4G networks provide significantly higher maximum data rates than previous generations of mobile networks, with peak speeds defined by the ITU as 1 Gbit/s for stationary use and 100 Mbit/s for mobile use. 4G technologies include LTE Advanced and WiMax 2. Key features of 4G networks are all-IP packet switched networks supporting broadband Internet access to mobile devices and high-speed streaming of video and audio.
1. The document discusses 1G and 2G mobile communication technologies. 1G used analog FDMA technology for voice calls only, while 2G introduced digital TDMA and CDMA to support voice, data, and multimedia on mobile networks.
2. 1G speeds ranged from 28-56kbps while 2G networks supported speeds up to 115kbps. Digital encoding in 2G also made networks more spectrum efficient and enabled features like SMS and internet access.
3. The document provides details on GSM, CDMA, and GPRS as the main 2G standards and discusses frequency reuse techniques like cell sectoring to reduce interference in mobile networks.
different generation of wireless communicationmehzabeens
Mobile telephony has evolved through several generations from early analog systems to current digital technologies. First generation (1G) systems used analog radio signals and were susceptible to noise. Second generation (2G) systems digitized signals but provided slower data transmission speeds. Third generation (3G) systems offered higher speeds and additional capabilities like video calling, web browsing, and mobile TV. 4G systems provide broadband speeds and further multimedia support.
This document discusses the evolution of wireless communication networks from 1G to 5G. It provides an overview of 1G to 3G wireless systems, including their key features and limitations. 4G is presented as a conceptual framework to address future high speed wireless needs, aiming to provide 100Mbps mobility and 1Gbps stationary speeds. 5G is described as a theoretical complete wireless system with almost no limitations, enabling a true "wireless world". The document concludes that wireless systems are becoming important infrastructure and a virtual global system can efficiently connect dedicated wireless networks from 2G to 4G.
The document discusses 5G and 6G mobile technologies. It provides an overview of the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, describing some key 5G technologies like millimeter wave, small cells, massive MIMO, and beamforming. It then introduces 6G, explaining that 6G networks are expected to utilize terahertz bands and technologies like AI, optical wireless communication, and 3D networking. Some advantages of 6G mentioned include extremely high speeds, low latency, improved security and personalization, and enabling new applications like connected robotics.
This document summarizes the evolution of cellular communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It describes the key features and limitations of each generation of technology: 1G introduced analog cellular but had poor voice quality and battery life; 2G digitalized cellular using GSM but had limited data speeds and required strong signals; 2.5G introduced GPRS and enabled basic data services; 3G increased speeds to 2Mbps, allowing video calls and mobile TV; 4G provides speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for services like streaming media and supports at least 200 active users per cell. Long term evolution (LTE) is the 4G standard used by most networks globally.
Mobile technology has evolved from 1G analog networks to today's 4G/5G digital networks. Early radio technologies developed in the late 19th/early 20th centuries led to the first commercial cellular networks in the late 1970s/early 1980s (1G) providing analog voice calls. 2G digital networks in the 1990s like GSM and CDMA enabled more efficient use of spectrum and supported multiple users per channel. 3G networks beginning in the late 1990s provided improved data services and higher speeds like EDGE while laying the foundation for today's 4G/5G networks that provide robust broadband connectivity and multimedia services.
1. The document discusses 1G and 2G mobile communication technologies. 1G used analog FDMA technology for voice calls only, while 2G introduced digital TDMA and CDMA to support voice, data, and multimedia on mobile networks.
2. 1G speeds ranged from 28-56kbps while 2G networks supported speeds up to 115kbps. Digital encoding in 2G also made networks more spectrum efficient and enabled features like SMS and internet access.
3. The document provides details on GSM, CDMA, and GPRS as the main 2G standards and discusses frequency reuse techniques like cell sectoring to reduce interference in mobile networks.
different generation of wireless communicationmehzabeens
Mobile telephony has evolved through several generations from early analog systems to current digital technologies. First generation (1G) systems used analog radio signals and were susceptible to noise. Second generation (2G) systems digitized signals but provided slower data transmission speeds. Third generation (3G) systems offered higher speeds and additional capabilities like video calling, web browsing, and mobile TV. 4G systems provide broadband speeds and further multimedia support.
This document discusses the evolution of wireless communication networks from 1G to 5G. It provides an overview of 1G to 3G wireless systems, including their key features and limitations. 4G is presented as a conceptual framework to address future high speed wireless needs, aiming to provide 100Mbps mobility and 1Gbps stationary speeds. 5G is described as a theoretical complete wireless system with almost no limitations, enabling a true "wireless world". The document concludes that wireless systems are becoming important infrastructure and a virtual global system can efficiently connect dedicated wireless networks from 2G to 4G.
The document discusses 5G and 6G mobile technologies. It provides an overview of the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, describing some key 5G technologies like millimeter wave, small cells, massive MIMO, and beamforming. It then introduces 6G, explaining that 6G networks are expected to utilize terahertz bands and technologies like AI, optical wireless communication, and 3D networking. Some advantages of 6G mentioned include extremely high speeds, low latency, improved security and personalization, and enabling new applications like connected robotics.
This document summarizes the evolution of cellular communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It describes the key features and limitations of each generation of technology: 1G introduced analog cellular but had poor voice quality and battery life; 2G digitalized cellular using GSM but had limited data speeds and required strong signals; 2.5G introduced GPRS and enabled basic data services; 3G increased speeds to 2Mbps, allowing video calls and mobile TV; 4G provides speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for services like streaming media and supports at least 200 active users per cell. Long term evolution (LTE) is the 4G standard used by most networks globally.
