Transistor
•Download as PPT, PDF•
0 likes•85 views
A transistor consists of a semiconductor with two pn junctions, forming either a PNP or NPN configuration. It transfers a signal from a low to high resistance, giving it the name "transistor". A transistor has three sections - the emitter supplies charge carriers, the collector collects the charges, and the base forms junctions between the emitter and collector. In an NPN transistor, a forward bias on the emitter-base junction causes electrons to flow from the emitter towards the base, with over 95% crossing into the collector to become the collector current.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Bipolar Junction Transistors (bj ts)
This document provides an overview of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It discusses:
1. BJTs were invented in 1947 at Bell Labs and helped launch the technology revolution. They come in npn and pnp types.
2. BJTs have three doped semiconductor regions (emitter, base, collector) separated by two pn junctions. One type has an npn structure and the other a pnp structure.
3. BJTs are used as linear amplifiers to boost signals and as electronic switches. Proper biasing of the base-emitter and base-collector junctions is needed for transistor operation.
Transistor and it's working principle
A slide on Transistor and it's working principle for the course Research Methodology under International Islamic University Chittagong.
Transistor , NPN & PNP Transistor
A transistor is a small electronic device that controls the flow of electric current. It acts like a switch that can open and close many times per second. There are two main types of transistors - NPN and PNP - which differ in how they allow or block the flow of electric current between three terminals: the base, collector, and emitter. The base terminal controls the flow of current between the collector and emitter terminals.
Bjt1
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are composed of three sections of semiconductors with different dopings. The middle section is the base, which is narrow. BJTs come in NPN and PNP variants. NPN transistors are more common as electrons move faster. A BJT acts as a valve, controlling current flow between the collector and emitter terminals based on the base current. To analyze BJT circuits, one must determine if the transistor is in cutoff, active-linear, or saturation mode by checking voltages and currents against the transistor's characteristics.
Bipolar Transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistors consist of three layers - an emitter, base, and collector. The document discusses the construction and operation of NPN and PNP transistors. It describes the common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector configurations. Key parameters discussed include current gain (beta), input and output characteristics, and the limits of transistor operation. BJT transistors are used as amplifiers and their performance depends on proper biasing within the active region and not exceeding maximum voltage, current, or power ratings.
Difference between npn and pnp transistor.pptx
The difference between NPN and PNP transistor mainly include what is a transistor, what are PNP and NPN transistors, Construction and working of transistors
Bipolar junction transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistor
This slide condenses the bascic ways analysis of Bipolar Junction Transistor.
What are and how are PNP NPN Transistor materials are made ?
Here you will know how are PNP and NPN Transistor materials are made.And also where they are used in electrical engineering.
Recommended
Bipolar Junction Transistors (bj ts)
This document provides an overview of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It discusses:
1. BJTs were invented in 1947 at Bell Labs and helped launch the technology revolution. They come in npn and pnp types.
2. BJTs have three doped semiconductor regions (emitter, base, collector) separated by two pn junctions. One type has an npn structure and the other a pnp structure.
3. BJTs are used as linear amplifiers to boost signals and as electronic switches. Proper biasing of the base-emitter and base-collector junctions is needed for transistor operation.
Transistor and it's working principle
A slide on Transistor and it's working principle for the course Research Methodology under International Islamic University Chittagong.
Transistor , NPN & PNP Transistor
A transistor is a small electronic device that controls the flow of electric current. It acts like a switch that can open and close many times per second. There are two main types of transistors - NPN and PNP - which differ in how they allow or block the flow of electric current between three terminals: the base, collector, and emitter. The base terminal controls the flow of current between the collector and emitter terminals.
Bjt1
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are composed of three sections of semiconductors with different dopings. The middle section is the base, which is narrow. BJTs come in NPN and PNP variants. NPN transistors are more common as electrons move faster. A BJT acts as a valve, controlling current flow between the collector and emitter terminals based on the base current. To analyze BJT circuits, one must determine if the transistor is in cutoff, active-linear, or saturation mode by checking voltages and currents against the transistor's characteristics.
Bipolar Transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistors consist of three layers - an emitter, base, and collector. The document discusses the construction and operation of NPN and PNP transistors. It describes the common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector configurations. Key parameters discussed include current gain (beta), input and output characteristics, and the limits of transistor operation. BJT transistors are used as amplifiers and their performance depends on proper biasing within the active region and not exceeding maximum voltage, current, or power ratings.
Difference between npn and pnp transistor.pptx
The difference between NPN and PNP transistor mainly include what is a transistor, what are PNP and NPN transistors, Construction and working of transistors
Bipolar junction transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistor
This slide condenses the bascic ways analysis of Bipolar Junction Transistor.
What are and how are PNP NPN Transistor materials are made ?
Here you will know how are PNP and NPN Transistor materials are made.And also where they are used in electrical engineering.
Transistors
A transistor can be used as a current source by biasing the emitter current through a resistor. Any change in the collector voltage will have little effect on the collector/load current as long as the transistor remains active and not saturated. In a common-emitter amplifier, a small signal at the base causes a corresponding change in the emitter current. This then causes an amplified change in the opposite direction at the collector through the collector resistor load, providing voltage gain.
