels.
A variety of information is transmitted between the BTS and thMS. The information is grouped into different logical channelsEach logical channel is used for a specific purpose such as paging, call set-up and speech. For example, speech is sent on the logical channel Traffic CHannel (TCH). The logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels.
The information in this chapter does not include channels specific for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). For basic information on GPRS see chapter 14 of this documentation.
Common core mechanics in Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Outdoor and Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Indoor
Common plug-in units
1940 x 770 x 750 mm (H x W x D)
Identical footprint to CityTalk BTS
Weight
Max weight (12 TRX) 340 kg
Heaviest single part 58 kg (core mechanics)
Heaviest plug-in unit 18 kg (RTC)
Acoustic noise (max): 68 dB(A)
Climatic conditions:
w/o heater -10°C ... +50°C
with optional heater -33°C ... +50°C
Ingress Protection Class: IP 55
Two level environmental protection:
BTS core and cabinet door provides EMC shielding
Outdoor kit provides additional weather proofing
The GENEX Assistant is excellent software tool for
Post-Processing 2G & 3G Drive Test Data.
With the GENEXAssistant, you can:
Have a panorama view of network performance
Locate network troubles
Improve network quality
Verify network planning and optimization
ANALYSIS OF LOGFILE
FOR POST PROCESSING OF LOGFILE IN
GENEX ASSISTANCE WE NEED TO
OPEN A NEW PROJECT
. Overview
2. Handover Causes & Priorities
3. Threshold Comparison Process
4. Target Cell Evaluation Process
5. Handover Algorithms
Power Budget (PBGT)
Level & Quality (RXLEV & RXQUAL)
Umbrella (& Combined Umbrella/PBGT)
MS Speed (FMMS & MS_SPEED_DETECTION)
6. Imperative Handovers
Distance
Rapid Field Drop (RFD) & Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (ERFD)
7. Handover Timers
Call continuity - to ensure a call can be maintained as a MS moves geographical location from the coverage area of one cell to another
Call quality - to ensure that if an MS moves into a poor quality/coverage area the call can be moved from the serving cell to a neighbouring cell (with better quality) without dropping the call
Traffic Reasons - to ensure that the traffic within the network is optimally
distributed between the different layers/bands of a network
If 2 or more handover (PC) criteria are satisfied simultaneously the following priority list
is used in determining which process is performed;
. Uplink and downlink Interference
2. Uplink quality
3. Downlink quality
4. Uplink level
5. Downlink level
6. Distance
7. Enhanced (RFD)
8. Rapid Field Drop (RFD)
9. Slow moving MS
10. Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO)
11. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
12. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
Introduction
Channel Configuration
Idle Mode Operation
Protocols
Radio resources
Measurements
Power Control
HO process
Intelligent Underlay Overlay
Handover Support for Coverage Enhanchements
The extended cell
Dynamic Hotspot
Dual band GSM/DCS Network Operation
Half Rate
HSCSD
Transmission management in BSS is a feature used in managing the Base Station Subsystem transmission system functions such as supervision, alarms, statistics
and settings. The network element mainly responsible for transmission management in BSS is the Base Station Controller (BSC).
Transmission management functionalities make it possible for the operators to manage the transmission equipment remotely from the BSC or from Nokia
NetAct integrated network management system, which simplifies network maintenance and operation. Supervision functions help minimise the time spent in maintenance, and statistics collection helps the operators analyse and optimise
the use of their transmission equipment. Moreover, new software can be downloaded in a way that does not interfere with the traffic.
Hardware and software requirements BSS transmission network elements
BSS transmission management functionalities Transmission parameters Transmission alarms
Transmission measurements
2.Hardware and software requirements
There are no specific hardware or software requirements for the transmission management functionalities. However, the type of the BTS poses certain
limitations.
The BTS type specific functionalities are listed in the table below.
More details about the functionalities can be found in BSS transmission management functionalities .