Mobile technology has evolved from 1G analog networks to today's 4G/5G digital networks. Early radio technologies developed in the late 19th/early 20th centuries led to the first commercial cellular networks in the late 1970s/early 1980s (1G) providing analog voice calls. 2G digital networks in the 1990s like GSM and CDMA enabled more efficient use of spectrum and supported multiple users per channel. 3G networks beginning in the late 1990s provided improved data services and higher speeds like EDGE while laying the foundation for today's 4G/5G networks that provide robust broadband connectivity and multimedia services.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, beginning with a brief history of previous mobile communication generations including 1G, 2G, and 3G. It describes some of the key limitations of 3G technology and how 4G aims to address these by providing higher data rates, seamless IP-based connectivity, and support for various broadband multimedia applications. The key technologies that enable 4G are also outlined, along with the expected benefits and applications of 4G networks. Finally, some of the main challenges in deploying 4G systems are discussed.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless network technologies from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key features and limitations of each generation of technology. 1G allowed analog voice calls, while 2G introduced digital cellular networks and text messaging. 2.5G enhanced 2G with features like email and basic web browsing. 3G enabled multimedia and higher speeds, and 4G further increased speeds for video calling and mobile internet. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps for applications requiring low latency like autonomous driving. The document compares the various technologies and how mobile phones have developed with each generation.
Evolution of the generations of mobile Communication system.Musfiqur Rahman
The document outlines the evolution of mobile communication systems from 0G to 4G. It discusses the key technologies and concepts behind each generation including:
- 0G systems used analog radio telephones in cars and early mobile telephone systems.
- 1G systems launched the first commercial cellular networks using analog technology like AMPS.
- 2G introduced digital networks and SMS, using technologies like GSM.
- 3G brought faster data speeds up to 2Mbps using WCDMA, and new applications like video calling and mobile internet.
- 4G aims to provide ultra-broadband speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps using LTE and WiMax, competing with home internet speeds
Wireless technology has progressed through 5 generations. 1G provided analog voice calls at speeds up to 2.5kbps. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps. 3G brought higher speeds of 144kbps-2Mbps and enabled smartphones with web and multimedia. 4G increased speeds to 100Mbps-1Gbps and provided mobile broadband. The latest 5G technology provides speeds over 1Gbps and fully wireless communication to support applications like virtual reality with almost no limitations.
This document provides an overview of modern wireless communication systems, beginning with an outline of 1G, 2G, 2.5G, and 3G technologies. It then discusses 2G networks in more detail, including TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD standards used in 2G as well as pros and cons. 2.5G technologies brought increased data rates to 2G networks. 3G enabled faster speeds up to 2Mbps for voice, data, and video. The document also covers wireless fundamentals, modulation techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, and the 3G W-CDMA and UMTS standards. Finally, it summarizes the GSM system architecture, including its
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key characteristics of each generation including speed increases over time from kilobits per second to gigabits per second. 5G is described as providing complete wireless communication with almost no limitations through very high transmission speeds. Example applications of 5G that are discussed include smart homes, healthcare, autonomous vehicles and more through its ability to support high bandwidth, low latency connections.
1) 1G cellular networks from 1980s used analog FM signals for voice calls only at speeds up to 2.4 kbps. 2) 2G digital networks from 1991 included GSM and supported text/picture messages at speeds up to 64 kbps. 3) 3G introduced in 2000s enabled multimedia and mobile internet using IMT-2000 standards at speeds from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps. 4) 4G starting in 2010s provides LTE for voice, data and streaming at speeds from 50-100 Mbps for anytime, anywhere use.
3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and services that fulfills IMT-2000 specifications set by the ITU. 3G networks provide faster data transmission rates and allow for services like mobile internet, video calls, and mobile TV. While initially slow to be adopted, 3G networks are now widespread globally and provide transmission speeds of several megabits per second to smartphones and laptops. Current 3G standards are evolving towards 4G networks with even higher speeds through technologies like LTE Advanced.
What is the difference between mobile networks? In this presentation we tried to show the evolution of mobile network technology up to 5G.
Read our Short Review on Generation of Mobile Network Technology (1G, 2G, 2.5G 3G, 4G, 5G)
it gives info about the 4g technology as well as the previous technologies with disadvantages and what are the reasons new technologies are developed. best viewed with animation in office 10 or above
Introduction and Evolution of 4G
System key components of 4G
Applications of 4G
Introduction and Evolution of 5G
Key Concepts & Features of 5G
Application of 5G
Handovers, also called handoffs, allow mobile users to maintain connectivity as they move between different cells. They involve transferring control of a call or data session from one cell to another. There are different types of handovers in GSM including intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. Factors like transmitted power, received power, area and shape of cells, and user mobility affect the handover process.
Mobile communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to 3G networks that allow data and voice. 4G networks aim to provide speeds of 100Mbps to 1Gbps using technologies like LTE and WiMax. 5G is envisioned to provide even higher bandwidth and connectivity through technologies that have not been fully developed yet. Each generation brings higher speeds and more advanced applications, but also faces challenges in areas like costs, bandwidth requirements, and developing technology standards.
This document provides an overview of the different generations of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It summarizes the key features and drawbacks of each generation. The 1st generation (1G) introduced wireless voice calls with speeds up to 2.4kbps. 2G enhanced 1G with digital signals and added text/photo messaging. 3G brought higher speeds up to 2Mbps and enabled new applications. 4G aims to provide speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for advanced multimedia services. 5G is expected to offer even higher speeds and fully wireless communication. The document compares the data rates and other aspects across these generations.
3G UMTS is a 3rd generation mobile network standard that aims to provide improved voice quality, higher data speeds, and more capacity compared to previous 2G standards. It utilizes W-CDMA technology along with a packet-switched core network to support data rates up to 2Mbps. Key aspects of 3G UMTS include soft handovers between base stations, advanced cellular planning to optimize coverage and capacity, and global roaming capabilities. While offering benefits over 2G, 3G also presented challenges such as high infrastructure costs and lack of adoption from some existing mobile users.
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, outlining the key features and drawbacks of each generation.
2. Early generations like 1G provided basic voice calling using analog signals at speeds up to 2.4kbps but had issues like poor battery life and voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps.
3. Later generations such as 3G (144kbps-2Mbps), 4G (100Mbps-1Gbps), and emerging 5G (expected speeds over 1Gbps) have provided significantly higher data speeds and capabilities like video calling, but also face challenges around implementation costs, bandwidth requirements, and
This document outlines an anti-bullying awareness program to be implemented in New Zealand primary schools. The program involves famous role models visiting classrooms to discuss bullying situations, prevention techniques, and available support services. Students then roleplay bullying scenarios in small groups and identify trusted adults they can speak to. The program aims to teach children how to recognize and prevent bullying through assertiveness, body language cues, and seeking help from others.