Presentation on bipolar junction transistor
This presentation introduces bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It discusses the two types of BJTs - NPN and PNP transistors, which differ based on whether holes or electrons are the majority carriers. The key components of a transistor - emitter, base, and collector - are defined. The presentation compares the three common transistor configurations - common base, common emitter, and common collector - and provides expressions for collector current in each. It also discusses transistor operation, characteristics, and applications such as amplification. Overall, the presentation provides a comprehensive overview of BJT fundamentals.
Presentation on Transistors basic
Transistors are semiconductor devices that can amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. The transistor was invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs. There are two main types of transistors: NPN and PNP. In an NPN transistor, electrons flow from the emitter to the collector, while in a PNP transistor, holes flow from the emitter to the collector. The base terminal controls the flow of current through the collector and emitter.
TRANSISTOR_ CONSTRUCTION & WORKING IN HINDI|BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR|NPN_P...
#TRANSISTOR
#WORKINGOFTRANSISTROR
#PNP_NPN_TRANSISTOR
#TRANSISTOR_AS_AMPLIFIER
#BJT_UJT_FET_MOSFET_TRANSISTOR
#TRANSISTOR_BIASING
#TRANSISTOR_IN_HINDI
#APPLICAION_OF_TRANSISTOR
#VICHARACTERISTICSOFPNJUNCTIONDIODEINHINDIहिंदी
#DIODECHARECTERISTICS
#PN_DIODE_IN_HINDI
#FORWARD_REVERSE_BIASED_DIODE
#PN_JUNCTION_DIODE
#PNJUNCTIONDIODEUNACADEMY
#SEMINCONDUCTORDIODEINHINDI
#BASICELECTRICALELECTRONICSENGINEERING
#BEEE
#RGPV
#SAIACADEMYOFELECTRICALENGINEERING
#SAEE
#ELECTRONICSEMICONDUCTORDEVICE
#EDC
#ADC
#GATE
#IES
#SSCJE
#RRB
#NTPC
#BHEL
#interviewelectricalengineering
Transistors
This document describes how a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) works as a current amplifier. It explains that electrons flow from the N-type emitter through the P-type base to the N-type collector. A small positive voltage applied to the base allows a much larger current to flow from the emitter to the collector. The base voltage controls the flow - a higher base voltage leads to more base current and collector current. Therefore, BJTs can amplify current.
Transistor sebagai-switch
1) Transistors can be used as switches to control the flow of current in a circuit and can be either on or off.
2) There are two main types of transistors - BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) like NPN and PNP, and FETs (field effect transistors) like JFETs and MOSFETs.
3) Transistors can be used as amplifiers to increase the strength of input signals in applications like radios and televisions.
Transistor Fundamentals
- The document summarizes transistor fundamentals, including the invention of the transistor, its basic construction and operation, and different transistor configurations like common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector.
- It discusses key transistor parameters like current gain (β), maximum voltage and current ratings, and biasing requirements to operate transistors in the active region.
- Simulation results are presented to demonstrate a transistor functioning as an amplifier in the common-emitter configuration.
4.3 transistor
A transistor has three terminals - the emitter, base, and collector. There are two types of transistors - NPN and PNP. In an NPN transistor, the emitter sends electrons to the collector, while in a PNP transistor the emitter sends positive holes to the collector. The base current controls the collector current - a change in base current causes a larger change in collector current, allowing the transistor to function as an amplifier. The transistor can also function as an automatic switch, where no base current means no collector current (switch off), and base current flowing means collector current flows (switch on). A potential divider circuit with a variable resistor can be used to control the base voltage and switch the transistor on and
Transistor, fotodiode, dan diode pemencar [14]
Transistors are composed of semiconductor materials that regulate current or voltage flow and act as switches or gates in electronic circuits. There are two main types of transistors: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) which use both holes and electrons as current carriers, and field-effect transistors (FETs) which rely on an electric field to control conductivity. Transistors allow signals to be amplified and circuits to oscillate, and they are used in applications like sensors, processors, radios, and other electronic devices. The transistor was first invented in 1947 at Bell Labs and helped usher in the digital revolution.
Bipolar junction Transistor
The document discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It describes the basic construction of an NPN and PNP transistor including the emitter, base, and collector regions. It explains that the base-emitter junction must be forward biased and the base-collector junction must be reverse biased for the transistor to operate properly. The document also discusses BJT biasing circuits, operating regions including cutoff, saturation, and active modes, and uses of BJTs as switches and amplifiers.
bipolar transistors
This document discusses bipolar transistors. It describes the construction and types of NPN and PNP transistors, including their material composition and common uses. The document also explains how transistors are packaged and identified, and how they are properly biased in a circuit with the emitter-base junction forward biased and the collector-base junction reverse biased. Transistor testing and substitution are also covered.
Transistors ppt by behin
The document discusses transistors, including their history and evolution. It describes how the transistor was invented in 1947 and became the building block of electronics. Moore's Law, which predicted transistors would double every two years, driving down costs, is also mentioned. The key types of transistors - bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors - are defined. Their basic construction, symbols, operation, and applications as switches and amplifiers are outlined. New developments in transistor technology like 3D transistors are also summarized.
