Cellular networks have evolved from 0G to 5G over several generations of technology. 1G networks in the early 1980s used analog transmission for primarily voice calls. 2G digital networks in the late 1980s enabled services like text messages. 3G networks in the 2000s supported broadband multimedia with speeds up to 2Mbps. 4G networks since 2010 provide faster "anytime, anywhere" services using IP. Research into 5G beyond 2020 aims for speeds over 10Gbps and connectivity of billions of devices. Each generation brought major improvements in speed and capabilities.

1. Prepared by genegok
GENERATION’S OF
CELLULAR NETWORK TO

2. cience and technology of communication over a distance.
he ability to convey information quickly accurately and efficiency
as been one of the main focuses driving human innovation.
Telecommunication:
Cellular network:
Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the
assigned spectrum
Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
The service area of each base station is called a cell
Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base
stations
Wireless:
Term used to describe any computer network where there
Is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver.

3. CELLULAR NETWORKS: FROM 0G
TO 5G
 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
 1G: First generation wireless cellular: Early 1980s
 Analog transmission, primarily speech: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
Systems) and others
 2G: Second generation wireless cellular: Late 1980s
 Digital transmission
 Primarily speech and low bit-rate data (9.6 Kbps)
 High-tier: GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), etc
 Low-tier (PCS): Low-cost, low-power, low-mobility e.g. PACS
 2.5G: 2G evolved to medium rate (< 100kbps) data
 3G: future Broadband multimedia
 144 kbps - 384 kbps for high-mobility, high coverage
 2 Mbps for low-mobility and low coverage
 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
 Beyond 4G: research in 5G
Overview:

4.  Mobile radio telephones were used for military communications
in early 20th century
 Car-based telephones first introduced in mid 1940s
 Single large transmitter on top of a tall building
 Single channel used for sending and receiving
 To talk, user pushed a button, enabled transmission and disabled
reception
 Became known as “push-to-talk” in 1950s
 CB-radio, taxis, police cars use this technology
 IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) introduced in 1960s
 Used two channels (one for sending, one for receiving)
 No need for push-to-talk
 Used 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz
0G TECHNOLOGY

5. 1G TECHNOLOGY
 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) invented at Bell
Labs and first installed in 1982
 Its speed was up to 2.4kbps
 It use analog signal
 It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
Drawbacks:
Poor voice quality
Large phone size
Limited capacity
poor battery life
Poor handoff reliability

6. SECURITY ISSUES WITH 1G
 Analog cellular phones are insecure
 Anyone with an all band radio receiver can
listen in (many scandals)
 Theft of airtime:
 all band radio receiver connected to a computer
 can record 32 bit serial number and phone number of
subscribers when calling
 can collect a large database by driving around
 Thieves go into business - reprogram stolen phones and
resell them

7.  Based on digital transmission means convert analog to
digital.
 Based on GSM(Global system for mobile communication)
 Launched in 1991
 Sped up to 64kbps.
2G TECHNOLOGY
Features include:
Enables services such as text messages, pic messages and MMS
Provides better quality and capacity.
Drawbacks:
These system are unable to handle complex data such as video
2G requires digital signal to help mobile phone work.

8. GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS)
 Completely designed from scratch (no backward
compatibility)
 Uses 124 channels per cell, each channel can support 8
users through TDM (992 users max)
 Some channels used for control signals, etc
 Several flavors based on frequency:
 GSM (900 MHz)
 GSM 1800 (called DCS 1800)
 GSM 1900 (called DCS 1900) - used in North America
 GSM 1900 phone only works in North America.
 In Europe, you can transfer your SIM (Subscriber
Identity Module) card to a phone of the correct frequency.
This is called SIM-roaming.