El documento describe los orígenes y el desarrollo de la telefonía celular. Surge de la necesidad humana de comunicarse, que se hizo vital durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial para los soldados en el campo de batalla. Los primeros ancestros fueron el handie talkie y el walkie talkie. Las generaciones (1G a 4G) se separan por avances tecnológicos, permitiendo mayores velocidades de transmisión de voz y datos.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, beginning with a brief history of previous mobile communication generations including 1G, 2G, and 3G. It describes some of the key limitations of 3G technology and how 4G aims to address these by providing higher data rates, seamless IP-based connectivity, and support for various broadband multimedia applications. The key technologies that enable 4G are also outlined, along with the expected benefits and applications of 4G networks. Finally, some of the main challenges in deploying 4G systems are discussed.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless network technologies from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key features and limitations of each generation of technology. 1G allowed analog voice calls, while 2G introduced digital cellular networks and text messaging. 2.5G enhanced 2G with features like email and basic web browsing. 3G enabled multimedia and higher speeds, and 4G further increased speeds for video calling and mobile internet. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps for applications requiring low latency like autonomous driving. The document compares the various technologies and how mobile phones have developed with each generation.
Evolution of the generations of mobile Communication system.Musfiqur Rahman
The document outlines the evolution of mobile communication systems from 0G to 4G. It discusses the key technologies and concepts behind each generation including:
- 0G systems used analog radio telephones in cars and early mobile telephone systems.
- 1G systems launched the first commercial cellular networks using analog technology like AMPS.
- 2G introduced digital networks and SMS, using technologies like GSM.
- 3G brought faster data speeds up to 2Mbps using WCDMA, and new applications like video calling and mobile internet.
- 4G aims to provide ultra-broadband speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps using LTE and WiMax, competing with home internet speeds
Wireless technology has progressed through 5 generations. 1G provided analog voice calls at speeds up to 2.5kbps. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps. 3G brought higher speeds of 144kbps-2Mbps and enabled smartphones with web and multimedia. 4G increased speeds to 100Mbps-1Gbps and provided mobile broadband. The latest 5G technology provides speeds over 1Gbps and fully wireless communication to support applications like virtual reality with almost no limitations.
This document provides an overview of modern wireless communication systems, beginning with an outline of 1G, 2G, 2.5G, and 3G technologies. It then discusses 2G networks in more detail, including TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD standards used in 2G as well as pros and cons. 2.5G technologies brought increased data rates to 2G networks. 3G enabled faster speeds up to 2Mbps for voice, data, and video. The document also covers wireless fundamentals, modulation techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, and the 3G W-CDMA and UMTS standards. Finally, it summarizes the GSM system architecture, including its
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key characteristics of each generation including speed increases over time from kilobits per second to gigabits per second. 5G is described as providing complete wireless communication with almost no limitations through very high transmission speeds. Example applications of 5G that are discussed include smart homes, healthcare, autonomous vehicles and more through its ability to support high bandwidth, low latency connections.
1) 1G cellular networks from 1980s used analog FM signals for voice calls only at speeds up to 2.4 kbps. 2) 2G digital networks from 1991 included GSM and supported text/picture messages at speeds up to 64 kbps. 3) 3G introduced in 2000s enabled multimedia and mobile internet using IMT-2000 standards at speeds from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps. 4) 4G starting in 2010s provides LTE for voice, data and streaming at speeds from 50-100 Mbps for anytime, anywhere use.
3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and services that fulfills IMT-2000 specifications set by the ITU. 3G networks provide faster data transmission rates and allow for services like mobile internet, video calls, and mobile TV. While initially slow to be adopted, 3G networks are now widespread globally and provide transmission speeds of several megabits per second to smartphones and laptops. Current 3G standards are evolving towards 4G networks with even higher speeds through technologies like LTE Advanced.
What is the difference between mobile networks? In this presentation we tried to show the evolution of mobile network technology up to 5G.
Read our Short Review on Generation of Mobile Network Technology (1G, 2G, 2.5G 3G, 4G, 5G)
it gives info about the 4g technology as well as the previous technologies with disadvantages and what are the reasons new technologies are developed. best viewed with animation in office 10 or above
Introduction and Evolution of 4G
System key components of 4G
Applications of 4G
Introduction and Evolution of 5G
Key Concepts & Features of 5G
Application of 5G
Handovers, also called handoffs, allow mobile users to maintain connectivity as they move between different cells. They involve transferring control of a call or data session from one cell to another. There are different types of handovers in GSM including intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. Factors like transmitted power, received power, area and shape of cells, and user mobility affect the handover process.
Mobile communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to 3G networks that allow data and voice. 4G networks aim to provide speeds of 100Mbps to 1Gbps using technologies like LTE and WiMax. 5G is envisioned to provide even higher bandwidth and connectivity through technologies that have not been fully developed yet. Each generation brings higher speeds and more advanced applications, but also faces challenges in areas like costs, bandwidth requirements, and developing technology standards.
This document provides an overview of the different generations of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It summarizes the key features and drawbacks of each generation. The 1st generation (1G) introduced wireless voice calls with speeds up to 2.4kbps. 2G enhanced 1G with digital signals and added text/photo messaging. 3G brought higher speeds up to 2Mbps and enabled new applications. 4G aims to provide speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for advanced multimedia services. 5G is expected to offer even higher speeds and fully wireless communication. The document compares the data rates and other aspects across these generations.
3G UMTS is a 3rd generation mobile network standard that aims to provide improved voice quality, higher data speeds, and more capacity compared to previous 2G standards. It utilizes W-CDMA technology along with a packet-switched core network to support data rates up to 2Mbps. Key aspects of 3G UMTS include soft handovers between base stations, advanced cellular planning to optimize coverage and capacity, and global roaming capabilities. While offering benefits over 2G, 3G also presented challenges such as high infrastructure costs and lack of adoption from some existing mobile users.
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, outlining the key features and drawbacks of each generation.
2. Early generations like 1G provided basic voice calling using analog signals at speeds up to 2.4kbps but had issues like poor battery life and voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps.