Polling list sending with priority is a functionality used in positioning. To ensure accurate positioning calculations, the LMU unit must supply Radio Interface Timing System (RIT) information to the network faster than the normal Q1 polling is able to do. Faster LMU polling is achieved by defining a Q1 polling
priority for each Q1 device, with the LMU having the highest priority. For more information see Location Services .
3.BSS transmission network elements
The base Station Subsystem (BSS) consists of at least one Base Station Controller (BSC) and its Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The Transcoder Submultiplexer
(TCSM) is also part of the BSS although it is actually located in the MSC site. The three basic configurations (topologies) for transmission between the BSC and
the BTSs are: point-to-point connection
multidrop chain multidrop loop
In point-to-point configuration each BTS is connected directly to the BSC. In the multidrop chain, BTSs form a chain and the first BTS in the network is connected directly to the BSC. In the loop connection, the BTSs form a loop where the first and the last BTS in the loop are connected directly to the BSC via a crossconnecting node. The topology used depends on a number of factors such as the distance between the BSC and the BTS, the number of transceivers (TRXs) used at a particular BTS site and the signalling channel rate between the BSC and the\ BTS. Usually the topology used is a mixture of the three basic topologies. Formore information on the topologies, refer to Nokia BSS Transmission\Configuration .
– There are others : IS95 HDR, EDGE, etc.
» Direct Spread CDMA TDD
» Direct Spread CDMA FDD
» Multi-carrier CDMA FDD
Global 3G comprises of 3 modes :
– Marketed as Global 3G CDMA implying a single unified standard. In reality,
– Mostly dominated by Direct Sequence CDMA.
– Market is expected to be fragmented amongst several competing
IMT2000 guidelines defined by the ITU.
– Analog was 1G. GSM/IS95 were 2G. Next is 3G.
What is 3G ?
standards.
across the world.
Envisioned as a single Global standard allowing seamless roaming
Used interchangeably with IMT2000 although there are some specific
A loosely defined term referring to next generation wireless systems.
4
encompasses three optional modes of operation.”
Telecommunications Union (ITU) of a single CDMA third generation standard that
“Qualcomm and Ericsson ... jointly support approval by the International
Jun 1999 found compromise at the OHG.
“Qualcomm … is not prepared to grant licences according to the … ETSI IPR Policy.”
fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory basis in accordance with the ... ETSI IPR Policy.”
“Ericsson … is prepared to grant licences to these [W-CDMA & TD-CDMA] patents on
Dec 1998 saw a stand-off in standards.
WCDMA, WTDMA, OFDMA, Global CDMA 1 & 2.
Asia Pacific (ARIB & TTA):
WCDMA N/A, UWC-136, cdma2000, WIMS WCDMA, WP-CDMA.
North America(T1P1, TR45.3, TR45.5, TR46.1):
WCDMA, WTDMA,TDMA/CDMA, OFDMA, ODMA.
Europe (ETSI):
In
n
scrambling achieve?
scrambling achieve?
6
Secure link: a linear sequence of length 2
doesn’t
Benefits of wideband signals: multipath provides temporal diversity instead of ISI.
Spectral re-use factor of 1: all cells can use the same frequency spectrum.
does
What
What
Low cross-correlation (at any time offset).
High auto-correlation (at any time offset).
What are their important properties?
in to a low amplitude, wide bandwidth signal.
Converts a high amplitude, narrow bandwidth signal
How do they work?
Pseudo-random sequences: Gold codes, Kasami codes (M-sequences).
‘W’ of WCDMA.
W
Cdma2000 network problem analysis with mobile station 20030212-a-v1.0Tempus Telcosys
Keyword: CDMA, forward coverage, reverse coverage and connection
Abstract: This document describes how to use a Mobile Station (MS) to locate network problems. That is, judge the forward/reverse coverage by viewing the indices displayed on the Debug screen of MS. Then locate the network problems according to reverse Frame Error Rate (FER) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) test on the background. This document uses H100 MS as an example for the description. For settings of other CDMA MSs, see the relevant document.