9. GSM (2G-TDMA)
 Circuit mode data
 Transparent mode
 Non-transparent mode using radio link protocol
 Data rate up to 9.6kb/s
 Short message service
 Limited to 160 characters
 Packet mode data: Plans for GSM Phase 2+
 Architecture specification very detailed (500 pages)
 Defines several interfaces for multiple suppliers

10. Its between 2G and 3G of mobile communication.
2G cellular technology combined with GPRS
(general packet radio service).
GPRS -Launched in 1997
It offers 110kbps.
2.75G technology
2.5G technology:
Replace GPRS by EDGE
EDGE-introduced in 2003.
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
All are see E symbol in above SIM representation
It offers 170kbps.

11. IS-95
It is alternative of 2G technology.
Developed by QUALCOMM.
It offers 14kbps.
After improvement of cellular service in large-scale of
2G technology changed into GPRS.
GPRS is used in 2.5G that already known.
Simple word in 2G called =GSM+
GPRS+
EDGE

12. 3G TECHNOLOGY(WCDMA)
ITU introduce 3G specification with IMT-2000
EDGE technology also joined in this technology
but not for long time.
It offers 144kbps to 2mbps.
It increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates.
Features include:
Faster communication.
Video calling.
3D gamming
TV streaming/phone calls/mobile TV
11 sec-1.5min. Time to download a 3min mp3 song.

13. CDMA 200
Alternative of 3G technology
It offers 153kbps
EV-DO next version of CDMA
EV-DO
REV-O REV-A REV-B
Offers 2.4mbps Offers 3.1mbps 10mbps
UMTS-offers only 384kps
Next version of UMTS is HSDPA
HSDPA-offers up to 21mbps
Alternative of EV-DO

14. 3.5G TECHNOLOGY
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of
two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet
Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance
of existing WCDMA protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the
UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most
of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface

15. 4G TECHNOLOGY(LTE)
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
Next Generation mobile broadband
technology
Promises data transfer rates of 100
Mbps
Based on UMTS 3G technology
Optimized for All-IP traffic

16. 5G TECHNOLOGY
 5G is the short for fifth generation, a mobile
broadband technology that is in the early
stages of works and likely to be in place six to
seven years from now.
 A 5G network will be able to handle 10,000
times more call and data traffic than the
current 3G or 4G network.
 Data download speeds on 5G networks are
likely to be several hundred times more than
4G.
 5G mobile technology will change the
means to use cell phones within very high
bandwidth.

17. BRIEF IDEA ABOUT 5G
 CURRENT STATUS OF 5G?
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute is
formulating 5G global technology standards, which are likely to
be formalized by 2019.
Telecom companies such as Nokia, Ericsson, NTT DoCoMo,
Samsung, Huawei and Fujitsu are driving bulk of the 5G-
related innovations.
 PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO EXPERIENCE WITH 5G.
5G networks are likely to be rolled out commercially
between 2020 and 2025. If the global standards are finalized by
2019, the earliest commercial deployments could happen by
2020.
 3G AND 4G HANDSETS DOESN’T RUN ON 5G
NETWORKS.
No. 5G will require new chipsets and devices capable
of supporting speeds upwards of 10 gigabits per second. 4G and
3G run at a fraction of that speed.

18.  It is the next major phase of mobile
telecommunication & wireless system.
 It is 10 times more faster than 4G.
 It has a expected speed of 1gbps.
 Lower cost than the previous version.
 It is expected to come around the year 2017
5G CONT….

19. Comparison of 5G with other :-

20. E
A
DF
G C
B
E
A
DF
G C
B
E
A
DF
G C
B
Cell Design
•Cells grouped into a cluster of seven
•Letters indicate frequency use
•For each frequency, a buffer of two cells is used before reuse
•To add more users, smaller cells (microcells) are used
•Frequencies may not need to be different in CDMA (soft handoff)