3. Later generations such as 3G (144kbps-2Mbps), 4G (100Mbps-1Gbps), and emerging 5G (expected speeds over 1Gbps) have provided significantly higher data speeds and capabilities like video calling, but also face challenges around implementation costs, bandwidth requirements, and
This document outlines an anti-bullying awareness program to be implemented in New Zealand primary schools. The program involves famous role models visiting classrooms to discuss bullying situations, prevention techniques, and available support services. Students then roleplay bullying scenarios in small groups and identify trusted adults they can speak to. The program aims to teach children how to recognize and prevent bullying through assertiveness, body language cues, and seeking help from others.
El documento describe los orígenes y el desarrollo de la telefonía celular. Surge de la necesidad humana de comunicarse, que se hizo vital durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial para los soldados en el campo de batalla. Los primeros ancestros fueron el handie talkie y el walkie talkie. Las generaciones (1G a 4G) se separan por avances tecnológicos, permitiendo mayores velocidades de transmisión de voz y datos.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key features and limitations of each generation of technology. 1G provided basic voice calling capabilities at speeds up to 2.4 kbps. 2G introduced digital networks and speeds up to 64 kbps, enabling texting. 2.5G combined 2G with GPRS for higher speeds. 3G brought speeds from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps and introduced smartphones. 4G provided speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps but required complex hardware. 5G is expected to offer wireless speeds in Gbps and fully wireless capabilities. Each new generation has aimed to offer higher speeds and more advanced applications.
The document summarizes the first generation (1G) of wireless telephone technology, which used analog signals. 1G networks were first launched commercially in Japan in 1979 and then spread to other countries in the early 1980s, though each country implemented its own incompatible standards. 1G systems had limitations like being analog and prone to interference, lacking international roaming capabilities. They were then replaced in the late 1980s and early 1990s by 2G digital networks to overcome these disadvantages.
Research from mobile survey company, On Device Research, which was conducted directly on the mobile internet, has revealed a new internet audience.
More than 50% of Asian and African mobile internet users as well as more than 20% of users in developed markets, such as the UK and US do not use the internet on a PC.
The deck shows the profile of this new generation of internet users and is the first in a series of free quarterly reports.
This document provides an overview and comparison of 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G wireless technologies. 1G networks used analog cellular technology and had poor voice quality. 2G introduced GSM digital standards and offered improved audio. 3G networks supported download speeds up to 2 Mbps and services like video calls and mobile internet. 4G offers speeds of at least 20 Mbps for multimedia services on mobile broadband networks using new technologies like OFDMA and MIMO. Each generation brought higher speeds and new capabilities but also higher implementation costs for network providers.
1. The document outlines the evolution of cellular communication technology from 1G to 5G, including key features and speeds of each generation. 1G allowed only voice calls using analog technology. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS. 2.5G and 2.75G enhanced data capabilities up to a maximum of 473kbps. 3G provided speeds up to 2Mbps and supported additional applications. HSPA further increased speeds to 14.4Mbps/5.76Mbps. 4G using LTE networks offered speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps. 5G promises speeds in Gbps, low latency, and widespread wireless connectivity for devices and the Internet of Things.
The document discusses electromagnetic waves and radio frequency (RF) fundamentals. It explains that electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. It also discusses how antennas generate electromagnetic waves through alternating current, and how the shape of the antenna determines the direction the waves propagate. Finally, it provides an overview of RF characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and phase.
The internet technology is divided into many stages and one of them is 1G. The topics cover up in this : history, explanation, flaws and future version.
The document summarizes studies conducted on microstrip patch antennas for cognitive radio applications. It discusses the motivation and need for cognitive radio and requisite antennas. Specifically, it addresses the design, simulation, and testing of an ultra-wideband patch antenna with bandwidth from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz for spectrum monitoring in cognitive radios. Key steps included initial design, parametric analysis, optimization, hardware realization, and measurement of return loss and radiation patterns. Results showed close agreement between simulated and experimental antenna performance.
1. The document provides an overview of the generations of mobile networks from 1G to 4G. 2. The key aspects covered include the introduction dates and technologies used for each generation as well as their main features and applications. 3. The evolution of networks increased data speeds and capabilities at each stage, from analog 1G to digital 2G with SMS and email, to 3G enabling internet access and video calls, and 4G providing further increases in speed and advanced multimedia services.
The document provides an overview of 2G and 3G mobile phone networks. It describes the basic network architecture including the BSS (Base Station Subsystem consisting of the BTS and BSC), the NSS core network (including the MSC, HLR, VLR, SGSN, GGSN), and their basic functions. It also defines common abbreviations like MS, BTS, BSC, MSC, SGSN, GGSN.
This document provides information about the evolution of mobile phone technologies from 1G to 4G. It discusses the key features and limitations of each generation including analog 1G, digital 2G, 2.5G, 3G, and 4G networks. The summaries highlight improved voice quality, data capabilities, and multimedia services with each new generation. However, the document also notes challenges such as high implementation costs, differences in licensing terms, and lack of adoption for new technologies.
1. The document discusses the evolution of cellular network generations from 1G to 5G. 1G networks introduced the concept of dividing geographic areas into cells served by base stations for frequency reuse. 2G networks digitized signals and introduced SMS. 3G brought faster internet speeds and more data services like video calls. 4G saw further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and mobile broadband. 5G is expected to converge technologies like nanotechnology and cloud computing to provide ultra-high broadband speeds and low latency wireless connectivity.
This document compares the 1st through 4th generations of wireless technology. 1G was analog and focused on voice. 2G introduced digital transmission and data services. 3G brought increased speeds and applications like video calling. 4G will provide speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps for broadband access anywhere. It analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for each generation.
An antenna converts radio frequency electric current into electromagnetic waves that are radiated into space. The same antenna can transmit and receive signals. Key antenna concepts include reciprocity, radiation patterns, gain, and polarization. Antenna gain compares its power output to an isotropic antenna. Common antennas include dipole, parabolic reflective, and types are optimized for propagation modes like ground wave, sky wave, and line-of-sight. Signal strength is reduced by factors like free space loss, noise, multipath, and fading over the transmission path.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 5G. 1G networks were the first generation of cellular networks and used analog signals. 2G introduced digital cellular networks like GSM, which offered benefits over 1G like encrypted calls and greater efficiency. 3G networks brought internet access to mobile phones. 4G aims to provide wireless internet with speeds comparable to fixed broadband. 5G networks will integrate existing cellular and WiFi networks to provide universal wireless connectivity without limitations.
