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1g to 5g technologies
- 1. Evolution of Mobile Technologies 1Gto 2G to 3G to 4G to 5G …
- 2. How does yourmobile phone work?
- 3. Evolution to cellularnetworks – communication anytime, anywhere • Radio communication was invented by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi: in 1893, Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of wireless (radio) telegraphy; Guglielmo Marconi conducted long distance (over see) telegraphy 1897 • In 1940 the first walkie-talkie was used by the US military • In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain from AT&T’s Bell Labs invented the transistor (semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals) • AT&T introduced commercial radio comm.: car phone – two way radio link to the local phone network • In 1979 the first commercial cellular phone service was launched by the Nordic Mobile Telephone (in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark).
- 4. Cellular Network Basics •There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”) • Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate • Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands Cell phones operate in this frequency range (note the logarithmic scale)
- 5. Cellular Network • Basestations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the assigned spectrum • Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse) • The service area of each base station is called a cell • Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base stations • Handoff when terminals move
- 6. NetworkCells • the entirenetwork coverage area is divided into cells based on the principle of frequency reuse • a cell = basic geographical unit of a cellular network; is the area around an antenna where a specific frequency range is used; is represented graphically as a hexagonal shape, but in reality it is irregular in shape • when a subscriber moves to another cell, the antenna of the new cell takes over the signal transmission • a cluster is a group of adiacent cells, usually 7 cells; no frequency reuse is done within a cluster • the frequency spectrum is divided into subbands and each subband is used within one cell of the cluster • in heavy traffic zones cells are smaller, while in isolated zones cells are larger
- 7. Frequencyreuse • is amethod used by service providers to improve the efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions of subscribers using a limited radio spectrum • is based on the fact that after a distance a radio wave gets attenuated and the signal falls bellow a point where it can no longer be used or cause any interference • a transmitter transmitting in a specific frequency range will have only a limited coverage area • beyond this coverage area, that frequency can be reused by another transmitter Neighboring cells operate on different frequencies to avoid interference
- 8. The Multiple AccessProblem • The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the same time (both downlink and uplink) • All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station • Interference among different senders and receivers • So we need multiple access scheme
- 9. Multiple Access Schemes •Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 3 orthogonal Schemes:
- 10. Frequency Division Multiple Access •Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call • Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference • Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band • Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies • Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it • Cognitive radio frequency
- 11. Time Division MultipleAccess • Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits during each slot • Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in turn • Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network • Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile terminals at different locations do no arrive at the base station at the same time
- 12. Code Division MultipleAccess • Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions • Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using the user specific code – Spreading • Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information transmission rate • But all users use the same frequency band together Orthogonal among users
- 13. Themobileexperienceis expanding everywhere 2 1 Source:GSMAIntelligence, Apr. ‘14; 2 Source:MachinaResearch, ‘13;3 Source:Gartner, Sep. ‘13 Billionsof MobileConnections BillionsofMobileExperiences “” ~7Billion Mobile connections, almost as many as people on Earth1 ~25Billion Interconnected devices forecast in 20202 >100Billion App downloads completed in 20133 ~270Billion App downloads expected in 20173