21. CELLULAR NETWORK
ORGANIZATION
 Cell design (around 10 mile radius)
 Served by base station consisting of transmitter,
receiver, and control unit
 Base station (BS) antenna is placed in high places (churches,
high rise buildings) -
 Operators pay around $500 per month for BS
 10 to 50 frequencies assigned to each cell
 Cells set up such that antennas of all neighbors are
equidistant (hexagonal pattern)
 In North America, two 25-MHz bands allocated
to AMPS
 One for transmission from base to mobile unit
 One for transmission from mobile unit to base

22. APPROACHES TO INCREASE
CAPACITY
 Adding/reassigning channels - some channels are not
used
 Frequency borrowing – frequencies are taken from
adjacent cells by congested cells
 Cell splitting – cells in areas of high usage can be
split into smaller cells
 Microcells – antennas move to buildings, hills, and
lamp posts

26. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIRST
AND SECOND GENERATION
SYSTEMS
 Digital traffic channels – first-generation
systems are almost purely analog; second-
generation systems are digital
 Encryption – all second generation
systems provide encryption to prevent
eavesdropping
 Error detection and correction – second-
generation digital traffic allows for
detection and correction, giving clear voice
reception
 Channel access – second-generation
systems allow channels to be dynamically
shared by a number of users

27. INTEGRATING DATA OVER
CELLULAR
 Direct access to digital channel
 Voice and data using one handset
 PCS 1900 (GSM-1900)
 9.6 kbps circuit switched data
 14.4 kbps under definition
 Packet mode specified
 Short message service
 IS-95-based CDMA
 13 kbps circuit switched data
 Packet mode specified
 Short message service

34. MOBILE STATION AND BASE STATION
SUBSYSTEM (BSS)Mobile station
 Mobile station communicates across Um interface (air
interface) with base station transceiver in same cell as mobile
unit
 Mobile equipment (ME) – physical terminal, such as a
telephone or PCS
 ME includes radio transceiver, digital signal processors and
subscriber identity module (SIM)
 GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted
 SIMs roam, not necessarily the subscriber devices
BSS
 BSS consists of base station controller and one or more base
transceiver stations (BTS)
 BSC reserves radio frequencies, manages handoff of mobile
unit from one cell to another within BSS, and controls paging

35. NETWORK SUBSYSTEM CENTERMobile Switching Center (MSC) is at core; consists of
several databases
 Home location register (HLR) database – stores
information about each subscriber that belongs to it
 Visitor location register (VLR) database –
maintains information about subscribers currently
physically in the region
 Authentication center database (AuC) – used for
authentication activities, holds encryption keys
 Equipment identity register database (EIR) – keeps
track of the type of equipment that exists at the
mobile station

36. GSM LOCATION SERVICES
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
(PSTN)
Gateway
MTSC
VLR HLR
Terminating
MSC 1
1. Call made to mobile unit (cellular phone)
2. Telephone network recognizes number
and gives to gateway MSC
3. MSC can’t route further, interrogates
user’s HLR
4. Interrogates VLR currently serving user
(roaming number request)
5. Routing number returned to HLR and
then to gateway MSC
2
3
4
5
5
6
6. Call routed to terminating MSC
7. MSC asks VLR to correlate call to
the subscriber
8. VLR complies
9. Mobile unit is paged
10. Mobile unit responds, MSCs convey
information back to telephone
7 8
9
BTS
9 10
10
10 10
10
Legend: MTSC= Mobile Telephone Service Center, BTS = Base Transceiver Station
HLR=Home Location Register, VLR=Visiting Location Register

37. GSM PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
BSSMAP = BSS Mobile Application part
BTSM = BTS management
CM = Connection Management
LAPD = Link Access Protocol, D Channel
Base Transceiver
Station
Mobile
Station
Radio
LAPDm
RRM
Radio
LAPDm
RRM
MM
CM
64 Kbps
LAPD
BTSM
64 Kbps
MTP
SCCP
Base Station
Controller
64 Kbps
LAPD
BTSM
BSSMAP
64Kbps
MTP
SCCP
MM
CM
BSSMAP
Mobile Service
Switching Center
MM = Mobility Management
MTP = Message Transfer Part
RRM = Radio Resources Management
SCCP = Signal Connection Control Point

