Translation
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Translation involves mRNA carrying genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes decode the code into proteins. Ribosomes attach to mRNA and read its sequence three nucleotides at a time, using transfer RNA and its anticodons to specify amino acids. Peptidyl transferase catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Multiple ribosomes can attach to a single mRNA strand simultaneously to speed up protein production.
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Protein synthesis(translation)
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1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
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The document summarizes the process of protein translation, which involves messenger RNA (mRNA) being used as a template to produce a polypeptide chain through the joining of amino acids. Key steps include transcription producing mRNA from DNA, mRNA binding to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching codons on mRNA to deliver corresponding amino acids, and the growth of the polypeptide chain through the formation of peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached, terminating translation. The genetic code and roles of various RNAs like rRNA and tRNA in facilitating translation are also outlined.
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TRANSLATION
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA and is translated by the ribosome into proteins. This involves transfer RNA molecules that associate amino acids with their codons. Translation begins with initiation factors recruiting the small ribosomal subunit to the start codon. Elongation then occurs through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome and translocation of transfer RNAs. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached. Translation is highly conserved and essential for protein synthesis in all organisms.
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2) Translation - which occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain on ribosomes. Transfer RNA molecules carry amino acids and bind to mRNA codons. Elongation and termination steps link the amino acids together and release the finished protein.
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2. Ribosomes contain rRNA and proteins and have three binding sites (A, P, E sites) that facilitate the joining of amino acids specified by the mRNA sequence.
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2. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription due to multiple RNA polymerases, nucleosomes, separation of transcription and translation, and intron-exon structure of genes.
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1. Translation is the process by which the genetic code in mRNA is used to synthesize polypeptide chains through the catalysis of ribosomes.
2. Ribosomes contain rRNA and proteins and have three binding sites (A, P, E sites) that facilitate the joining of amino acids specified by the mRNA sequence.
3. tRNAs act as adaptors by pairing their anticodons with mRNA codons and carrying the correct amino acid to the ribosome. Wobble base pairing allows some tRNAs to bind multiple codons.
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RNA and protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA through the enzymatic action of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide or protein chain. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.
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The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
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Notes ch13 website
From DNA to Protein
1. DNA contains genes that provide instructions for building proteins through transcription and translation. RNA is produced through transcription and carries the genetic code from DNA. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
2. During translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached. This process synthesizes proteins using the genetic code stored in DNA.
3. Mutations in DNA can occur through changes in single nucleotides or the insertion/deletion of nucleotides. This can alter the mRNA and resulting protein sequence produced.
Translation (protein synthesis) presentation
This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis through translation. It discusses how mRNA is transcribed from DNA and carries genetic codes to ribosomes. Ribosomes then translate mRNA into a polypeptide chain using transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acids. The three phases of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are described in which mRNA codons are read and amino acids are linked together to form a protein.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Biochem synthesis of rna(june.23.2010)
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
Molecular Genetics Part II
This document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses:
1) How early experiments established that genes encode proteins through RNA intermediates. One gene encodes one polypeptide.
2) The "central dogma" of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA acts as an intermediate to protect DNA and allow for gene regulation.
3) The process of transcription, including initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.
4) Translation occurs on ribosomes, where mRNA directs the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides according to the genetic code
section 5, chapter 4
Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA transports amino acids and attaches them to mRNA strands during protein synthesis based on mRNA codon sequences. Ribosomal RNA provides structure and enzymatic functions for ribosomes. Ribosomes link amino acids specified by mRNA codons into polypeptide chains.
Transcriptional, Translational, and Post-translational Regulation.pdf
1. Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to direct the assembly of amino acids into proteins according to the base sequence of the mRNA.
2. The ribosome reads the mRNA codon by codon and matches each codon to a corresponding tRNA carrying its complementary amino acid.
3. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation through peptide bond formation, and termination when a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
Transcriptional, Translational, and Post-translational Regulation.pdf
1. Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is used to direct the assembly of amino acids into proteins according to the base sequence of the mRNA.
2. The ribosome reads the mRNA codon by codon and matches each codon to a corresponding tRNA carrying its complementary amino acid.
3. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation through peptide bond formation, and termination when a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
Protein syntheisis 2016
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match up with mRNA codons through complementary base pairing and bring the corresponding amino acids. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome where tRNA molecules deliver amino acids in the correct order for protein assembly as the ribosome moves along the mRNA. This process of protein synthesis translates the genetic code into proteins that carry out the functions specified by the DNA.
lecture 3 Gene expression pptx
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA, transcription creates mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins. The central dogma states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Mutations can occur and change the nucleotide sequence, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
How trna recognizes several codons
The tRNA molecule has a distinctive folded structure with three hairpin loops that form the shape of a three-leafed clover. One of these hairpin loops contains a sequence called the anticodon, which can recognize and decode an mRNA codon. Each tRNA has its corresponding amino acid attached to its end.
Rna
RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs deoxyribose), bases (uracil replaces thymine), and structure (usually single-stranded instead of double helix). There are several types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes using anticodons that match mRNA codons, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up ribosomal structure and acts as an enzyme during protein synthesis.