Transistor operating regions
Transistors have four main operating regions: reverse saturation, saturation, active, and cut off. In the saturation region, the transistor behaves like a closed switch with maximal collector and emitter currents. In the active region, the transistor performs well as an amplifier with the collector current multiplied by the base current. In the cut off region, the transistor behaves like an open switch with zero collector, emitter, and base currents. The reverse active region has the collector-base junction forward biased and base-emitter junction reverse biased.
Transistor
This presentation introduces transistors, including their basic components and functions. It describes the four main types of transistors - BJT, UJT, FET, and MOS. Key points covered include the three regions of a transistor (emitter, base, collector), the bipolar junction transistor being composed of three semiconductor layers, and the common connections of transistors in circuits (common base, common emitter, common collector). Operating modes such as active, saturation, and cutoff are also defined.
Transistors
Transistors are electronic devices made of semiconductor material that can act as both an insulator and conductor. They have three main parts - the emitter which emits charge carriers, the collector which collects the charge, and the base which forms two PN junctions. Transistors can function as switches by turning on when the base-emitter voltage is above 0.7V, allowing current to flow, or as amplifiers by mimicking small changes in input base current with higher amplitude output collector current.
transistor
This document describes how to test transistors to determine if they are NPN or PNP, and how to identify the collector, base, and emitter legs. It involves using a multimeter in diode test mode to check for conductivity between legs. The common leg that conducts with both probes indicates type, and a circuit with LED and battery further identifies the collector and emitter by brightness. Circuits are also provided to demonstrate transistors functioning as switches by controlling current flow with a voltage applied to the base.
BJT’s (bipolar junction transistor)
The document discusses the structure and operation of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It describes the three doped semiconductor regions (emitter, base, collector) and how they are arranged in NPN and PNP transistors. It explains that forward biasing the base-emitter junction and reverse biasing the base-collector junction is necessary for transistor amplification. Current flow is described, with the collector current being a multiple of the base current depending on the DC beta ratio. Circuit diagrams and equations for current and voltage are provided.
Transistor
this presentation is about transistor and its type, how transistor works, what is the importance of the transistor in our world and what was use before transistor.
Bjt
This document discusses the basics of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It begins by explaining that BJTs and field effect transistors are the two main categories of transistors. It then discusses the first transistor developed by Bardeen and Brattain in 1947. The document explains the symbol for an NPN or PNP BJT and describes the collector, base, and emitter layers. It provides details on the fabrication process and structure of discrete and planar BJTs. Oxide and trench isolation techniques are also summarized, along with the use of double polysilicon layers to reduce transistor size.
Bipolar Junction Transistor
The document discusses the bipolar junction transistor (BJT). It describes how the BJT was invented in 1947 by scientists at Bell Labs. The BJT consists of three terminals - the emitter, base, and collector - and comes in two types, p-n-p and n-p-n. The document explains the basic operation and principles of both types of BJT, including how current flows when junctions are forward or reverse biased in different modes. It also provides examples of calculating currents given bias conditions and current gains. Finally, it summarizes the key current-voltage relationships and characteristics of BJTs in common base, common emitter, and common collector configurations.
Transistors
In this presentation there are different types of transistors and are they are well explained. It can be used in school, college purposes
More Related Content
What's hot
Transistors
A transistor can be used as a current source by biasing the emitter current through a resistor. Any change in the collector voltage will have little effect on the collector/load current as long as the transistor remains active and not saturated. In a common-emitter amplifier, a small signal at the base causes a corresponding change in the emitter current. This then causes an amplified change in the opposite direction at the collector through the collector resistor load, providing voltage gain.
Presentation on bipolar junction transistor
This presentation introduces bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It discusses the two types of BJTs - NPN and PNP transistors, which differ based on whether holes or electrons are the majority carriers. The key components of a transistor - emitter, base, and collector - are defined. The presentation compares the three common transistor configurations - common base, common emitter, and common collector - and provides expressions for collector current in each. It also discusses transistor operation, characteristics, and applications such as amplification. Overall, the presentation provides a comprehensive overview of BJT fundamentals.
Presentation on Transistors basic
Transistors are semiconductor devices that can amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. The transistor was invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs. There are two main types of transistors: NPN and PNP. In an NPN transistor, electrons flow from the emitter to the collector, while in a PNP transistor, holes flow from the emitter to the collector. The base terminal controls the flow of current through the collector and emitter.
TRANSISTOR_ CONSTRUCTION & WORKING IN HINDI|BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR|NPN_P...