Presentation on 1G/2G/3G/4G/5G/Cellular & Wireless TechnologiesKaushal Kaith
This Presentation is explaining all about the Generations of Mobile or Cellular Technology (1G/2G/2.5/ 3G/4g/5G). This explain the invented details ,features,drawbacks,look of wireless models and comparison and evolution of technology from 1G to 5G and also explaining about wireless application and their services.
Big Data Tutorial For Beginners | What Is Big Data | Big Data Tutorial | Hado...Edureka!
This Edureka Big Data tutorial helps you to understand Big Data in detail. This tutorial will be discussing about evolution of Big Data, factors associated with Big Data, different opportunities in Big Data. Further it will discuss about problems associated with Big Data and how Hadoop emerged as a solution. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1) Evolution of Data
2) What is Big Data?
3) Big Data as an Opportunity
4) Problems in Encasing Big Data Opportunity
5) Hadoop as a Solution
6) Hadoop Ecosystem
7) Edureka Big Data & Hadoop Training
1G refers to the first generation of analog cellular networks introduced in the 1980s. 2G networks replaced 1G and were digital cellular networks launched in 1991, providing benefits like encrypted calls and more efficient spectrum usage enabling more users. 2G allowed services like texting. Subsequent generations like 2.5G, 3G, and 4G provided faster data speeds and additional capabilities.
3G is the next generation of technology which has revolutionized the telecommunication industry. Apart from increasing the speed of communication, the objective of this technology is to provide various value-added services like video calling, live streaming, mobile internet access, IPTV, etc on the mobile phones. These services are possible because the 3G spectrum provides the necessary bandwidth.
1. 1G wireless networks used analog signals which could be intercepted, had low capacity, and unreliable voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals, SMS, and email but still had slow data speeds around 10kbps. 3G brought higher speeds up to 2Mbps, supported new services like video calls and streaming.
2. Common 2G standards included GSM, IS-136, and PDC. CDMA2000 and W-CDMA were major 3G standards using CDMA and W-CDMA technologies respectively. 2.5G technologies like GPRS provided some 3G capabilities on existing 2G networks.
3. EDGE improved 2G network speeds up to 384kbps while maintaining
This document provides an overview of Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), a wireless technology that improves data transmission rates for 2G networks like GSM. EDGE allows data services up to 4 times faster than previous standards by using new modulation techniques. It provides an evolutionary path for GSM networks to support higher bandwidth applications without requiring new spectrum or infrastructure upgrades. EDGE can deliver speeds up to 4 Mbps and was developed as an interim solution for networks that did not acquire 3G spectrum licenses.
2G refers to second-generation wireless telephone technology that uses digital cellular networks. While 1G networks used analog signals, 2G networks transitioned to digital signals. This allowed for more efficient use of bandwidth and the introduction of data services like SMS. Common 2G standards include GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 3G networks provided faster data speeds like 200kbps and introduced UMTS and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps for stationary users and 100Mbps for mobile through technologies like LTE Advanced.
1) GSM is the most widely used mobile standard in the world, used by over 2 billion people across 212 countries. It started in the 1980s and provides higher quality digital voice calls at low cost.
2) EDGE is an upgrade to GPRS that allows for higher data transmission rates on existing GSM networks. By using more advanced modulation techniques, EDGE can achieve data rates up to four times faster than GPRS.
3) EDGE provides benefits like minimal network upgrades, global roaming compatibility, and enabling new multimedia services on existing GSM infrastructure at a lower cost than moving directly to 3G.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 3G. It provides an overview of 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks including GSM and CDMA, and the transition technologies 2.5G and 2.75G. It then focuses on defining 3G as the next generation mobile standard providing multimedia services and broadband data speeds.
1) The first generation (1G) of cellular networks launched in 1979 in Japan and provided speeds between 28-56kbps. 2G networks launched in 1991 provided text messaging, pictures, and multimedia. 3G networks launched in 2000 provided faster data transfer for mobile internet, video calls, and mobile TV. 4) 4G networks provide ultra-broadband access at speeds up to 1Gbps to support applications like mobile web, IP telephony, HD video, and more. Major providers are working to launch 4G networks in India in the coming years to support these new applications across multiple devices and platforms.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
Mobile phone generations (Protocols, Terminology,interfaces)AliVahedifar
A great power point about : 2G/3G/4G/5g/OSI/SS7/GSM/UMTS/SCCP(protocols,stack,interface)
with emphasis on the protocols and interfaces and communication.
We tried to make a regular list of the information provided.
and we tried to make mobile networks easier to train.
3-G refers to third generation mobile telecommunications technology that provides faster data transfer speeds and allows simultaneous use of voice and data services. 3-G networks allow data rates up to 3 Gbps and enable access to advanced services. The first pre-commercial 3-G network was launched in 2001 in Japan. 3-G networks support applications like mobile TV, video calling, and location-based services. 2.5-G networks like GPRS were an intermediate step between 2-G and 3-G providing faster data rates up to 114 Kbps. EDGE networks provided another upgrade over GPRS through more advanced encoding.
3G networks provide faster data transmission speeds and a wider range of services compared to previous 2G networks. 3G allows data transfer rates up to 2Mbps and introduces technologies like UMTS that support transmission speeds of up to 300Mbps. It enables advanced applications and multimedia services on mobile devices through improved spectral efficiency and network capacity.
5G wireless technologies will provide broadband internet speeds of 10Gbps or more to mobile phones and enable using a mobile as a internet hotspot for other devices. 5G aims to enable "Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable" connectivity. It will utilize frequency bands of 3-300GHz and bandwidths of 1Gbps or higher. 5G is expected to fully connect the wireless world and provide very high quality of service for applications.
I made this presentation about overview of third generations of technology..in this topics discovered:
--> What is 3G.
--> History.
