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1. A gene codes for RNA, which then codes for a protein during protein synthesis. 2. Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into RNA in the cell nucleus. Translation is where the RNA is then used to produce a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 3. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies one of the DNA strands to produce messenger RNA (mRNA) that leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes for translation into a protein.
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REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
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positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
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This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Transcription
This document discusses transcription and post-transcriptional modification. It begins by explaining the central dogma and gene expression. It then defines key terms like gene, transcription, RNA polymerase, template strand, and primary transcript. The document outlines the steps of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the transcription bubble and pre-initiation complex. Finally, it discusses post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and RNA editing. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are briefly compared.
Protein synthesis mechanism with reference of Translation and Transcription d...
This fie is about Protein synthesis mechanism with reference of Translation and Transcription, their sequential steps in details.
3.5 7.3 Dna Transcription
This document summarizes key aspects of DNA transcription. It describes the three main types of RNA - rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. Transcription is the process by which RNA is made from a DNA template in order to convey genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction until reaching a terminator region. The RNA codons formed during transcription correspond to DNA triplets. RNA processing occurs after transcription and involves splicing out introns and joining exons to form mature mRNA.
Translation
Translation involves mRNA carrying genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes decode the code into proteins. Ribosomes attach to mRNA and read its sequence three nucleotides at a time, using transfer RNA and its anticodons to specify amino acids. Peptidyl transferase catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Multiple ribosomes can attach to a single mRNA strand simultaneously to speed up protein production.
Dna replication copy
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each strand as a template to create a new partner strand through complementary base pairing. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the new strands to replicate the DNA. This ensures each daughter cell has an exact copy of the original DNA.
Protein synthesis
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
IB Biology HL Transcription and Translation
I am a IB HL Biology Student. Our teacher asks students to give lectures, I gave my lecture on Transcription and Translation. Please read through slide notes, should be quite helpful. Also contains some past paper questions.
Role of DNA and RNA in Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomenon of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomenon of amino acid assembly from RNA). The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during post translational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes, i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum. Preproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present. In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.
Transcription.translation lecture
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves 3 main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region of DNA. Elongation pairs RNA bases to the DNA template. Termination occurs when transcription reaches the end of the gene.
Translation is the process of making proteins from mRNA. It also involves 3 main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the ribosome and initiator tRNA binding to the start codon. Elongation adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
Molecular basis of inheritance-Protein synthesis part 1 Transcriptionein ppt...
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis, which involves two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then acts as a messenger to carry the genetic code to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs on ribosomes to synthesize proteins based on the mRNA sequence. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Some viruses use reverse transcription to produce DNA from their RNA genetic material.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each strand as a template to create a new partner strand. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand. When complete, the process generates two identical DNA double helices from the original. Before a cell divides, it must replicate its DNA so that the resulting daughter cells have the same genetic information as the parent cell.
Biochem synthesis of rna(june.23.2010)
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
Chapter 14
Gene expression occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase copies information from DNA to mRNA. In translation, mRNA directs ribosomes to assemble a polypeptide chain from amino acids based on the genetic code. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein.
DNA Transcription (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
DNA Transcription in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell , Post Transcription modification, Reverse Transcription.
Central dogma
The document outlines the three major stages of transcription and translation: 1) replication, where DNA is copied during cell division; 2) transcription, where part of a DNA strand is copied into mRNA; and 3) translation, where the mRNA is used by the ribosome to produce a polypeptide based on the mRNA codons. During translation, tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome which link them together based on the mRNA codons to form a protein.
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Protein synthesis mechanism with reference of Translation and Transcription d...
Protein synthesis mechanism with reference of Translation and Transcription d...
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Molecular basis of inheritance-Protein synthesis part 1 Transcriptionein ppt...
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RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs deoxyribose), bases (uracil replaces thymine), and structure (usually single-stranded instead of double helix). There are several types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes using anticodons that match mRNA codons, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up ribosomal structure and acts as an enzyme during protein synthesis.
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Transcription
- 12. During RNA synthesis, non-coding sequences of base pairs needs to be subtracted from the coding sequences of a gene in order to transcribe DNA into (mRNA.) So that.. mRNA that leaves now consists of a continous coding region