#TRANSISTOR
#WORKINGOFTRANSISTROR
#PNP_NPN_TRANSISTOR
#TRANSISTOR_AS_AMPLIFIER
#BJT_UJT_FET_MOSFET_TRANSISTOR
#TRANSISTOR_BIASING
#TRANSISTOR_IN_HINDI
#APPLICAION_OF_TRANSISTOR
#VICHARACTERISTICSOFPNJUNCTIONDIODEINHINDIहिंदी
#DIODECHARECTERISTICS
#PN_DIODE_IN_HINDI
#FORWARD_REVERSE_BIASED_DIODE
#PN_JUNCTION_DIODE
#PNJUNCTIONDIODEUNACADEMY
#SEMINCONDUCTORDIODEINHINDI
#BASICELECTRICALELECTRONICSENGINEERING
#BEEE
#RGPV
#SAIACADEMYOFELECTRICALENGINEERING
#SAEE
#ELECTRONICSEMICONDUCTORDEVICE
#EDC
#ADC
#GATE
#IES
#SSCJE
#RRB
#NTPC
#BHEL
#interviewelectricalengineering
Transistors
This document describes how a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) works as a current amplifier. It explains that electrons flow from the N-type emitter through the P-type base to the N-type collector. A small positive voltage applied to the base allows a much larger current to flow from the emitter to the collector. The base voltage controls the flow - a higher base voltage leads to more base current and collector current. Therefore, BJTs can amplify current.
Transistor sebagai-switch
1) Transistors can be used as switches to control the flow of current in a circuit and can be either on or off.
2) There are two main types of transistors - BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) like NPN and PNP, and FETs (field effect transistors) like JFETs and MOSFETs.
3) Transistors can be used as amplifiers to increase the strength of input signals in applications like radios and televisions.
Transistor Fundamentals
- The document summarizes transistor fundamentals, including the invention of the transistor, its basic construction and operation, and different transistor configurations like common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector.
- It discusses key transistor parameters like current gain (β), maximum voltage and current ratings, and biasing requirements to operate transistors in the active region.
- Simulation results are presented to demonstrate a transistor functioning as an amplifier in the common-emitter configuration.
4.3 transistor
A transistor has three terminals - the emitter, base, and collector. There are two types of transistors - NPN and PNP. In an NPN transistor, the emitter sends electrons to the collector, while in a PNP transistor the emitter sends positive holes to the collector. The base current controls the collector current - a change in base current causes a larger change in collector current, allowing the transistor to function as an amplifier. The transistor can also function as an automatic switch, where no base current means no collector current (switch off), and base current flowing means collector current flows (switch on). A potential divider circuit with a variable resistor can be used to control the base voltage and switch the transistor on and
Transistor, fotodiode, dan diode pemencar [14]
Transistors are composed of semiconductor materials that regulate current or voltage flow and act as switches or gates in electronic circuits. There are two main types of transistors: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) which use both holes and electrons as current carriers, and field-effect transistors (FETs) which rely on an electric field to control conductivity. Transistors allow signals to be amplified and circuits to oscillate, and they are used in applications like sensors, processors, radios, and other electronic devices. The transistor was first invented in 1947 at Bell Labs and helped usher in the digital revolution.
Bipolar junction Transistor
The document discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It describes the basic construction of an NPN and PNP transistor including the emitter, base, and collector regions. It explains that the base-emitter junction must be forward biased and the base-collector junction must be reverse biased for the transistor to operate properly. The document also discusses BJT biasing circuits, operating regions including cutoff, saturation, and active modes, and uses of BJTs as switches and amplifiers.
bipolar transistors
This document discusses bipolar transistors. It describes the construction and types of NPN and PNP transistors, including their material composition and common uses. The document also explains how transistors are packaged and identified, and how they are properly biased in a circuit with the emitter-base junction forward biased and the collector-base junction reverse biased. Transistor testing and substitution are also covered.
Transistors ppt by behin
The document discusses transistors, including their history and evolution. It describes how the transistor was invented in 1947 and became the building block of electronics. Moore's Law, which predicted transistors would double every two years, driving down costs, is also mentioned. The key types of transistors - bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors - are defined. Their basic construction, symbols, operation, and applications as switches and amplifiers are outlined. New developments in transistor technology like 3D transistors are also summarized.
Transistor operating regions
Transistors have four main operating regions: reverse saturation, saturation, active, and cut off. In the saturation region, the transistor behaves like a closed switch with maximal collector and emitter currents. In the active region, the transistor performs well as an amplifier with the collector current multiplied by the base current. In the cut off region, the transistor behaves like an open switch with zero collector, emitter, and base currents. The reverse active region has the collector-base junction forward biased and base-emitter junction reverse biased.
Transistor
This presentation introduces transistors, including their basic components and functions. It describes the four main types of transistors - BJT, UJT, FET, and MOS. Key points covered include the three regions of a transistor (emitter, base, collector), the bipolar junction transistor being composed of three semiconductor layers, and the common connections of transistors in circuits (common base, common emitter, common collector). Operating modes such as active, saturation, and cutoff are also defined.
Transistors
Transistors are electronic devices made of semiconductor material that can act as both an insulator and conductor. They have three main parts - the emitter which emits charge carriers, the collector which collects the charge, and the base which forms two PN junctions. Transistors can function as switches by turning on when the base-emitter voltage is above 0.7V, allowing current to flow, or as amplifiers by mimicking small changes in input base current with higher amplitude output collector current.
transistor
This document describes how to test transistors to determine if they are NPN or PNP, and how to identify the collector, base, and emitter legs. It involves using a multimeter in diode test mode to check for conductivity between legs. The common leg that conducts with both probes indicates type, and a circuit with LED and battery further identifies the collector and emitter by brightness. Circuits are also provided to demonstrate transistors functioning as switches by controlling current flow with a voltage applied to the base.