-->3G standard
-->Features
Cellular networks have evolved from 0G to 5G over several generations of technology. 1G networks in the early 1980s used analog transmission for primarily voice calls. 2G digital networks in the late 1980s enabled services like text messages. 3G networks in the 2000s supported broadband multimedia with speeds up to 2Mbps. 4G networks since 2010 provide faster "anytime, anywhere" services using IP. Research into 5G beyond 2020 aims for speeds over 10Gbps and connectivity of billions of devices. Each generation brought major improvements in speed and capabilities.
There are two main cellular network technologies: GSM and CDMA. GSM carriers include Cingular Wireless, T-Mobile, and others, while CDMA carriers include Sprint PCS and Verizon. Understanding the differences between GSM and CDMA, such as coverage, data speeds, roaming capabilities, and use of SIM cards, can help a customer choose the preferable network for their needs. While CDMA was initially faster, both technologies continue advancing and neither is clearly superior.
Ch_3Mobile Technologies and Services_MAM.pptxhazhamina
This document discusses the different generations of mobile technologies. It begins by defining the terms 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G, describing their key features such as available bandwidth, data transfer speeds and applications. 1G introduced analog cellular networks while 2G brought digital networks and SMS. 3G enabled high-speed data and multimedia applications. 4G aims to provide speeds of up to 1Gbps for ultra-broadband access anywhere. The document also examines some of the main differences between these generations and potential applications of future 5G networks.
This document summarizes the different generations of mobile networks from 0G to 4G. It discusses the key technologies and improvements of each generation, including the introduction of digital networks and data services in 2G, increased speeds up to 2Mbps for 3G networks using WCDMA, and the goal of 4G networks to provide speeds up to 100Mbps using LTE and technologies like MIMO and ad hoc networks. The timeline shows the development and implementations of each generation from 1970 to the present.
This document summarizes the different generations of mobile networks from 0G to 4G. It provides details on the key technologies and standards of each generation including 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, LTE, and 4G. The main technologies discussed are TDMA, CDMA, GSM, UMTS, WCDMA, LTE, and MIMO. It highlights the increasing data speeds and capabilities from early analog networks to current digital networks that support broadband internet access on mobile devices.
Build your first android things applicationKeval Patel
The document provides an introduction to building Android Things applications on Raspberry Pi hardware. It discusses:
- Connecting a Raspberry Pi to a computer and accessing it over WiFi or Ethernet
- Setting up an Android Things project in Android Studio and differences from a mobile app
- Accessing hardware components like GPIO pins to control devices
- Using the Peripheral Driver Library to interface with sensors
- An example "Smart Switch" app that controls lights and fans over WiFi using a Firebase database
Decrease build time and application sizeKeval Patel
This is the presentation of the talk I gave in the MAD meetup on 15th April. This talk basically explains different tricks & tweaks to decrease your application size and your Gradle build time.
If you have any queries or any feedback, hit me on twitter: https://twitter.com/kevalpatel2106
The document summarizes an interview conducted with the Head of the EC Department, Dr. Bhaskar Thakker, about desirable contributor qualities. The interview explored qualities looked for in team members, key people the head would want on assignments, expectations of students, and needed improvements to the education system. Qualities identified included technical knowledge, experience, sincerity, honesty, dedication, accepting mistakes, and an emphasis on overall development and life skills.
The document discusses different views of management and the environment of management. It describes the omnipotent view, which holds that managers are directly responsible for organizational success or failure. It also describes the symbolic view, which says that external factors outside managers' control influence outcomes. The document also outlines the specific environment including customers, suppliers, public groups, and competitors, as well as the general environment comprising economic, political/legal, sociocultural, demographic, technological, and global factors. It discusses the importance of managing stakeholder relationships for improved organizational performance and ethical reasons.
Operation Flood was a rural development program launched in 1970 in India to boost milk production and rural incomes. It created a nationwide milk grid and made India the largest milk producer. The program was implemented in three phases from 1970-1996 and established milk cooperatives across the country. It helped alleviate poverty and generated incomes for millions of small farmers.
This document summarizes control of DC drives. It discusses types of DC motor configurations including series and separately excited motors. It describes single phase and three phase DC drives that use converters depending on the supply available. Chopper drives are discussed as a way to control DC motor speed by adjusting the duty cycle and switching frequency of the chopper output voltage. Phase locked loop control of DC drives is also mentioned as a way to precisely control motor speed by synchronizing the motor speed pulses to a reference frequency pulse train. Applications of DC drives include rolling mills, paper mills, printing presses, mine winders and machine tools.
Waveguide tees are used in microwave technologies to split or extract power in a waveguide. There are several types of waveguide tees that affect the energy in different ways, including H-type, E-type, magic T, and hybrid ring tees. E-type tees produce outputs that are 180 degrees out of phase, while H-type tees produce in-phase outputs. Magic T tees combine properties of H-type and E-type tees. Hybrid ring tees overcome power limitations of magic T tees using a circular waveguide design.
Demand forecasting estimates future demand for a product or service. Methods include surveying buyers, analyzing past sales, and gathering expert opinions. Past sales analysis breaks historical sales data into trends, cycles, seasonality, and erratic factors to project future sales. Survey methods directly ask buyers their purchase intentions or collect sales representatives' estimates. Expert opinion forecasts leverage specialists' industry knowledge. Test markets introduce products to sample groups to measure response before broad release. Each approach has advantages like speed, accuracy, or handling new products, and disadvantages like reliance on opinions over facts.
The document discusses various data storage devices. It describes floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, hard disks, USB flash drives, and different types of ROM and RAM. Floppy disks can store up to 1.4 MB of data but newer ones can store up to 250MB. CDs standardly hold up to 80 minutes of audio or 700MB of data. DVDs have significantly higher storage capacity than CDs, able to hold up to 17GB. Hard disks use spinning magnetic disks to store data and have faster access times than removable media. USB flash drives have flash memory and are small, portable, and write/rewrite data. The different types of ROM and RAM each have their own characteristics for
Log periodic antennas are broadband antennas with multiple dipole elements of varying lengths arranged logarithmically. This allows them to radiate across a wide frequency range. They have moderate directivity compared to other directional antennas. The individual dipole elements are excited through cross connections, and the point of excitation can be varied to change the radiation pattern. Log periodic antennas are used when both wide frequency coverage and some directivity are needed, such as in television antennas.