38. FUNCTIONS PROVIDED BY
PROTOCOLS
 Protocols above the link layer of the GSM signaling
protocol architecture provide specific functions:
 Radio resource management: controls setup,
termination and handoffs of radio channels
 Mobility management: location and security (MTSO)
 Connection management: connects end users
 Mobile application part (MAP): between HLR,VLR
 BTS management: management base system

39. 2G CDMA CELLULAR
IS-95 is the best known example of 2G with CDMA
Advantages of CDMA for Cellular
 Frequency diversity – frequency-dependent
transmission impairments have less effect on
signal
 Multipath resistance – chipping codes used for
CDMA exhibit low cross correlation and low
autocorrelation
 Privacy – privacy is inherent since spread
spectrum is obtained by use of noise-like
signals
 Graceful degradation – system only gradually
degrades as more users access the system

40. DRAWBACKS OF CDMA CELLULAR
 Self-jamming – arriving transmissions from
multiple users not aligned on chip
boundaries unless users are perfectly
synchronized
 Near-far problem – signals closer to the
receiver are received with less attenuation
than signals farther away
 Soft handoff – requires that the mobile
acquires the new cell before it relinquishes
the old; this is more complex than hard
handoff used in FDMA and TDMA schemes

41. TYPES OF CHANNELS SUPPORTED
BY FORWARD LINK
 Pilot (channel 0) - allows the mobile unit
to acquire timing information, provides
phase reference and provides means for
signal strength comparison
 Synchronization (channel 32) - used by
mobile station to obtain identification
information about cellular system
 Paging (channels 1 to 7) - contain
messages for one or more mobile stations
 Traffic (channels 8 to 31 and 33 to 63) –
the forward channel supports 55 traffic
channels

42. FORWARD TRAFFIC CHANNEL
PROCESSING STEPS Speech is encoded at a rate of 8550 bps
 Additional bits added for error detection
 Data transmitted in 2-ms blocks with forward error
correction provided by a convolutional encoder
 Data interleaved in blocks to reduce effects of errors
 Data bits are scrambled, serving as a privacy mask
 Power control information inserted into traffic channel
 DS-SS function spreads the 19.2 kbps to a rate of 1.2288
Mbps using one row of 64 x 64 Walsh matrix
 Digital bit stream modulated onto the carrier using
QPSK modulation scheme

43. Wireless Network Evolution to 3rd
Generation
Enabling Technologies
AMPS
GSM
IS-95
GPRS
CDMA-2000
1XRTT
EDGE
CDMA2000
3XRTT
(UMTS)
2.5G
3G
2G
2 Mbps
500 kbps
150 Kbps
100 Kbps
50 Kbps
10 Kbps
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
TDMA Migration
1G-2G Migration
CDMA Migration
1980
1G
1 Kbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)

44.  Fig 8-13

45.  Table 8-3

46. 2G TECHNOLOGİEScdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies
(MHz)
824-849 (Cellular)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
890-915 MHz (Eurpe)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
(Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US
Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US
PCS)
935-960 (Europa)
1930-1990 (US PCS)
869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature
Spreading
GMSK with BT=0.3 π/4 DQPSK
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per
carrier
64 8 3
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps
RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps

47. ALTERNATIVES TO 3G CELLULAR
 Major technical undertaking with many
organizational and marketing overtones.
 Questions about the need for the additional
investment for 3G (happy with 2.5G)
 Wireless LAN in public places such as shopping
malls and airports offer options
 Other high-speed wireless-data solutions
compete with 3G
 Mobitex low data rates (nominally 8 Kbps), it uses a narrowband
(2.5KHz) as compared to 30 KHz (GSM) and 5 MHz (3G).
 Ricochet: 40 -128 kbps data rates. Bankruptcy
 Flash-OFDM: 1.5 Mbps (upto 3 Mbps)