BJT’s (bipolar junction transistor)
The document discusses the structure and operation of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It describes the three doped semiconductor regions (emitter, base, collector) and how they are arranged in NPN and PNP transistors. It explains that forward biasing the base-emitter junction and reverse biasing the base-collector junction is necessary for transistor amplification. Current flow is described, with the collector current being a multiple of the base current depending on the DC beta ratio. Circuit diagrams and equations for current and voltage are provided.
Transistor
this presentation is about transistor and its type, how transistor works, what is the importance of the transistor in our world and what was use before transistor.
Bjt
This document discusses the basics of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It begins by explaining that BJTs and field effect transistors are the two main categories of transistors. It then discusses the first transistor developed by Bardeen and Brattain in 1947. The document explains the symbol for an NPN or PNP BJT and describes the collector, base, and emitter layers. It provides details on the fabrication process and structure of discrete and planar BJTs. Oxide and trench isolation techniques are also summarized, along with the use of double polysilicon layers to reduce transistor size.
Bipolar Junction Transistor
The document discusses the bipolar junction transistor (BJT). It describes how the BJT was invented in 1947 by scientists at Bell Labs. The BJT consists of three terminals - the emitter, base, and collector - and comes in two types, p-n-p and n-p-n. The document explains the basic operation and principles of both types of BJT, including how current flows when junctions are forward or reverse biased in different modes. It also provides examples of calculating currents given bias conditions and current gains. Finally, it summarizes the key current-voltage relationships and characteristics of BJTs in common base, common emitter, and common collector configurations.
What's hot (20)
TRANSISTOR_ CONSTRUCTION & WORKING IN HINDI|BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR|NPN_P...
TRANSISTOR_ CONSTRUCTION & WORKING IN HINDI|BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR|NPN_P...
Similar to Transistor
Transistors
In this presentation there are different types of transistors and are they are well explained. It can be used in school, college purposes
Bjt fundamentals
This document provides an introduction to bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It discusses that BJTs are made of two back-to-back p-n junctions and are three-layer devices consisting of either two n-type and one p-type layers or two p-type and one n-type layers. The document describes the formation and operation of p-n-p and n-p-n transistors. It discusses forward biasing of the emitter-base junction, the majority and minority carrier currents, and the different current components in BJTs. The document also covers the common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector configurations and their input and output characteristics.
transistoranditsworkingprinciple-160427150207 (1).pdf
The document discusses transistors, beginning with a brief history of their invention as an improvement over vacuum tubes. It describes the two main types of transistors - bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs). BJTs are explained in more detail, including their construction of three doped semiconductor regions (emitter, base, collector), types (NPN and PNP), and working principle of current flow when forward and reverse biased. Key applications of transistors include amplification, switching, and regulation.
transistoranditsworkingprinciple-160427150207 (1) (1).pdf
This document provides an overview of transistors, including:
- A brief history of transistors from their invention at Bell Labs to replacing vacuum tubes.
- Descriptions of the two main types: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs).
- Details on BJT construction including the emitter, base and collector regions and PN junctions.
- Explanations of NPN and PNP transistor operation and how current flows from emitter to collector when the base is biased.
- Common applications of transistors like amplification, switching, and use in integrated circuits.
EEE Unit III first year. .pptx
This document discusses basic electronic devices and atomic structure. It describes how atoms are made up of electrons in different orbits and energy levels. Materials are classified as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators based on their ability to conduct electricity. Semiconductors have a small energy gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing some electron movement with small energy inputs. The document goes on to describe intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, PN junction diodes, and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It covers transistor biasing, input/output characteristics in different configurations, and provides examples of how to calculate current and voltage gains.
Presentation based on Transistors
The document discusses the basics of a transistor, including its key parts - the emitter, base, and collector. It explains that a transistor can be NPN or PNP, depending on whether the semiconductor material between the emitter and collector is N-type or P-type. The transistor can operate as an insulator or conductor depending on the biasing of its junctions. It works in three regions - cutoff, saturation, and active - and can be used as a switch or amplifier based on its biasing configuration and region of operation.
Lec-13.pptx
This document discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It describes the basic structure of a BJT, which consists of an emitter, base, and collector separated by two PN junctions. A BJT is a current-controlled device that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers. The document explains how BJTs work, including leakage current, biasing arrangements, transistor currents, input/output characteristics, and operational regions. BJTs can be used as amplifiers when biased in the linear active region.
Topic 4- Transistors.pptx
This document provides an overview of transistors, including:
- Transistors have three parts - the base, emitter, and collector. The emitter supplies majority charge carriers, the collector collects them, and the base regulates carrier flow.
- There are two main types of transistors - NPN and PNP. They differ in whether holes or electrons are the majority carriers.
- Transistors can function as an insulator or conductor depending on biasing, enabling them to switch or amplify signals.
