The document provides an overview of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G cellular networks. It discusses the key characteristics of each generation including their speeds, capabilities, and examples of specific technologies used. 1G networks were the earliest analog cellular systems allowing voice calls. 2G introduced digital networks and basic data services. 3G brought higher speeds and the ability to support more advanced mobile internet applications. The document traces the evolution of wireless towards greater speeds and functionality over successive generations.

1. LOGO
WIRELESS SYSTEMS
BY
NIJO JOB
CS-B 54
S8

2. WHAT IS WIRELESS ?
• Our ultimate goal is to communicate with any type of info. with anyone, at
anytime, from anywhere which is possible with the wireless technology.
• The word wireless is dictionary defined “having no wires”. In networking
terminology , wireless is the term used to describe any computer network
where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but
rather the network is connected by radio waves and or microwaves to maintain
communications.
• Wireless networking utilizes specific equipment such as NICs and Routers in
place of wires (copper or optical fiber).

3. 1. CELLULAR NETWORK
Evolved from mobile telephone as voice conversation and
communication tools for private and business uses. It is
distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least
one fixed location transceiver known as a base station.
2. WIRELESS LOCALAREA NETWORK
Emerged from computer network. It helps business user to
expand their service areas by using LAN. It links two or more
devices using a wireless distribution method within a limited
area such as a home.

4. The cellular networks are evolving through several generations.
• 0G is better known as mobile radio telephone systems and often referred
to pre cellular systems.
• 1G wireless mobile communication network was analog system which
was used for public voice service.
• 2G is based on digital technology and network infrastructure which can
support text messaging.
• 3G systems refer to the developing technology standards for the next
generation of mobile communications systems.
• 4G wireless networks will support wireless mobile internet as the same
quality of service as fixed internet.

5. • 5G wireless networks can be completed wireless communication
without limitation, which bring us perfect real world wireless.
• 6G wireless mobile communication networks shall integrate satellites to
get global coverage.

6. • Mobile radio telephones were used for military communications in the
early 20th century.
• Car-based telephones were first introduced in the mid-1940s. This
system used a single large transmitter on top of a tall building.
• A single channel was used for sending and receiving. To talk, the user
pushed a button that enabled transmission and disabled reception. Due to
this, these became known as “push-to-talk” systems in the 1950s. Taxis
and police cars used this technology.
• To allow users to talk and listen at the same time, IMTS was introduced
in the 1960s. It used two channels. IMTS used 23 channels from 150
MHz to 450 MHz.

7. • 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology.
• These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced
in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G. It's speed was up
to 2.4 kbps. It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
• Although both 1G and 2G systems use digital signalling to connect the
radio towers to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a
call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated
the analog signal to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.
• The key idea of 1G cellular networks is that the geographical area is
divided into cells (typically 10-25km), each served by a “base station.”

8. • Cells are small so that freq. reuse can be exploited in nearby cells. This
allows many more users to be supported in a given area.
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
It was used in the North America and Australia
800 MHz frequency range — two 20 MHz bands
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
Launched 1981; now largely retired
450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
• Total Access Communications System (TACS)
British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

9. Disadvantages:
• Poor Voice Quality
• Poor Battery Life
• Large Phone Size
• No Security
• Limited Capacity
• Poor Handoff Reliability

10. • 2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. 2G
cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM
standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991.
• Three primary benefits of 2G networks were that phone conversations
were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on
the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels;
and 2G introduced data services for mobile.
• 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide
the services such as SMS, EMS and MMS. It has speeds up to 64kbps.
• After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were
retrospectively dubbed 1G.

11. The primary differences between first and second generation cellular
networks are:
• Digital traffic channels – first-generation systems are almost purely
analog; second generation systems are digital.
• Encryption – all second generation systems provide encryption to
prevent eavesdropping.
• Error detection and correction – second-generation digital traffic allows
for detection and correction, giving clear voice reception.
• Channel access – second-generation systems allow channels to be
dynamically shared by a number of users.

12. Capacity:
• Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more
effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of
various codecs, allowing more calls to be packed into the same
amount of radio bandwidth.
• The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the
handsets. This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had
to be placed in the same amount of space. This was made possible
by cell towers and related equipment getting less expensive.

13. Advantages:
• The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
• Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services,
such as SMS and email.
• Greatly reduced fraud: With analog systems it was possible to have two
or more "cloned" handsets that had the same phone number.
• Enhanced privacy: A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that
digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio
scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as
secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private
than 1G phones, which have no protection.

14. Disadvantages:
• In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to
reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems
deployed on higher frequencies.
• Digital has a jagged steppy decay curve. Under slightly worse
conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has
occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to
completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible.
• While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise,
the lossy compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of
sound that they convey is reduced.