Transcription
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
DNA contains genetic instructions and is transcribed into RNA. RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA, while translation assembles amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA code. Both transcription and translation are essential for protein synthesis and the flow of genetic information.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
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please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
Transcriptional, Translational, and Post-translational Regulation.pdf
Transcriptional, Translational, and Post-translational Regulation.pdf
Transcriptional, Translational, and Post-translational Regulation.pdf
Transcriptional, Translational, and Post-translational Regulation.pdf
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Southern Blot
Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences within DNA samples. It involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring DNA fragments to a membrane, and probing the membrane with a labeled complementary DNA sequence. Any hybridized probes will be detected, indicating the presence and size of the DNA fragment of interest.
Lecture 11 Recombinant Dna Tech
1. Recombinant DNA technology involves manipulating DNA from different species and combining them to form new recombinant DNA molecules.
2. Key steps include using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, and DNA ligase to join DNA fragments together into vectors like plasmids.
3. The recombinant DNA can then be replicated in host cells like bacteria to produce multiple copies for analysis.
Pcr
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a technique for amplifying a specific region of DNA through repeated cycles of heating and cooling in the presence of DNA polymerase. It allows for the rapid production of multiple copies of DNA from a small initial sample. Key components include a DNA template, primers that bind to the DNA region to be amplified, DNA polymerase, and buffers. During each cycle, the DNA is denatured by heating, the primers anneal to the single strands, and the polymerase extends the primers to make a new copy of the DNA region. Repeating this process results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence.
Gene Defects
1) Gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities can cause a variety of genetic disorders and diseases.
2) A single base pair change in DNA can cause mutations like sickle cell anemia, while errors in meiosis can result in aneuploidies including extra or missing chromosomes.
3) Examples of genetic disorders include Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and Down syndrome which is caused by trisomy 21. These disorders alter genes and result in physical or mental impairments.
Meiosis
This document summarizes the key stages and purpose of meiosis. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. This ensures genetic variation in offspring. The stages include prophase I with synapsis and crossing over, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II, telophase I and II, and cytokinesis. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number through homologous chromosome separation in meiosis I and sister chromatid separation in meiosis II, allowing for genetic recombination and independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes. Errors can result in conditions like Down syndrome.
Mitosis
Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. It has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these stages, the chromosomes condense and align, then separate so that each new cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two new daughter cells with identical genetic material to the original parent cell.
Transcription
1. A gene codes for RNA, which then codes for a protein during protein synthesis.
2. Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into RNA in the cell nucleus. Translation is where the RNA is then used to produce a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
3. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies one of the DNA strands to produce messenger RNA (mRNA) that leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes for translation into a protein.
History
This document provides an introduction to genetics and molecular medicine as well as a history of medical genetics. It discusses key topics like nucleotides, the central dogma of genetics, protein synthesis, mitosis, meiosis, genetic disorders and mutations. Important figures mentioned include Gregor Mendel who established the foundations of genetics, Thomas Hunt Morgan who discovered genes are arranged on chromosomes, Francis Crick and James Watson who discovered the double helix structure of DNA, and Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer who developed recombinant DNA techniques.
Gene Clo Ning
The document discusses different types of cloning technologies including DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. DNA cloning involves transferring a DNA fragment from one organism to a self-replicating vector like a bacterial plasmid to generate multiple copies. Reproductive cloning aims to generate an animal with the same nuclear DNA as another through somatic cell nuclear transfer, while therapeutic cloning seeks to produce human embryos for stem cell research. Both cloning techniques are controversial due to safety and ethical concerns.
Mendel\ S Law
The document summarizes the key findings and principles established by Gregor Mendel through his research on inheritance of traits in pea plants. Some of Mendel's important contributions include establishing that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes), defining dominant and recessive traits, and discovering the principles of segregation and independent assortment. Through experiments such as monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using pea plants, Mendel was able to demonstrate that alleles separate and randomly assort during reproduction, providing the foundation for modern genetics.
Dna
DNA contains the genetic material of organisms in the form of nucleotides arranged in a double helix structure. The double helix is composed of two strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases. DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next through replication and cell division. It controls the development of an organism's phenotype through gene expression and can produce variations through mutation that lead to evolution over time.
Gene And Chromosomes
This document discusses the organization of DNA in chromosomes. It explains that DNA is highly condensed and packaged through wrapping around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further compacted by winding around scaffold proteins. This allows the long DNA molecules to fit within the nucleus. Key structures of chromosomes include the centromere and telomeres. The number and size of chromosomes varies between species and can identify organisms. Banding patterns along chromosomes allow them to be identified and mapped.
Histology Of Female Genital Tract
The female genital tract consists of both external and internal structures. The external structures include the labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris, which are covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Internally, the tract includes the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The vagina and endocervix are lined by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The endometrium lining the uterus changes throughout the menstrual cycle in response to hormones. The fallopian tubes are lined by ciliated columnar epithelium and the ovaries contain primordial follicles and ova.
Anatomy Of Female Genital Tract
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the female genital tract. It describes the internal anatomy, including the uterus which receives fertilized eggs and provides an environment for fetal development, the vagina which connects to the cervix and serves as the birth canal, and the fallopian tubes and ovaries which are involved in ovulation and fertilization. It then describes the external female genitals including the mons pubis, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora and vulva.
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Translation
- 1. Translation
- 10. Summary Ribosome decodes the m-RNA and makes the correct protein. m-RNA Ribosomes Peptidyl transferase enzyme Transfer RNAs In the cytoplasm, on the ribosomes Translation Gene is activated. A copy of the code is made from RNA (m-RNA) m-RNA leaves the nucleus, goes to cytoplasm. DNA gene RNA polymerase In the nucleus Transcription Notes Major Components Where Process