1) Transistors can be used as switches to control the flow of current in a circuit and can be either on or off. 2) There are two main types of transistors - BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) like NPN and PNP, and FETs (field effect transistors) like JFETs and MOSFETs. 3) Transistors can be used as amplifiers to increase the strength of input signals in applications like radios and televisions.

1. Transistor

4.
BJT Transistors:
NPN
Transistor
PNP
Transistor
Sandwiching a P-
type layer
between two n-
type layers.
Sandwiching a N-
type layer
between two p-
type layers.

5.
How a “NPN” Transistor works?
Forwardbackward
The base-emitter diode
(forward) acts as a switch.
when v1>0.7 it lets the
electrons flow toward
collector. so we can control
our output current (Ic) with
the input current (Ib) by using
transistors.
C B E

6. Collector
Emitter
Base
Transistors have three terminals:
Transistors work in 3 regions
Active: Always on
Ic=BIb
Saturation :Ic=Isaturation
On as a switch
Off :Ic=0
Off as a switch

7. Transistor as a Switch
• Transistors can be used as switches.1
• Transistors can either
conductconduct or not conductnot conduct current.2
• ie, transistors can either be onon or offoff.2
Transistor Switch

8. Transistor Switching Example15
• When VBE is less than 0.7V the transistor is off
and the lamp does not light.
• When VBE is greater than 0.7V the transistor is on
and the lamp lights.
X
Variable
Voltage
Supply
12V

9. Transistor Circuit : Light-Controlled Circuit
• This transistor circuit contains
a Light-Dependent Resistor.
• Because of the LDR, this circuit is
dependent on light.
• The purpose of this circuit is to turn on
the LED when the light reaches a
certain intensity.
Input = Voltage Divider
Process = Transistor
Output = LED
1) LED = Off.
2) Cover LDR.
3) RLDR ↑.
4) VLDR ↑.
5) Transistor switches on.
6) LED = On.

10. Transistor as an amplifier:
Transistors are often used as amplifiers to increase input signal in
radios, televisions and some other applications .The circuit may be
designed to increase the current or voltage level.
The power gain is the product of current gain and voltage gain
(P=V*I).

11. Amplifier example:
As you see, the transistor is
biased to be always on. The input
signal is amplified by this circuit.
The frequency of output is the
same as its input, but the polarity
of the signal is inverted.
The measure of amplification is
the gain of transistor.
Example:
Input Amplitude =0.2v
Output amplitude=10v
Gain=10/0.2=50

12. Field Effect Transistors
JFET MOSFET CMOS

13. When the gate is negative ,it repels the
electron in the N-channel. So there is
no way for electrons to flow from
source to drain.
When the negative voltage is
removed from Gate ,the electrons
can flow freely from source to
drain .so the transistor is on.
How a JFET transistor works?

14. When the Gate is positive voltage ,it allows electrons
to flow from drain to source .In this case transistor is
on.
In MosFET, the Gate is insulated from p-channel or n-channel.
This prevents gate current from flowing, reducing power usage.
How a MOSFET Transistor works?

15. How a CMOS transistor works?
When Gate (input) is high ,electrons can
flow in N-channel easily . So output
becomes low. (opposite of input)
When Gate (input) is low ,holes can
flow in P-channel easily. So output
becomes high.
(opposite of input)
N-channel & P-channel MOSFETs can be
combined in pairs with a common gate .

16. SWITCHING
• The modern computer is a digital and electronic device.
• Runs on flow of electrons - movement of electrons from outer valence
shells on atoms
• Requires force/energy to pull an electron out of a shell - Electro-motive
force (EMF) - Voltage
• How tightly the electrons are held determines how much voltage is
needed and is quantified as resistance
• Number of Electrons flowing is quantified as Amperes

17. • Computers are electronic switching devices
• Voltage source (battery)
• Meter to detect voltage differential
0 5
0 5
0 5
Short Circuit
large voltage flow, but no
voltage differential

18. Digital Switch - Transistor
• Computers are constructed from transistors
• Transistor are used as on-off switches (0-off, 1-on), hence binary
0 5 0 5

19. Transistor controlling the circuit
0 50 5

20. Measuring Output before the transistor
• Acts as an invertor
• No voltage on the input causes the meter to read 5 volts
• A voltage on the input causes the meter to read zero
0 5 0 5

21. NAND – Not AND
A B Out
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 5
A
B 0 5
A
B