48. MAJOR MOBILE RADIO
STANDARDS
USA
Standard Type Year
Intro
Multiple
Access
Frequency
Band
(MHz)
Modulation Channe
l
BW
(KHz)
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30
USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30
CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30
IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894
1800-2000
QPSK/BPSK 1250
FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15
DCS-1900
(GSM)
PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200
PACS Cordless/PC
S
1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300

49. MAJOR MOBILE RADIO
STANDARDS - EUROPE
Standard Type Year
Intro
Multiple
Access
Frequency
Band
(MHz)
Modulation Channe
l
BW
(KHz)
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25
NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5
GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz
C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10
ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25
CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100
DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728
DCS-1800 Cordless/PC
S
1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200

50. IEEE 802.11 vs 3G Cellular

51. 4G SYSTEMS
 Wireless networks with cellular data rates of 20
Mbits/second and beyond.
 AT&T has began a two-phase upgrade of its wireless
network on the way to 4G Access.
 Nortel developing developing features for Internet
protocol-based 4G networks
 Alcatel, Ericsson, Nokia and Siemens found a new
Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) for research
on wireless communications beyond 3G.
 Many new technologies and techniques (multiplexing,
intelligent antennas, digital signal processing)
 Industry response is mixed (some very critical)

52. ENGINEERING ISSUES
 Steps in MTSO controlled call
 TDMA design
 CDMA design
 Handoff
 Power control
 Traffic engineering

53. STEPS IN AN MTSO CONTROLLED
CALL BETWEEN MOBILE USERS
 Mobile unit initialization
 Mobile-originated call
 Paging
 Call accepted
 Ongoing call
 Handoff
 Call blocking
 Call termination
 Call drop
 Calls to/from fixed and remote mobile subscriber

54. MOBILE WIRELESS TDMA DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
 Number of logical channels (number of
time slots in TDMA frame): 8
 Maximum cell radius (R): 35 km
 Frequency: region around 900 MHz
 Maximum vehicle speed (Vm):250 km/hr
 Maximum coding delay: approx. 20 ms
 Maximum delay spread (∆m): 10 µs
 Bandwidth: Not to exceed 200 kHz (25
kHz per channel)

55. MOBILE WIRELESS CDMA DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
 Soft Handoff – mobile station temporarily
connected to more than one base station
simultaneously
 RAKE receiver – when multiple versions
of a signal arrive more than one chip
interval apart, RAKE receiver attempts to
recover signals from multiple paths and
combine them
This method achieves better performance than
simply recovering dominant signal and
treating remaining signals as noise

56. WHAT IS WIMAX?
 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access
 Last mile wireless broadband access
 Alternative to cable and DSL
 Deliver data, voice, video
 Support hundreds to thousands of
homes/business

57.  Defined by IEEE as 802.16
 Typical target environment:
 Targets fixed, portable, and mobile stations
 Environments with and without line of sight
 Cell radius of 3-10 kilometers
 Capacities of up to 40 Mbps per channel
 Mobile network deployments of up to 15 Mbps, 3
km radius

58. BUILDS ON AND
EXTENDS WIFI TECHNOLOGY
 Advantages of WiFi are:
 Easy to deploy, unlicensed spectrum, low
cost
 Supports (limited) mobility
 But WiMax needs to address the following:

59. WIFI LIMITATIONS
 Susceptible to interference
 802.11 targets short-range indoor operation
(mostly)
 Security is a concern
 Limited level of mobility
 WiMax is intended to complement WiFi
 WiMax Forum: promotes WiMax and looks
after interoperability

60. WIMAX DEPLOYMENT

61. ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS FOR
WIRELESS
 Voice, data and fax can be integrated into a
single system
 Better compression can lead to better channel
utilization
 Error correction codes can be used for better
quality
 Sophisticated encryption can be used