- 14. 3 Mobile is anamazingtechnical achievement Mind-blowingPerformance withprocessing powergreater than the most advanced super computers of the early1990s1 Jaw-droppingGraphics with capability to processseveral thousand megapixels per second2 ReliableConnectivity overcoming signal loss resulting in receiving signal 100 trillion times weaker than when it originated3 BroadbandSpeeds with blazing fast data ratescapable of 300+ Mbps4 All inadevice that fits in yourpocket 1 Source: Charlie White,Sep.'13 &giffgaff.com,Sep’13; 2 Basedonlatest Qualcomm®SnapdragonTM 800 seriesprocessors;3 Basedon>140dBpath loss typical in mobile; 4 Basedonpeakdatarates for LTEAdvanced;5Basedon>2,000mAhsmartphone battery and>60W light-bulb LongBatteryLife with ability to power allthese amazing experiences with less energy than it takes to power a light bulb for 15minutes5 HighQualityMultimedia2 4K UltraHD video player/recorder HD gamingconsole 5.1/7.1surround sound system High resolution digitalcamera
- 15. 4 Connectivity is thefoundation of a great mobileexperience Deliveringrichmobilebroadbandexperiences ConnectReliably Talk and browse without interruption with more bars in moreplacesConnectReal-Time Get instant access to content with less delay for “always-on” experience ConnectFast Stream, surf, upload, and download with fast, predictable data rates ConnectOn-the-Go Talk and browse with seamless mobility anywhere you get asignal ConnectLonger Go longer without plugging in with improved battery efficiency
- 16. Cellular Network Generations •It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of generations: • 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones • 1G: Analog cellular telephony • 2G: Digital cellular telephony • 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony) • 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
- 17. Frequency Bands inIndia
- 18. • Mobile radiotelephones were used for military communications in early 20th century • Car-based telephones first introduced in mid 1940s • Single large transmitter on top of a tall building • Single channel used for sending and receiving • To talk, user pushed a button, enabled transmission and disabled reception • Became known as “push-to-talk” in 1950s • CB-radio, taxis, police cars use this technology • IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) introduced in 1960s • Used two channels (one for sending, one for receiving) • No need for push-to-talk • Used 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz 0G Wireless
- 19. 5 Poweredbyevolvingmobiletechnologiesforbetter experiences N/A <0.5Mbps1 63+Mbps2300+Mbps3 AnalogVoice DigitalVoice+ SimpleData MobileBroadband FasterandBetter Mobile2G D-AMPS, GSM/GPRS, cdmaOne Mobile3G CDMA2000/EV-DO, WCDMA/HSPA+, TD-SCDMA Mobile4GLTE LTE, LTE Advanced Mobile1G AMPS, NMT, TACS Richer Content (Video) More Connections 1Peakdatarate for GSM/GPRS,latest EvolvedEDGEhaspeakDLdataratescapable of up to 1.2Mbps; 2Peakdatarate for HSPA+DL3-carrier CA;HSPA+specification includesadditional potentialCA+ useof multiple antennas,but noannouncementsto date; 3 Peakdatarate for LTEAdvancedCat 6 with 20+ 20 MHzDLCA;LTEspecification includesadditional potentialCA+ additional useof multiple antennas,but noannouncementsto date
- 20. 7 Cleared spectrum forexclusiveuse by mobiletechnologies Reusing frequencies without interference through geographical separation Operator-deployed basestations provide access for subscribers Neighboring cellsoperate on different frequencies to avoid interference Integrated, transparent backhaul networkprovides seamlessaccess Coordinated network for seamless access and seamlessmobility 3 MobileNetwork 2 FrequencyReuse 1 LicensedSpectrum PSTN (landline) Mobile1Gestablishedthe foundationofmobile
- 21. 8 Requireslargegapofspectrum betweenusersto avoidinterference Supportforonly1userperchannel Analogvoiceconsumed channel– 1callperchannel Frequency Mobile1G was amazing, but limited Spectrumisafiniteresourcelikeland;mobilespectrumisextremelyvaluableland(e.g.,beach-front property) Radiochannelsarelike roads builtonthislandto delivervoice services tousers
- 22. 9 A B FrequencyDivisionMultiple Access(FDMA)* Largefrequency gap required between users to avoidinterference * Exampleshown based onAMPS1G technology Support for only 1user (analog phone call) per channel 30 kHz 30 kHz 30 kHz 30 kHz 30 kHz 30 kHz A 30 kHz B 30 kHz LimitedCapacity Analog transmissions are inefficient at using limited spectrum LimitedScalability Analog devices are large/heavy, power inefficient, and high cost 1G analogvoice wasamazing,but limited