1.1
Displaying Debug Screen of H100 MS
1.2
1) 2) 3) 4)
Switch on the MS; Input password: ##27732726; Press the red Power-off key; Select 3.
The Debug screen is displayed.
Index Value on Debug Screen
Assume that the following information is displayed on the Debug screen:
P232 R085 C0210
03612-00001-1
PAGE Ec: -5.0
RX: -75 TX: NoTx
P232: PN of primary service sector
C0210: System operating frequency
03612: SID
00001: NID
PAGE: Channel mode
Ec: Ec/Io
Rx: Receive level of MS
TX: Transmit level of MS
Thou
It is required that after the course study
you should:
Have a general concept about DT
Master Panorama DT operation
Master Panorama data analysis
Chapter 1 DT Introduction
Chapter 2 Panorama DT Introduction
Chapter 3 Panorama DT Data Analysis
Collect System Air interface data
Analyze Air interface data
Assist Export Analysis report
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
QCTest™ CDMA Air Interface Tester (CAIT™) 3.1 User’s GuideTempus Telcosys
QUALCOMM Proprietary
Export of this technology or software is regulated by the U.S. Government. Diversion contrary to Ulaw prohibited.
All data and information contained in or disclosed by this document are confidential and proprietinformation of QUALCOMM Incorporated, and all rights therein are expressly reserved. By acceptthis material, the recipient agrees that this material and the information contained therein are heldconfidence and in trust and will not be used, copied, reproduced in whole or in part, nor its contentsrevealed in any manner to others without the express written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated.
Mobile communications is one of the communications fields that develop rapidly and energetically. The antenna builds the bridge between user terminals and base control devices. It is widely used in the mobile communications and the wireless access communication system. The rapid development of the antenna greatly promotes its technology innovation.
It is important to deeply grasp the knowledge of the antenna, which is useful to:
Install and maintain products.
Promote the network planning.
Chapter 1 Working Principle
Chapter 2 Classification
Chapter 3 Electrical Index
Chapter 4 Mechanical Index
When the conducting cable carries the alternating current, the electromagnetic wave radiation can be formed.
If two conducting cables are close, the directions of their current are opposite, and the electromotive force is counteracted. Thus the radiation becomes week.
If two conducting cables are open, the directions of their current are the same. Thus the radiation becomes strong.
When the length of the conducting cable is like the wavelength, the current on the cable will be enhanced. Thus the radiation becomes strong.
The straight conducting cable which can generate the strong radiation is called the dipole.
The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/4 Wavelength) is called as dipole or half-wave-length dipole.
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation modelsTempus Telcosys
The radio propagation theory is an important lesson in the radio communication curriculum. This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have during the propagation? Which factors affect the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in the radio wave propagation theory? How to apply the theory to practice?
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation Theory
Chapter 2 Radio Propagation Environment
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Models
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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TRANSMISSION :
A PROCESS WHERE TRAFFIC (VOICE,DATA,VIDEO) IS DESPATCHED OVER
A MEDIUM BETWEEN THE SOURCE AND THE DESTINATION
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA :
WIRED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1.COPPER CABLE
2.OPTICAL FIBER
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1.VSAT NETWORKS
2.MICROWAVE RADIO
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COPPER CABLE : -
OLDEST KNOWN TRANSMISSION MEDIA
ADVANTAGES
1. CHEAP
2. EASILY AVAILABLE
DISADVANTAGES
1. PRONE TO LOSSES
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VSAT NETWORKS : -
VSAT NETWORKS ARE A POPULAR TRANSMISSIOM MEDIA WHERE
FIBER OR MW CONNECTIVITY IS NOT POSSIBLE
NETWORK ELEMENTS IN A VSAT NETWORK
1.UPLINK ANTENNA (TRANSPONDER)
2.GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
3.DOWNLINK ANTENNA (RECIEVER)
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FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS
Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair that
carry digital information over long distances
A FIBER Cable is essentially made up of
CORE
CLADDING
BUFFER COATING
6. Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels
Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that
reflects the light back into the core
Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
Thousands of optical fibers are arranged in bundles to form an optical cable
.Optical cables are covered with protective jackets
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
SINGLE MODE FIBER :
Single-mode fibers have small cores (about 3.5 x 10-4 inches or 9 microns
in diameter) and transmit infrared laser light (wavelength = 1,300 to
1,550 nanometers).