15. • 2.5G and 2.75G a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G)
generation of mobile telephony.
• They are described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with GPRS
and EDGE. These systems build packet-switching systems on top of
existing 2G systems to improve data rates up to 250kbps.
• Features Includes:-
 Phone Calls
 Send/Receive E-mail Messages
 Web Browsing
 Speed : 64-144 kbps
 Camera Phones

16. • 3G, short form of third generation, is the third generation of mobile
telecommunications technology.
• This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile
telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the
IMT-2000 specifications by the ITU.
• 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet
access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
• 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an
information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often
denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of
several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptops.

17. • A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately
every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each
generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates
and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The first 3G
networks were introduced in 1998.
• In December 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G
enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned MTNL.
• All the operators provide 3G services on the 2100 MHz band.
• 3G is not one standard; it is a family of standards which can all work
together. The ITU is coordinating this international harmonization of
3G standards under the overall umbrella of IMT 2000.

18. • The goal of 3G wireless systems was to provide wireless data service
with data rates of 144kbps to 384kbps in wide coverage areas, and
2Mbps in local coverage areas.
• 3G systems are based on connectionless packet switching instead of
the older circuit-switching systems used in 2G. Data are split into
packets to which an address uniquely identifying the destination is
appended.
• By breaking data into smaller packets that travel in parallel on
different channels, the data rate can be increased significantly.
• In 2005, 3G was ready to live up to its performance in computer
networking and mobile devices area.

19. Advantages:
• Providing Faster Suprerior Communication
• Send/Receive Large Email Messages
• High Speed Web / More Security
• Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
• TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
• Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
• Global roaming
• Information for web surfing, music, news, corporate intranet,
transportation service, etc.
• On-line shopping / banking, ticketing, gambling, games, etc.

20. Disadvantages:
• Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services
• It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G
• Low penetration in rural area
• High Bandwidth Requirement
• Expensive 3G Phones.
3.5G is a grouping of disparate mobile telephony and data
technologies designed to provide better performance than 3G systems, as
an interim step towards deployment of full 4G capability.

21. • 4G, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications
technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.
• A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G,
provides mobile broadband Internet access to various devices.
• Potential and current applications include amended mobile web
access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV,
video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
• Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile
WiMAX standard and the first-release Long Term Evolution standard.
It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be
considered to be 4G or not.

22. • In 2009, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced
requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G
service at 100 Mbit/sec for high mobility communication and
1 Gbit/sec for low mobility communication.
• In the US, Sprint has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008,
while MetroPCS became the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010.
• USB wireless modems were among the first devices able to access
these networks, with WiMAX smartphones becoming available during
2010, and LTE smartphones arriving in 2011.
• 3G and 4G equipment made for other continents are not always
compatible, because of different frequency bands.

23. • One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open
Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air
interfaces in an open architecture platform.
• A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-
IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless
modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices.
• Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony,
gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
• IMT-Advanced compliant versions of LTE and WiMAX are under
development and called "LTE Advanced" and "WirelessMAN-
Advanced" respectively.

24. • 4G networks can integrate several radio access networks with fixed
internet networks as the backbone.
• A core interface sits in between core network and radio access
networks, and a collection of radio interfaces is used for
communication between the radio access networks and mobile users.
• The wireless telecommunications industry assumed the term 4G as
those advanced cellular technologies that are based on or employ
wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies, MIMO
transmission and an all-IP based architecture.
• Mobile-WiMAX, first release LTE, IEEE 802.20 as well as Flash-
OFDM meets these early assumptions, but do not yet meet the more
recent ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements

26. Disadvantages:
• Battery uses is more
• Hard to implement
• Need complicated hardware
• Expensive equipment required to implement next generation
network.

27. • 5G (5th generation mobile networks) also known as Tactile Internet
denotes the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards
beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards.
• NGMN Alliance or Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance
defined 5G network requirements as:
 Data rates of several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of
thousands of users.
 1 Gbit/s to be offered, simultaneously to tens of workers on the
same office floor.
 Up to Several 100,000's simultaneous connections to be supported
for massive sensor deployments.

28.  Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced compared to 4G.
 Coverage should be improved
 Signaling efficiency enhanced.
• Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G should be
rolled out by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands.
• Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those
defined in the current 4G standards are under consideration, those new
capabilities are still being grouped under the current ITU-T 4G
standards.

29. • In 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile
communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and
relays with group cooperation" was formed.
• In 2012, the UK Government announced the setting up of a 5G
Innovation Center at the University of Surrey – the world’s first
research center set up specifically for 5G mobile research.
• In 2012, NYU WIRELESS was established as a multi-disciplinary
research center, with a focus on 5G wireless research as well as in the
medical and computer science fields.
• In 2012, the European Commission, under the lead of Neelie Kroes,
committed 50 million euros for research to deliver 5G technology.

30. • All totally the best way to help all users is to use 5G as the next
wireless system and in totally it is safety and secure for public, this
the need that demands the solution.
• Today’s wired society is going wireless and if it has problem, 5G is
answer.
• 5G technology is going to give tough competition to Computers and
Laptops.
• It will be available in the market 2020 at affordable cost with more
reliability than previous mobiles.