- Transistors have three operating regions - cut-off, saturation, and active - which determine how current and voltage are controlled at the junctions.
Transistor in electronics
@A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
@Working of npn transistor
@Working of pnp transistor
Edc unit 3
The document discusses the construction and operation of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It begins by explaining that a BJT has three terminals - emitter, base, and collector - made of doped semiconductor material. Current flow is due to charge carriers diffusing across the base-emitter and base-collector junctions. It then describes the common base (CB), common emitter (CE), and common collector (CC) configurations, explaining their input/output characteristics, current and voltage gains, and other properties. The key parameters alpha (α) and beta (β) are also defined and their relationship explained.
Unit 5-BEE Electronics for Engineering in Computer branch 2nd sem diploma by ...
This document provides an overview of transistors and their applications. It discusses the basic construction and operation of bipolar junction transistors (BJT) including NPN and PNP types. It also covers transistor configurations like common base, common emitter, and common collector. The characteristics of transistors in the common emitter configuration are described. Finally, the document introduces junction field effect transistors (JFET) including the construction and operation of an n-channel JFET and its characteristics. Transistors are used as switches and amplifiers in various electronic applications.
17-Electronics(New).pdf
This document provides solutions to exercises on electronics from a physics textbook. It includes multiple choice questions and answers, as well as explanations for short questions on topics like why the base of a transistor is lightly doped, why the base current is weak compared to the collector current, why the emitter-base junction is forward biased while the collector-base junction is reverse biased, diagrams and explanations of how NPN and PNP transistors work, the differences between N-type and P-type semiconductors, why a P-type semiconductor remains electrically neutral despite having holes, why the common emitter configuration is widely used in amplifiers, and why transistors are called current amplification devices.
BJT Basic and Biasing-Abridged(1).pptx
The document discusses the bipolar junction transistor (BJT). It describes the BJT as a 3-layer semiconductor device consisting of either two n-type and one p-type layers (npn transistor) or two p-type and one n-type layer (pnp transistor). The document outlines the construction, operation, configurations (common base, common emitter, common collector), characteristics (input, output, active, saturation, cutoff regions) and symbol of the BJT. It provides details on majority and minority carrier flow and the relationships between various currents in the BJT.
Several types of oscillators exist. In your own words, describeThe.pdf
Several stock valuation models were described in the chapter, including zero-growth, constant
growth, variable growth, free cash flow, book value, and P/E multiple models. Which of these do
you believe would generate the most accurate value estimates for most firms? what about firms
that focus on EBITA over earnings? For example, some firms use the interest on debt to offset
earnings? Explain/elaborate your choice.
Solution
Out of all the methods listed above PE ratio is the best indicator for almost all the sectors (apart
from banking sector), the reason being that PE ratio being a valuation model which takes into
consideration the earnings as well as the current market price. Having MPS makes it relevant
from an equity investing standd point.
However in certain sectors like banking sector, the size of book assets determine the value of the
company and not the earnings, hence in such situations we should consider Book value to Market
cap ratio for inter company comparison.
Incase of financially leveraged company, where the entire sector is high financial leverage, EV /
EBITA can be used to compare two companies.
Also, it is highly advisable to not to look at a ratio in isolation, but to take a holistic approach in
investment decisions..
Edcqnaunit 3 (1)
The document discusses the construction and operation of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It describes how BJTs are constructed of doped semiconductor material with emitter, base, and collector regions. The base is located between the emitter and collector. In an NPN transistor, the base-emitter junction is forward biased, allowing electrons to inject into the base. These electrons diffuse through the base toward the reverse-biased collector-base junction and are swept into the collector. The document discusses various BJT configurations and modes of operation including common base, common emitter, and common collector. It provides details on input and output characteristics for the common base configuration.
Edcqnaunit 3
The document discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) including their construction, working principle, and different configurations. It provides details on:
- How a BJT is constructed of doped semiconductor material and operates by charge flow due to diffusion across junctions between regions of different charge concentrations.
- The common base (CB), common emitter (CE), and common collector (CC) configurations, explaining how each has different input/output characteristics, current and voltage gains.
- The CE configuration is most commonly used as it provides the highest current and power gain. It inverts the input signal phase.
- Parameters like alpha (α), beta (β), and their relationship which defines the current gain
solids_and_semiconductor_devices_3.ppt
The document discusses transistors and transistor amplifiers. It describes the basics of NPN and PNP transistors, including their symbols and how current flows. It then explains common base and common emitter configurations, showing the transistor characteristics and how they function as amplifiers in each configuration. The key gains of current, voltage, and power are also defined for common base amplifiers.
Solids_And_Semiconductor_Devices_3.ppt
This document discusses transistors and transistor amplifiers. It describes the basic structure and operation of NPN and PNP junction transistors. It then explains common base and common emitter amplifier configurations using NPN and PNP transistors. It discusses various amplifier gains such as current gain, voltage gain, power gain, and transconductance. Input and output phase relationships are also summarized for different configurations.