Dsp application on mobile communicationKeval Patel
DSP applications on mobile devices include reducing bandwidth for voice communications, implementing low power DSP, and enabling real-time multimedia. Voice communication bandwidth is reduced through speech compression down to 2,400 b/s using spectral analysis of speech segments. Low power DSP is achieved through devices like CADRE that minimize energy usage by reducing supply voltage, switched capacitance, and switching activity. Real-time multimedia requires synchronizing audio and video while accommodating high bandwidth video signals within network constraints through video signal compression.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
4. In analog system the data is transmitted in
form of analog signal.
The analog signals are the signal in witch the
amplitude is varying with the time
continuously.
Amplitude is varying
continuously
5. In digital system the data is transmitted with
the use of digital signal.
Digital signals are signals which has only
some discreet value mainly two, ‘0’ & ‘1’.
7. Mobile radio telephone systems preceded
modern cellular mobile telephony technology.
Since they were the predecessors of the first
generation of cellular telephones, these
systems are sometimes retroactively referred
to as pre cellular (or sometimes zero
generation) systems.
It is ah half duplex system.
8. These early mobile telephone systems can under
stand in that they were available as a commercial
service that was part of the public switched
telephone network, with their own telephone
numbers, rather than part of a closed network
such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.
These mobile telephones were usually mounted
in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were
also made. Typically, the transceiver
(transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle
trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display,
and handset) mounted near the driver seat.
9. Technologies used in pre cellular systems
included the Push to Talk (PTT or
manual), Mobile Telephone
System (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone
Service (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile
Telephone System (AMTS) systems.
Push-to-talk (PTT), also known as Press-to-
Transmit, is a method of conversing
on half-duplex communication lines,
including two-way radio, using a
momentary button to switch from voice
reception mode to transmit mode.
For example, an air traffic controller usually
talks on one radio frequency to all aircraft
under his supervision. All can hear each
other's transmissions and those of the
controller, and take turns speaking,
using procedure words such as "over" and
"out".
10. Only voice calls
No data transfer
No text messages
Voice Calls Only
No SMS
No Internet
• Services included:
11. 1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation
of wireless telephone technology, mobile tele
communications. These are
the analog telecommunications standards
that were introduced in the 1980s and
continued until being replaced
by 2G digital telecommunications.
The main difference between two succeeding
mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that
the radio signals that 1G networks use are
analog, while 2G networks are digital.
12. 1G speeds vary between that of a 28k
modem(28kbit/s) and 56k
modem(56kbit/s),[3] meaning actual
download speeds of 2.9KBytes/s to
5.6KBytes/s.
13. On 1G the signals are transmitted in analog
forms.
So, it basically used for phone calls.
There were no facility to send text or data
transfer(GPRS).
It uses small bandwidth.
Mainly nit used for longer distance
communication. Because signal becomes
weak & becomes noisy.
16. GSM is basically depends on time division
multiplexing (TDMA).
GSM is a standard set developed by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to
describe protocols for second generation (2G)
digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.
This was expanded over time to include data
communications, first by circuit switched
transport(CSD), then packet data transport
via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
or EGPRS).
17.
18. GSM networks operate in a number of
different carrier frequency ranges (separated
into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS
frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM
networks operating in the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands.
One of the key features of GSM is
the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a
detachable smart card containing the user's
subscription information and phone book.
20. Code division multiple
access
Data is encrypt on a single
frequency
21. CDMA is basically code division multiplexing.
In this the signal which is transmitted are
encrypt d into a specific code. And the
encrypted signal is transmitted over a
channel.
22. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a
much higher rate than the data to be
transmitted. Data for transmission is
combined via bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) with
the faster code. The figure shows how a
spread spectrum signal is generated.
23. Have very low power output that is 0.2 watts
(compared to the GSM system) that use 1.5 to
3 watts, making batteries CDMA system more
durable. Requires lower transmit power, so
cell phone talk time may be longer.
Improve sound quality.
Cell phone talk time becomes longer.
Enable encryption of voice, data and video.
24. Advantages GSM-based technology is a broad
coverage and vast roaming both in the
country and even around the world, while
CDMA is still very limited.
No SIM card is Present.
So GSM is widely used than
CDMA technology.
25. The details of the roaming process differ among types of cellular networks,
but in general, the process resembles the following:
When the mobile device is turned on or is transferred via a handover to the
network, this new "visited" network sees the device, notices that it is not
registered with its own system, and attempts to identify its home network. If
there is no roaming agreement between the two networks, maintenance of
service is impossible, and service is denied by the visited network.
The visited network contacts the home network and requests service
information (including whether or not the mobile should be allowed to roam)
about the roaming device using the IMSI number.
If successful, the visited network begins to maintain a temporary subscriber
record for the device. Likewise, the home network updates its information to
indicate that the cell phone is on the host network so that any information
sent to that device can be correctly routed.
In wireless telecommunications, roaming is a general term referring to the
extension of connectivity service in a location that is different from the home
location where the service was registered. Roaming ensures that the wireless
device is kept connected to the network, without losing the connection.
27. 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-
generation wireless telephone technology.
Second generation 2G cellular telecom
networks were commercially launched on
the GSM standard in Finland in 1991.
While radio signals on 1G networks
are analog, radio signals on 2G networks
are digital. 2G systems use digital signaling
to connect the radio towers to the rest of the
telephone system.
29. 2.5G is basically using GPRS(General Packet
Radio Service) for data transfer.
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s
up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services
such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS),
and for Internet communication services such
as email and World Wide Web access.
GPRS is part of a series of technologies that
are designed to move 2G networks closer to
the performance of 3G networks.
30. 2G requires the phone to make a special
connection to the network before it can
transfer data (like making a voice call) which
can take up to 30 seconds. Because its data
transfer rate is still to slow.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a
method of enhancing 2G phones to enable
them to send and receive data more rapidly.
With a GPRS connection, the phone is "always
on" and can transfer data immediately, and at
higher speeds: typically 32 - 48 kbps.