MULTI MODE FIBER :
Multi-mode fibers have larger cores (about 2.5 x 10-3 inches or 62.5
microns in diameter) and transmit infrared light (wavelength = 850 to
1,300 nm)
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8. When light passes from a medium with one index of refraction (m1)
to another medium with a lower index of refraction (m2), it bends or
refracts away from an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface
(normal line).
As the angle of the beam through m1 becomes greater with respect
to the normal line, the refracted light through m2 bends further
away from the line
At one particular angle (critical angle), the refracted light will not go
into m2, but instead will travel along the surface between the two
media (sine [critical angle] = n2/n1 where n1 and n2 are the indices
of refraction [n1 is greater than n2]).
If the beam through m1 is greater than the critical angle, then the
refracted beam will be reflected entirely back into m1 (total internal
reflection), even though m2 may be transparent
CRITICAL ANGLE = COS -1 ( N2 / N1)
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TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT SIGNAL IN A FIBER OPTIC
The light in a fiber-optic cable travels through the core (hallway) by
constantly bouncing from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a principle
called total internal reflection
10. Because the cladding does not absorb any light from the
core, the light wave can travel great distances
Some of the light signal degrades within the fiber, mostly
due to impurities in the glass
The extent that the signal degrades depends on the purity of
the glass and the wavelength of the transmitted light (For eg :
850 nm = 60 to 75 percent/km;
1,300 nm = 50 to 60 percent/km; 1,550 nm is greater than 50
percent/km).
Some premium optical fibers show much less signal
degradation -- less than 10 percent/km at 1,550 nm.
Fiber-Optic Relay System
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TRANSMITTER
OPTICAL
RECEIVER
OPTICAL
REGENERATOR
OPTICAL FIBER OPTICAL FIBER
11. Transmitter - Produces and
encodes the light signals
Optical fiber - Conducts the
light signals over a distance
Optical regenerator - May be
necessary to boost the light
signal (for long distances)
Optical receiver - Receives
and decodes the light signals
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12. ADVANTAGES :
1. RELIABLITY
2. HIGH DATA CARRYING CAPACITY
3. LOW SIGNAL LOSSES
4. NO INTERFERENCE DUE TO USE OF LIGHT
SIGNALS
5. FLEXIBLE AND LIGHTWEIGHT
DISADVANTAGES :
1. COSTLIER THAN MICROWAVE,COPPER CABLE
2. MORE REPAIR TIME
3. TRENCHING AND DUCTING INVOLVED HENCE
MORE DEPLOYMENT TIME
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MIRCOWAVE TRANSMISSION : -
MICROWAVE MEDIA CAN BE USED FOR POINT–TO-POINT
AND POINT-MULTIPOINT TRANSMISSION
WHY MICROWAVE :-
1. Supports hop length from less than 50 meters to 60 k ms
2. Easy and fast deployment compared to any other media
3. Flexibility ,upgradeability ,capacity increase ,redeployment
4. High reliability and low maintenance cost
5. High MTBF and Low MTTR
6. Can reach farther remote inaccessible areas over water , forests and
mountains
14. MICROWAVE PROPOGATION PRINCIPLES
Microwave transmission occurs in the atmosphere
surrounding earth called troposphere which extends to an
average of 10 km from earth’s surface.
Microwave is essentially a LINE OF SIGHT communication.