Semiconductor Devices Class 12 Part-3
This document discusses junction transistors and semiconductor devices. It describes the basic structure and operation of NPN and PNP transistors, including how current flows when the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are forward and reverse biased. It also explains the characteristics of transistors in common base and common emitter configurations, including the phase relationships between input and output signals. Finally, it defines various gains such as current gain, voltage gain, and transconductance.
Similar to Transistor (20)
prestationonbipolarjunciontransistor-151128084200-lva1-app6891.pptx
prestationonbipolarjunciontransistor-151128084200-lva1-app6891.pptx
transistoranditsworkingprinciple-160427150207 (1).pdf
transistoranditsworkingprinciple-160427150207 (1).pdf
transistoranditsworkingprinciple-160427150207 (1) (1).pdf
transistoranditsworkingprinciple-160427150207 (1) (1).pdf
Unit 5-BEE Electronics for Engineering in Computer branch 2nd sem diploma by ...
Unit 5-BEE Electronics for Engineering in Computer branch 2nd sem diploma by ...
Several types of oscillators exist. In your own words, describeThe.pdf
Several types of oscillators exist. In your own words, describeThe.pdf
More from Limon Prince
Analyzing and resolving a communication crisis in Dhaka textiles LTD.pptx
Dhaka Textiles Ltd, a leading Bangladeshi textile manufacturer, faced a communication crisis when rumors spread among employees about possible benefit cuts. This crisis not only disrupted operations but also damaged the company’s reputation.
Elements of Public Speaking.pptx
Public speaking involves conveying ideas and sharing information with an audience through effective speech. It is a social and individualistic process that unites the speaker and audience. There are several key elements to effective public speaking, including developing a confident personality, crafting a clear message to motivate or inspire the audience, ensuring familiarity with the place of delivery, using aids like microphones effectively, and defining the purpose of the speech to accomplish communication goals.
PERFORMANCE VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK (VANET)
The document summarizes a student's final year defense presentation on analyzing and preventing security attacks in routing protocols for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). The presentation covers introducing VANETs and wireless ad-hoc networks, stating the aims to establish an algorithm and simulate scenarios to compare routing protocols. It describes simulating two highway scenarios using OMNeT++ and comparing the proposed algorithm to AODV, DSR and B-AODV based on packet collisions, packets dropped and throughput. The results show the proposed algorithm performs better, and future work could make the network immune to black hole attacks.
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET)
The document summarizes a final year defense presentation on performance analysis and prevention of security attacks in routing protocols of vehicular ad-hoc networks. The presentation covers the objectives of establishing an algorithm for state problems in VANETs and simulating two scenarios. It then describes the methodology, which involves proposing an algorithm to determine malicious nodes and minimize black hole attacks. Two scenarios are simulated: a free highway with low vehicle density and high speeds, and a busy highway with high density and low speeds. The results of applying different routing protocols with the proposed algorithm in each scenario are then compared.
Quantitative and qualitative variables
This document defines and provides examples of quantitative and qualitative variables. It explains that quantitative variables can be measured numerically, like the number of children in a family, while qualitative variables are categorical, such as car models or types of potatoes. The document then provides steps to classify a variable and diagrams to illustrate the difference. It gives examples of applications of quantitative research in social sciences and findings on its use in sociology journals. In closing, it lists the references used in the presentation.
Microwave engineering
This presentation summarizes three microwave transmission lines: coaxial line, microstrip line, and quarter wave transformer. It is presented by four students who provide their names and IDs. The document discusses the properties, losses, advantages, and disadvantages of microstrip lines. It also explains how quarter wave transformers use a transmission line that is a quarter wavelength long to match the impedance of a line to a load. In the conclusion, the presenters thank the audience.
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's laws describe two principles of electrical circuits: 1) Kirchhoff's current law states that the total current entering any node in a circuit must equal the total current leaving it, based on conservation of electric charge. 2) Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero, based on the conservation of energy. The document then provides further details on each law.
The best Restaurant my experience
Last week, the author and friends went to Cafe Mango in Dhanmondi in the evening. They enjoyed their prawn chow mein, which arrived after 15 minutes and was delicious but expensive. Overall, they had a great time at the well-furnished and quiet restaurant.
Transistor
The document discusses the history and development of transistors. The vacuum tube triode was invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest and was used in early radios and computers. John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the first transistor in 1947 called the "point contact" transistor. A transistor is an electronic device made of semiconductor material that can act as an insulator or conductor, consisting of three layers known as a bipolar junction transistor. The transistor functions by using both holes and electrons as charge carriers and can operate in different regions including cutoff, linear, and saturation.
Electrical generator
This document provides information about electrical generators. It defines a generator as a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. It describes the basic components and working principle of generators, including how a coil rotating in a magnetic field induces an electric current. It classifies generators as AC or DC based on output, and lists common types like engine, human powered, turbine, and wind generators. It provides details on the main types of engine generators - standby, portable, and commercial generators - and describes their typical uses. The document also briefly discusses the history and evolution of generators from early machines to modern alternators.