- 23. 10 1980s 1990s Mobile forthe Masses MoreVoiceCapacity Mobile2G D-AMPS, GSM/GPRS, cdmaOne Mobile1G AMPS, NMT, TACS Foundation of Mobile SeamlessMobility 1010110100111000 Mobile 2G digital technologies increasedvoicecapacity Deliveringmobilevoiceservicesto themasses– morepeople,inmoreplaces
- 24. GSM • Abbreviation forGlobal System for Mobile Communications • Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980’s • The European system was called GSM and deployed in the early 1990’s
- 25. GSM Services • Voice,3.1 kHz • Short Message Service (SMS) • 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations • Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) • GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps • Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data • GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other • Performance degrades as number of users increase • GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G
- 26. GSM Channels • PhysicalChannel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel • Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels: • Traffic channel • Control Channel Downlink Uplink Channels
- 27. GSM Frequencies • Originallydesigned on 900MHz range, now also available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz ranges. • Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies • One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz 1710 MHz 1880 MHz1805 MHz1785 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ
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- 29. 11 Frequency Digitalvoicecompressed intosmaller “packages” EarlyMobile2Gtechnologiesenabledmoreusersperchannel STILLrequiredlargegapofspectrum betweenusersto avoidinterferenceSupported>1userperchannel Rigiddeliveryschedulewhether or nottheuserisactively talking
- 30. 12 Mobile2Gdigital wirelesstechnologiesenabledmoreusers TimeDivisionMultiple Access(TDMA) Allowsmultipleusersperradio channelwith eachusertalking oneat atime VoiceEncoder (Vocoder) UncompressedVoiceSignal 64 kb persecond CompressedVoiceSignal 8kb persecond MoreVoiceCapacity Digital transmissions enable compressed voice and multiplexing multiple users per channel Initial 2Gtechnologies (D-AMPS,GSM)basedonTDMA ScalableTechnology Digital components cost/weight far less plus deliver more securesignal (pocket-sized)>1userper radiochannel A B C Time30kHz
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- 32. 15 Eachusers information codedwith uniquecode Frequency CDMAutilizes all theavailable spectrum to support moreusers Ability to supportmany moreusers(>10x1G) withsamespectrum Utilizeallavailable spectrum Norigid deliveryschedule– deliverytruckcantake advantageofwhenuserisnot talkingto supportmorecallers
- 33. 16 CDMAenablesusersto sharethe samefrequencyand communicate at the same time SpreadusingCodeA SpreadusingCodeB SpreadusingCodeC UserA UserB UserA + UserB + UserC UserC CodeDivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA) Multiple users can talk at same time using different languages(“codes”) At theTransmitter At theReceiver Reconstructusing CodeC Reconstructusing CodeB Reconstructusing CodeA Other signals look likenoise 1.25MHz Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice
- 34. CDMAdeliveredunprecedentedvoicecapacityandmuch more CDMATimeline2 February1990 First CDMAfield trial completedby Qualcomm andNYNEX March1992 Standards committee formed in Telecommunications IndustryAssociation May1995 IS-95 revision A (cdmaOne)released December1995 First commercial deployment December1999 cdmaOne subscribers pass 50 million worldwide (>80 operators in >30countries) CDMABenefits Increased voice capacity by severaltimes Provided more efficient use of spectrumresources Increased battery life in mobiledevices Better security with CDMAencoding CDMAisthe foundationfor Mobile3Gtechnologies PotentialVoiceCapacityImprovements1 Reference (1x) ~3x ~14x Analog 1980s GSM 1990s cdmaOne 1990s 18 1 Approximatetotal numberof subscribersservicedwithin samespectrumbased onAMPS (1G),GSMandcdmaOnetechnology commercialdeployed in 1990s; 2 Source: CDG, www.cdg.org
- 35. Wireless Network Evolutionto 3rd Generation Enabling Technologies AMPS GSM IS-95 GPRS CDMA-2000 1XRTT W-CDMA (UMTS) EDGE 2.5G 3G 2G 2 Mbps 500 kbps 150 Kbps 100 Kbps 50 Kbps 10 Kbps 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 TDMA Migration 1G-2G Migration CDMA Migration 1980 1G 1 Kbps HSPA CDMA2000 3XRTT (UMTS) Evolution
- 36. 20 1980s 1990s 2000s Mobile2G D-AMPS,GSM/GPRS, cdmaOne Mobile for the Masses MoreVoiceCapacity Mobile3G CDMA2000/EV-DO, WCDMA/HSPA+, TD-SCDMA Mobile Broadband DataOptimizedMobile1G AMPS, NMT, TACS Foundation of Mobile SeamlessMobility 1010110100111000 Mobile3Gevolvedmobilefordata Introducing high-speedinternet accessfor the first time