Microwave travels at speed of light (3 x 10 power 8 m/s)
Microwave transmission can occur between 2 Ghz to 30 Ghz
Microwave frequency bands are 2,4,6,7,8,13,15,18,23 Ghz
Microwave signal propogates through free space and suffers losses while
travelling called FREE SPACE LOSS
FSL =92.4 + 20 log10 (D x f)
Where D=distance (kms) and f=frequency (Ghz)
Total Loss suffered by a MW sig is given by
Total Loss = FSL + Atmospheric Absorption Loss + Field Margin
Net Path Loss suffered by a MW sig is given by
=Total Loss – Gain of both antenna
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15. Components of a MW link
A MW link consists of
a. Radios (IDU) – 2nos
b. ODU – 2nos
c. Antennas – 2nos
d. Inter-facility cables between IDU and ODU
Function of components
a. Radio (IDU) : Coding and decoding digital data and converting digital data to IF
frequency
b. Inter-facility cable : Carries the IF frequency signal to
ODU
c. ODU : Converts IF signal to RF signal for propogation through medium
d. Antenna : Transmitting and receiving RF signals
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16. MW RADIO :
Which MW radios to be used
a. Should meet ITU standards
b. High Transmit Power
c. High System Gain
d. ATPC , XPIC
e. High tolerance for co-channel and adjacent channel interference
f. High dispersive fade margin to combat signal distortion
g. Variable modulation schemes
h. Rate independent
i. Should sustain severe climate
f. Should have max traffic carrying capacity
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17. Types of MW Radios
a. Plesiochronous Digital Heirarchy (PDH)
b. Synchronous Digital Heirarchy (SDH)
Radio Configurations :
a. Space Diversity (SD)
b. Frequency Diversity (FD)
c. 1 + 0
d. 1 + 1
e. XPIC
f. MHSB
INTER-FACILITY CABLE :
Acts as a medium for transfer of signal to ODU
Is a hollow waveguide covered by protecting sheath.
Losses incurred are generally 0.5 dB for 100 mtrs cable
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18. Outdoor Unit (ODU) :
Types of ODU
a. Antenna mount
b. Pole Mount
MW Antenna :
Can be omni-directional as well as directional
Consists of following parts
a. Reflector – Reflects MW energy towards the MW beam
b. Antenna Mount – Mount for installing on pole
c. Feed – Matches ODU and free space impedence and facilitates
polarisation adjustment from H to V and vice versa
d. Shield – Attached to reflector to improve radiation pattern of the antenna
e. Radome –Protective cover from ice, rain and wind
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19. TYPES OF MW ANTENNA
SPACE DIVERSITY
HIGH GAIN HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL
MW ANTENNA PARAMETERS
1. Antenna Gain : Gain is the figure of merit of its directivity and indicates how well it focuses MW
energy
Antenna Gain = 17.8 + 20 log10 (d x f )
where d= antenna diameter( mtrs) and f =frequency (Ghz)
Also gain can be given as
Antenna Gain = ( 4 x ∏ /λ ^ 2) x Aeff
where Aeff = 0.65 x (∏ x D ^ 2)/4
2. Beam Width : Width of the beam having 50 % of focused MW energy
Beam Width = 70 x λ / D
where λ = wavelength and D = Antenna Diameter(mtrs)
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20. Requirements for a MW link
LOS – If a MW link has to be installed successfully there should be a proper line of
sight. In order to predict whether a MW link can be installed between two points a
LOS survey is required.
LOS can be deduced by Toposheet study and LOS survey
Toposheet study involves plotting the points on SOI maps and noting the AMSL
contours in the LOS path . The contour readings can be used to calculate the MW
antenna height required at both points.
How to conduct a LOS Survey
A surveyor needs to have the following equipments to successfully
carry out a LOS survey
a. Two Altimeters
b. Compass
c. GPS ( min 12 channel)
d. Binoculars Monday, June 03, 2013www.tempustelcosys.com
21. Procedure :
1 .Calibrate the two altimeters by taking the AMSL at a railway station or at a previously
calibrated point.