Application of differential equation in ETE
This document provides a summary of a presentation on applications of differential equations in electronics and telecommunications engineering. It begins with introducing the presenters and their department at Daffodil International University in Bangladesh. It then defines what a differential equation is and describes common types like ordinary and partial differential equations. Specifically, it discusses the wave equation and electromagnetic wave equation, which are important second-order linear partial differential equations used in fields like acoustics, electromagnetics, and fluid dynamics to model wave propagation. The document provides examples of these differential equations and notes their derivation from Maxwell's equations.
Application of linear algebra in ETE
This document provides an introduction and overview of a presentation on the application of linear algebra in electrical and telecommunication engineering. The presentation is given by two students, Al-Amin Prince and Nusrat Jahan, from the Department of Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering at Daffodil International University. Their presentation covers the definition of linear algebra, its applications in various fields including engineering, and examples of how concepts from linear algebra, such as Gaussian elimination and the Wheatstone bridge circuit, are used in electrical engineering problems.
Logic gates
1. The document discusses several types of logic gates including AND, OR, inverter, NAND, NOR, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gates.
2. It provides the symbols and truth tables that define the input-output relationships of each gate type. For example, an AND gate only outputs high when all inputs are high.
3. The document explains that NAND and NOR gates can act as universal gates since they can be used in combination to perform the logic functions of AND, OR, and inverter gates.
Amplitude modulation
The document presents information on amplitude modulation, including that it is a modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the input signal. It discusses the basic principles of AM, including modulation index, quadrature AM, and advantages and disadvantages such as AM being simple to implement but inefficient in terms of power usage and bandwidth.
OSI Model
The document presents information about the OSI model from Abu Bakar Siddik ID: 141-19-1536, Al-Amin Prince ID: 141-19-1539, and Mst. Tamanna Yeasmin ID: 141-19-1548 from the Department of ETE at Daffodil International University. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers, and provides examples of functions for each layer such as data encoding, frame acknowledgment, logical-physical address mapping, session establishment and maintenance, data compression, and remote file access.
Broadcast technology
This presentation summarizes satellite broadcasting and different types of satellite orbits. It is presented by Al-Amin Prince from the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Daffodil International University, guided by Dr. Subrata Kumar Aditya. The presentation defines satellites and satellite broadcasting, and describes the main types of satellite orbits - geostationary Earth orbit (GEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), highly elliptical orbit (HEO), and low Earth orbit (LEO) - and provides examples of each.
Pharmacy Bile
Bile is a yellowish-green, viscous and alkaline digestive juice synthesized by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It contains water, bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol and other constituents. Bile produced by the liver contains more water and fewer concentrated components compared to bile stored in the gallbladder. Bile plays several important digestive and excretory functions, including reducing surface tension, activating lipases, solubilizing fats, absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and excreting waste products, toxins and bacteria. Disorders of the biliary system include gallstones, bile leaks, strictures and various forms of cirrhosis and cholangitis.
More from Limon Prince (17)
Analyzing and resolving a communication crisis in Dhaka textiles LTD.pptx
Analyzing and resolving a communication crisis in Dhaka textiles LTD.pptx
Recently uploaded
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Recently uploaded (20)
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Transistor
- 2. What is Transistor? Ans: A transistor consists of two pn junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. Accordingly, There are two types of transistors: i)P-N-P transistor ii) N-P-N transistor
- 3. Why it is called transistor? Ans: A transistor transfers a signal from a low resistance to high resistance. The prefix ‘trans’ means the signal transfer properly of the device while ‘istor’ classifies it as a solid element in the same general family with resistors.
- 4. Constracting of transistor: A transistor (pnp or npn) has three sections of doped semiconductors. The section is, i) Emitter ii) Collector iii) Base a) Figure: pnp transistor b) Figure: npn transistor
- 5. i) Emitter: The section on one the side that supplies charge carries is called the emitter . The emitter is always forward biased base so that it can supply a large number of majority carries. In fig (a) the emitter (p-type) of pnp transistor is forward biased and supplies hole charge to its junction with the base. Similarly, in fig (b) the emitter (n-type) of npn transistor has a forward bias and spplies free electrons to its junction with the base. ii) Collector: The section on the other side that collects the charges is called the collector. The collector is always reverse biased. Its function is to remove charges from its junction with the base. In fig (a) the collector (p-type) of pnp transistor has a reverse bias and receives hole charges that flow in the output circuit. Similarly, in fig (b) the collector (n-type) of npn transistor has reverse bias and receives electron
- 6. iii) Base: The middle section which forms two pn-junction between the emitter and collector is called the base. The base-emitter junction is forward biased, allowing low resistance for the emitter circuit. The base-collector junction is reverse biased and provides high resistance in the collector circuit.
- 7. Working of npn transistor: The npn transistor with forward bias to emitter-base junction and reverse bias to collector-base junction. The forward bias causes the electrons in the n-type emitter to flow towards the base. This constitutes the emitter current IB. As these electrons flow through the p-type base, they tend to combine with holes. As the base is lightly doped and very thin, therefore, only a few electrons (less than 5%) combine with holes to constitute base current IB. The remainder (more than 95%) cross over into the collector region to constitute collector current IC. In this way, almost the entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit. It is clear that emitter current is the sum of collector and base currents i.e.