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1. Mobile Technologies
and Services
Computer institute of Rania
2018-2019
BY MAHMUD ABDULLA MOHAMMAD SUMAYA QADR MOHAMAD
MAHMUDABDULL@YAHOO.COM SUMAYA.MUHAMAD21@GMAIL.COM
MOBILE NUMBER: 07701486011
Chapter three: Mobile System Generations

2. Chapter 3: Mobile System Generations
• 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
• 3.2 What are the main difference between them
• 3.3 Smart phone
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3. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
•
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G? G  Generation • Generation of wireless phone technology
It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of
generations:
0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
1G: Analog cellular telephony
2G: Digital cellular telephony
3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony)
4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony
at faster data rates than 3G
(to be deployed in 2012–2015)

4. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
0 th Generation
• Pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio
telephones that some had in cars before the arrival of cell phones.
• Communication was possible through voice only.
• These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks.
Technologies :
PTT(Push to Talk)
MTS (Mobile Telephone System)
IMTS (Improved MTS)
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5. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
1 st Generation
• Analog cell phones: A voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 150/900 MHz and it is transmitted
between radio towers. This is done using a technique called Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
• First commercially automated cellular network in 1979
Technologies:
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone)
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
Problems :
- Poor voice quality
- Poor battery life
- Poor security due to lack of encryption
- Frequent call drops, limitation on the number of calls that could be made simultaneously
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6. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
2nd Generation
Digital cell phones with Speed 10 kbits/sec. Time to download a
3min MP3 song: 31-41 min
• Purely digital technology
• TDMA, GSM, CDMA – operator technologies
• Conversations were digitally encrypted
• Introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS
• Commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in
1991
• Circuit-switched data services
• Greatly reduced fraud and discouraged cloned handsets
• Operates from 800/900 or 1800/1900 MHz and bandwidth of 2G
is 30-200 KHz
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Different Services :
digital voice calling
short message service (SMS)
Benefits:
consume less battery power
improves the voice clarity
reduces noise in the line
secrecy and safety to the data and voice
calls
Drawbacks
Weak digital signal may not be sufficient
especially in higher frequencies
Increased dropouts
Very slow data transmission

7. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
2nd Generation (cont.)
2.5G
 Packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-
switched domain
 GPRS: The first major step in the evolution of GSM
networks to 3G
 GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbps
 CDMA used CDMA2000 1XRTT
 CDMA data speeds of up to peak 153 kbps and generally
up to 60–100 kbps
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GPRS
Allows 2G and 3G mobile networks to transmit
IP packets to the Internet
Integrated part of the GSM network switching
subsystem
GPRS core network in GSM and WCDMA
provides
•Mobility management
•Session management
•Transport for Internet Protocol packet
services
•Billing based on volume of data and lawful
interception

8. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
2nd Generation (cont.)
2.75G: EDGE (has many versions)
 Standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family
 Easy upgrade to GPRS and is backward compatible
 Pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition
 Can be used for any packet switched application, like Internet connection
 Throughput up to 236.8kbps for 4 timeslots, 473.6kbps for 8
 Widely used (441 GSM/EDGE networks in 184 countries)
 Updates are still being released (latest version of EDGE… almost 3G)
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9. GSM
• Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile Communications
• Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980’s
• The European system was called GSM and deployed in the
early 1990’s
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10. GSM Services
• Voice, 3.1 kHz
• Short Message Service (SMS)
• 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent
between handsets and other stations
• Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps
• Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data
• GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other
• Performance degrades as number of users increase
• GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G
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11. GSM Channels
• Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a
physical channel
• Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted between
the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels:
• Traffic channel
• Control Channel
Downlink
Uplink
Channels
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12. GSM Frequencies
• Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also available on 800MHz, 1800MHz
and 1900 MHz ranges.
• Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies
• One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where RF carriers
are space every 200 MHz
1710 MHz 1880 MHz
1805 MHz
1785 MHz
UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ
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13. GSM Architecture
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14. Mobile Station (MS)
• MS is the user’s handset and has two parts
• Mobile Equipment
• Radio equipment
• User interface
• Processing capability and memory required for various tasks
• Call signalling
• Encryption
• SMS
• Equipment IMEI number
• Subscriber Identity Module
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15. Subscriber Identity Module
• A small smart card
• Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber
• Subscriber IMSI number
• Subscriber’s own information (telephone directory)
• Third party applications (banking etc.)
• Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g., some WLAN access
points accept SIM based user authentication
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16. Base Station Subsystem
• Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
• Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the backbone network and the
13 kbps coding used for the Mobile Station (MS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSes
• Manages the handovers within BSS area
• Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR about this
• Base Transceiver System (BTS)
• Controls several transmitters
• Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specific frequency
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17. Network and Switching Subsystem
• The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with additional cellular network capabilities
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• An typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which supports mobile communications
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• A database, part of the MSC
• Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations
• Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
• Links the system to PSTN and other operators
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Contain subscriber information, including authentication information in Authentication Center (AuC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes for e.g., blacklisting stolen phones
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18. UMTS
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP)
• Data rates of UMTS are:
– 144 kbps for rural
– 384 kbps for urban outdoor
– 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
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19. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
3rd Generation
• 2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due
to rapid changes in user expectation, they do not meet today's wireless
needs.
• 3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and non-voice data
over the same network simultaneously.
• Applications :
• Internet, e-mail, fax, e-commerce, music,
• video clips, and videoconferencing
• The aim of the 3G is to allow for more coverage and growth
with minimum investment.
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20. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
3rd Generation (cont.)
• Combines a mobile phone, laptop PC and TV
• Features includes:
- Phone calls - Global roaming
- Send/receive large email messages - High-speed Web
- Navigation/maps - Videoconferencing
- TV streaming - GPS - Electronic agenda meeting reminder
• Speed: 144kb/sec-3mb/sec i.e. 1 million bits, or 125,000 bytes, of data are being
transferred per second
• Time to download a 3min MP3 song: 11sec-1.5min
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21. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
3rd Generation (cont.)
• 3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and previous networks:
- Enhanced audio and video streaming
- Several Times higher data speed
- Video-conferencing support
- Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds
- IPTV (TV through the Internet) support
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Drawbacks
Need to replace most broadcast towers
Expensive Construction and maintenance

22. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
3rd Generation (cont.)
•
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23. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
4th Generation
• 4G development focuses around achieving ultra-broadband speeds, competing
with and in some cases outstripping the speeds provided by your home internet
connection.
• 4G average speeds are targeted to be in the 100Mbps to 1Gbps range, roughly
10 to 100 times (dependent on location) faster than 3G networks. At that rate,
that 4-minute MP3 download would take you mere seconds.
• A 4G phone can run on a 3G network just fine, and it’ll be ready for the 4G
revolution when the time comes.
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24. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
4th Generation (cont.)
• There are two major systems in U.S, which are using the 4G mobile
technology – WiMax, backed by Clearwire and Long Term Evolution or LTE.
• WiMax’s majority owner is Sprint Nextel. Sprint currently has two mobile phones,
the HTC Evo and the Samsung Epic, which achieve speeds 10 times faster than
3G; coverage is still limited to major metropolitan cities. Outside of these areas,
data speeds revert to 3G.
• Long Term Evolution is backed by Verizon. According to cnet, Verizon has
completed initial 4G wireless test, but not available for widespread use until end
of 2012.
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25. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
4th Generation (cont.)
• The word “MAGIC” also refers to 4G wireless technology which stands for:
Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, Integrated wireless
and Customized services.
• Features include:
- A spectrally efficient system - High network capacity
- Huge data rate - Perfect connectivity & global roaming
- High quality of service - Security & Privacy
• Speed: The data transfer is 100 Mbps for outdoor and 1Gbps for indoor.
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26. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
4th Generation (cont.)
The design is that 4G will be based
on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing), which is the
key enabler of 4G technology.
Other technological aspects of 4G
are adaptive processing and smart
antennas, both of which will be
used in 3G networks and enhance
rates when used in with OFDM
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27. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
4th Generation future (cont.)
• Applications :
• Games: Games will be a major application segment in 4G.
• Electronic Agents: There will be e-assistance, e-secretaries, e-advisors, e-administrators etc.
This kind of control is what home automation applications anticipate.
• Broadband Access in Remote Locations
4G networks will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access to residential and
business customers. In addition, 4G will provide the first opportunity for broadband access in
remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.
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28. 3.1: What are the mean of (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G)
4th Generation future (cont.)
• E-commerce
• Business/Work
• Private Life
• Vehicular
• Public Place
• Entertainment
• Education
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Technology 3G 4G
Frequency band 1.8 - 2.5GHz 2 - 8GHz
Bandwidth 5-20MHz 15-200MHz
Data rate Up to 2Mbps
100Mbps moving - 1Gbps
stationary
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

29. 3.2 What are the main difference between Generations
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30. Next Generations
Future: 5G? 6G, 7G,….
5G: The 5G (Fifth Generation Mobile and Wireless Networks) can be a complete wireless
communication without limitation, which bring us perfect real world wireless – World Wide
Wireless Web (WWWW).
• 6G:
– Integrate 5G with satellite network for global coverage
– Ultra fast Internet access – Smart home/cities G?
7G:
– Space roaming
– World completely wireless
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31. 3.3 Smart phone
Phones used to be all about making calls, but now your mobile can do so much more. The
range of new touchscreen smartphones allows you to access the internet, use social media, get
live news updates, play music and video, and much more. They almost universally use
touchscreens for control, however, which can be a challenge for people new to the technology.
A smartphone can:
Make voice calls (of course!) -Make video calls -Access the internet and browse the web -Take
photos, and upload them to the web -Navigate with GPS if the phone has GPS built-in -Play
back music and video stored on the phone (and connect to a PC to copy media to it) -Manage
your contacts and appointments -Send emails -Play in-built games -Run new applications and
games downloaded for the internet.
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32. 3.3 Smart phone (Cont.)
What a smartphone is ?
What a touchscreen is and how gestures work ?
How to turn the phone on and off?
How to make a call and take a picture ?
How to download new apps for your smartphone. ?
People use them as personal organisers, web browsers, music mixers, media players, to access
email and Facebook, to send and receive electronic business cards, to navigate to a destination,
to share media and much, much more. Spend even a little bit of time playing with the apps
built into your phone and downloading new ones from the App Store and Google Play and
you’ll no doubt be amazed at all the things your smartphone can do.
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33. End of Chapter three:
Mobile System Generations
Next Chapter: Features of mobile technology
Good Luck
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