31. 2.75G is basically using (Enhanced Data rates for
GSM Evolution) for data transfer.
It is also known as EGPRS.
EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology.
EDGE increases the speed of each timeslot to 48
kbps and allows the use of up to 8 timeslots,
giving a maximum data transfer rate of 384
kbps.
EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning
in 2003—initially by AT&T in the United States.
34. 3G, short for 3rd Generation, is a term used to
represent the 3rd generation of mobile
telecommunications technology.
The basic standard for 3G network is defined
by the International Mobile Telecommunications
- 2000 (IMT2000) specifications.
To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is
required to provide peak data rates of at least
2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and
384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle.
However, many services advertised as 3G provide
higher speed than the minimum technical
requirements for a 3G service.
35. Recent 3G releases, often
denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile
broadband access of
several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile
modems in laptop computers.
The communication spectrum between
400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both
the government and communication
companies unanimously approved the 3G
standard.
36. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched
by DoCoMo in Japan in 1998.
3G was relatively slow to be adopted globally. In
some instances, 3G networks do not use the same
radio frequencies as 2G so mobile operators must
build entirely new networks and license entirely new
frequencies, especially so to achieve high data
transmission rates.
The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a
massive expansion of the mobile communications
market post-2G and advances of the consumer mo
phone. An especially notable development during this
time is the smartphone , combining the abilities of
a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to widespread
demand for mobile internet connectivity.
37. This are the technologies which are advance than
3g but cannot classified as 4G.
There are three technologies are came after 3G
namely:
They are not fully satisfied for the criteria of 4G.
But they are the steps for transition from 3G to 4G.
3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G
38. 3.5G is a grouping of
disparate mobile telephony and data
technologies designed to provide better
performance than 3G systems, as an interim
step towards deployment of full 4G capability.
39. 3.75G is mainly based on HSPA.
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an
amalgamation of two mobile
telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink
Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and
improves the performance of existing
3rd generation mobile telecommunication
networks
40. The latest networks allows bit-rates to reach
as high as 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22
Mbit/s.
The first HSPA specifications supported
increased peak data rates of up to 14 Mbit/s
in the downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s in the uplink.
in the uplink.
This is the main difference between WCDMA
(3G) network & HPDA (3.75G) network.
41. Before 4G networks the operator provides
3.9G network, which is also called pre-4G
network.
This is not classified as 4G because of it uses
some less bandwidth than full 4G networks.
But this the last step for the transition from
3G to 4G.
42.
43. The bandwidth and location information
available to 3G devices gives rise to
applications not previously available to
mobile phone users. Some of the applications
are:
1. Mobile TV
2. Video on demand
3. Video Conferencing
4. Telemedicine
5. Location-based services
6. Global Positioning System (GPS)
45. New mobile generations have appeared about
every ten years since the first move from 1981
analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992.
This was followed, in 2001, by 3G , in
2011/2012 expected to be followed by "real" 4G,
which refers to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-
switched networks giving Ultra Mobile
Broadband (gigabit speed) access.
In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth
generation of cell phone mobile
communications standards.
46. In March 2008, the International
Telecommunications Union-Radio
communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of
requirements for 4G standards, named
the International Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting
peak speed requirements for 4G service at
100 megabit per second (Mbit/s) for high
mobility communication (such as from trains and
cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low
mobility communication (such as stationary
users).
47. 3G 4G
Data Throughput: Up to 3.1mbps Practically speaking, 3 to 5 mbps but
potential estimated at a range of 100 to
300 mbps.
Peak Upload Rate: 50 Mbit/s 500 Mbit/s
Peak Download
Rate:
100 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s
Switching
Technique:
packet switching packet switching, message switching
Network
Architecture:
Wide Area Cell Based Integration of wireless LAN and Wide
area.
Services And
Applications:
CDMA 2000, UMTS, EDGE etc Wimax2 and LTE-Advance
Frequency Band: 1.8 – 2.5GHz 2 – 8GHz
48. WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave
Access) is
a wireless communications
standard designed to provide
30 to 40 megabit-per-second
data rates, with the 2011
update providing up to 1
Gbit/s for fixed stations.
WiMAX can provide at-home or
mobile Internet access across
whole cities or countries.
49. LTE (Long Term Evolution), marketed as 4G LTE,
is a standard for wireless communication of
high-speed data for mobile phones and data
terminals. It is based on
the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network
technologies, increasing the capacity and speed.
LTE does not fulfill the requirements of 4G.
However due to marketing pressures and the
significant advancements that WIMAX,HSPA+ and
LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU
later decided that LTE together with the
aforementioned technologies can be called 4G
technologies.
50. he LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies
the ITU-R requirements to be
considered IMT-Advanced. and to
differentiate LTE-Advanced and WiMAX-
Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU
has defined them as "True 4G"
51. Ultera high speed internet
High defination TV
HD video calling
Wi-MAX
Others as per 2G or 3G
52. 5G network is assumed as the perfection level
of wireless communication in mobile
technology.
5G network is very fast and reliable.
53. A first remarkable feature of 5G network is
the broadband internet in mobile phones that
would be possible to provide internet facility
in the computer by just connecting the
mobile.
Data sharing in 5G network is very easy. It
omits the condition of putting both mobile
face to face so that data could be shared.(Like
Bluetooth)
55. Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods
Common
Name
Family Primary Use Radio Tech
Downstream
(Mbit/s)
Upstream
(Mbit/s)
LTE 3GPP General 4G
OFDMA/MIMO/SC
-FDMA
100 Cat3
150 Cat4
300 Cat5
(in 20 MHz
FDD)
50 Cat3/4
75 Cat5
(in 20 MHz
FDD)
HSPA+ 3GPP Used in 4G
CDMA/FDD
MIMO
21
42
84
672
5.8
11.5
22
168
UMTS W-
CDMA
HSDPA+HSUP
A
UMTS/3GSM General 3G
CDMA/FDD
CDMA/FDD/MIMO
0.384
14.4
0.384
5.76
UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM
Mob
ile
Inter
net
CDMA/TDD 16
EDGE
Evolution
GSM
Mobile Int
ernet
TDMA/FD
D
1.6 0.5