2. Proceed to the far end by taking AMSL readings at regular intervals and also at places
where the AMSL changes drastically
3. Take the height of man made and natural obstructions ( bldgs, trees ,mountains) in
the LOS path
4. Calculate the MW antenna height required by using the formula
Antenna Height = Max obstruction height – First Obstruction height and Last Obstruction
height
Obstruction height is sum of actual obstruction height , Earth Bulge ,Fresnel Zone
Clearance
Points to remember while planning a MW link
The link should clear the first and second Fresnel Zones (min 60 % for first Fresnel Zone
and 30 % for second Fresnel zone)
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D1 D2
Optical horizon
23. Optical Horizon is the straight line distance from the reciever and transmitter
antenna
Optical Horizon = 3.57 x √ (Ht + Hr)
Radio Horizon is due to the bending of the MW ray towards the earth.
Radio Horizon is 15 % bigger that the optical horizon
Radio Horizon = 4.12 x √ (Ht + Hr)
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24. Fresenel Zones and LOS
As said earlier for a MW link to work successfully the first and second Fresnel
zones need to be cleared by minimum 60 % and 30 % resp.
Fresnel zones are ellipsoids around the MW link caused because of the differences in the
refractive indices of different medium
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For calculating the Fresnel zone radius at any point P in the middle of the link
is the following:
Fn = √n λ d1 d2 / d1 + d2
where,
Fn = The nth Fresnel Zone radius in metres
d1 = The distance of P from one end in metres
d2 = The distance of P from the other end in metres
λ = The wavelength of the transmitted signal in metres
25. If we take n =1 then the First Fresnel Zone can be given as
F1 = 17.32 x √d1 d2 / f x d
where
d1 = The distance of P from one end in metres
d2 = The distance of P from the other end in metres
f = Frequency in Ghz
d = Total path length ( d1 + d2)
Earth Bulge and K Factor
Earth’s curvature and microwave beam refraction combined to form fictitious earth curvature
or Earth Bulge
Earth Bulge is given as
EARTH BULGE at a dist d1 km
= d1 * d2 / (12.75 * K) mtrs
Where d2 = (d – d1) Km
K = K Factor
K Factor is given by r / ro
Where r = true earth radius
r0 = effective earth radius
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26. Losses due to obstacles
MW signal is degenerated due to losses during propogation due
to two types of obstacles
1.Knife Edge Obstacle : -
Knife Edge Loss is given by
A obst = 6.4 – 20 log ( V √ 2 + √ 1 + 2 V power 2 )
V = hlos / r
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27. Smooth surface losses are generally higher than knife edge losses
and can go high as 40 db.
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28. 1.Reflection :
There might be a free space loss calculated while designing a link and the actual
free space loss encountered by the link. This is because of multi-path propogations.
Multipath is caused because of smooth ground, water bodies,man made structures
etc
The signal received at the Rx antenna is a combination of the direct signal and the
multipath reflections.These reflected waves might cause losses if the reflected
signal is out of phase from the desired signal.These losses are called as down fade.
How to reduce multipath:
a.The Tx and Rx antennas should be adjusted in such a way that they are not at the
same height so that the angle of incidence is not same as the angle of reflection/
b.Use space diversity keeping a separation of atleast 200 λ between two antennas
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29. 2. Refraction :
The MW rays experience refractions due to the change in the refractive
indices of the propogating medium .These are due to various
atmospheric anomallies.
Temperature Inversion : Typicallly warm air in found near the earths surface
and the as the altitude increases the air becomes cooler. Sometimes the heat is
radiated from the ground and the air at the earths surface becomes cooler
whereas the upper layer of the atmosphere is cooler. This is known as a
atmospheric duct and the condition is called as temperature inversion.
When the MW signal passes through such a duct the refraction occurs in such a
way that the ray bends more than the normal and the radio horizon increases and
the ray travels beyond the LOS. This is called as the Super Refraction.