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- 38. 28 1980s 1990s 2010s2000s MobileBroadband DataOptimized Faster and Better Mobile Broadband MoreDataCapacityMobile2G D-AMPS, GSM/GPRS, cdmaOne Mobile for the Masses MoreVoiceCapacity Mobile3G CDMA2000/EV-DO, WCDMA/HSPA+, TD-SCDMA LTE, LTE Advanced Mobile1G AMPS, NMT, TACS Foundation of Mobile SeamlessMobility 1010110100111000 Mobile4GLTEisevolvingto providemoredata capacity Delivering faster andbetter mobilebroadband experiences Mobile4GLTE
- 39. 4G (LTE) • LTEstands for Long Term Evolution • Next Generation mobile broadband technology • Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps • Based on UMTS 3G technology • Optimized for All-IP traffic
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- 42. 32 GlobalLTEnetwork launches Largedeviceecosystem 279Launches 101Countries 1,563Devices >100Vendors Source: GSA,Mar. ‘14 Mobile4GLTEis the first global standard for mobile broadband LTEFDD<ETDD Two modes, common standard, sameecosystem Spectrum1 Spectrum2 Uplink(UL) Downlink(DL) FrequencyDivisionDuplex(FDD) Paired spectrum enables better coverage Time Spectrum TimeDivisionDuplex(TDD) Unpaired spectrum enables asymmetrical DL/UL for more DLcapacity Time UL DL UL DL
- 43. Mobile3Gand4Gtechnologies continue toevolvetodeliver fasterandbetter mobilebroadbandexperiences
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- 45. Service Roadmap Improved performance,decreasing cost of delivery Typical average bit rates (peak rates higher) WEB browsing Corporate data access Streaming audio/video Voice & SMS Presence/location xHTML browsing Application downloading E-mail MMS picture / video Multitasking 3G-specific services take advantage of higher bandwidth and/or real-time QoS A number of mobile services are bearer independent in nature HSDPA 1-10 Mbps WCDMA 2 Mbps EGPRS 473 kbps GPRS 171 kbps GSM 9.6 kbps Push-to-talk Broadband in wide area Video sharing Video telephony Real-time IP multimedia and games Multicasting CDMA 2000- EVDO CDMA 2000- EVDV CDMA 20001x
- 46. Comparison of LTESpeed
- 47. 39 1Gestablished seamless mobile connectivityintroducing mobile voiceservices Evolvingmobiletechnologiesdelivergreatmobileexperiences 3 4 4GLTEdeliversmorecapacityfor faster andbetter mobile broadbandexperiences,andis also expanding in to newfrontiers 2 1 2Gdigital wireless technologies increasedvoice capacitydelivering mobileto themasses 3Goptimized mobilefor data enablingmobilebroadband services,andis evolving for faster andbetter connectivity 5 5Gnetworksystemhasmuch higherspeedsandcapacity,and muchlowerlatency,thanexisting cellularsystems.
- 48. 5G – WirelessTechnology • 5G is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. • 5G wireless uses OFDM and millimeter wireless that enables data rate of 20 Mbps and frequency band of 2-8 GHz. • 5G is going to be a packed based network.
- 49. About 5G • Frequencybands are really high • 28GHz, 37GHz, 39GHz, 42GHz, 60GHz. • Typically called millimeter wave (1 – 10 millimeter). • Advantage • Can send and receive the data at very high speed with huge payload. • Disadvantages • Shorter range • With increase in frequencies the connection/signals eventually drops. • Due to weather conditions
- 50. 5G Technologies • Thesize of antenna is too small in size. • Approximate 1/4 of the wavelength. • May use multiple antennas • Like in pair of 2, 4, 8 pairs • Can establish small towers • Cell frequencies Reuse • Directional Antennas • For communication between the towers NO standard has been set/defined for 5G technology
- 51. 5G Services • 5Gbeing developed to accommodate QoS rate requirements set by further development of existing 4G applications. • Flexible channel bandwidth between 5 and 20MHz, optionally up to 40MHz. • Data rate of at least 1Gb/s between any two points in the world.
- 52. Benefits of using5G • High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit. • Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services, more effective and more attractive ,Bi directional, accurate traffic statistics. • Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services. • The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error. • 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 connections. • Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast solution.
- 53. Applications of 5G MobileBroadband Dense Crowd of users IoT Sensor Network IoT Control Network 5G Vey High Data Rate Very High Capacity Reliability, Resilience, security Very Low latency Long Battery Lifetime Massive number of devices Mobility
- 54. 2G 3G 4G5G 1991 1998 2008 2020?
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- 56. 1G to 4G-Telecom Evolution
- 57. Nokia Introducing 5G- World's Fastest Network with 19 GBPs Speed