When the atmospheric density increases with height instead of decreasing it
causes a fog with warm air over cool air. When the MW link encounters this
atmospheric effect it causes the MW ray to bend less than the normal and the ray
falls short than the LOS. This leads to less Fresnel Zone clearance and
obstructions. This is called as the Sub Refraction
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30. 3. Diffraction :
Diffraction is seen due to the knife edge and smooth edge obstructions.
Typically good clearance of Fresnel zones nullifies the diffraction effect
Fading and their types:
Fading is generally of two types
a. Flat Fade : Flat fades are seen because of rain attenuation, ducting and beam bending.
Rain Fading : MW signal faces attenuation due to fading if the MW frequencies used are above
10 Ghz. Below 10 Ghz rain has no effect on a MW link.Rain drops act as poor di-electric absorbing
MW energy.
While designing a link the PL (50 or 90 ) factor and the rain file should be used as per the rainfall
rate in that particular region.
Also in regions where there is heavy rainfall links should be designed with vertical polarisation as
rain attenuation is considerably reduced as opposed to a horizontally polarised link.This is due to
the fact that as rain drops approach the earths surface because of the gravitational pull the drops
acquire a shape which is wider at its axis.
b. Frequency selective Fade : Frequency selective fade avries with frequency.It is seen in cases
where the reflected signal is received out of phase from the desired signal.
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Parameter PDH SDH
Frequency Bands (GHz) 2,4,6,7,8,13,15,18,23 6,7,8,15,18,23
Traffic Capacity Max 32 E1 Max 63 E1
Modulation QPSK 128 QAM
Band Width Occupied 28 MHz 28 Mhz
System Gain 110 to 100 dB 90 dB
Good comb for 10 kms 1.2 m 1.8 m
MW cost with 1.2 m
antenna
4 lacs 6 lacs
32. Other parameters required to design a MW link
1. Received Signal (RSL) : The link is generally designed to get a receive signal of
around 30-36 dB
RSL = Tx power – Net Path Loss
= Pt – Lctx + Gatx –Lcrx + Garx – FSL
where Pt – Transmitted power in dBm
Lctx – Cable loss between Tx and its antenna
Gatx – Gain of transmitting antenna
Lcrx – Cable loss between Rx and its antenna
Garx – Gain of receiving antenna
FSL – Free Space Loss
Receiver threshold value is directly proportional to data rate or capacity
SDH ( 63 E1 ) threshold - -68 dBm
PDH ( 16 E1 ) threshold - -83 dBm
Receiver threshold is inversely proportional to BER( Bit error rate)
BER 10 -6 - Rx threshold -68 dBm
Ber 10 -3 - Rx threshold -69 dBm Monday, June 03, 2013www.tempustelcosys.com
33. Max Rx signal is equiment related generally - 20 dBm .If the received signal is more
that the equipment max Rx signal the equipment goes into saturation ( los of link).
2. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ( EIRP ) :
EIRP = Tx Power (dBm) + Gain of single antenna (dBm)
3. Fade Margin :
1. Thermal Fade Margin :
Thermal Fade Margin = Rx s/g level – Rx threshold level
2. Dispersive Fade Margin : Due to inband distortions
3. Adjacent channel interference fade margin : Due to energy spill over in the adjacent
channel receivers
4. External interference fade margin : Due to inter system co-channel interference
5. Composite of Effective Fade Margin :
EFM = -10 log10 ( 10 – TFM /10 + 10 – DFM /10 + 10 – EIFM /10 )
4 . Path Inclination is given as
PI = Elevantion Diff / Path Length
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34. 5. Fade Occurrence Factor Po is given as
Po = C x (f/4) x d 3 x 10 – 5 dBm
Where C – speed of light ( 3 x 10 8 m/s)
f – Frequency in Ghz
d – Path distance
6. Fade Probability is given as
P = K x d 3.6 x f 0.89 x ( 1 + £p) -1.4 x 10 –F /10
Where K – Geo-climatic factor for worst month fading
d – path length in kms
f - Frequency in Ghz
£p – Path inclination in milli radians
F – Effect Fade Margin
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