Transactional model of communacation.
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The transactional model of communication shows that the elements of communication, including the speaker and listener, are interdependent and can send and receive messages simultaneously. There are three implications: 1) Communication is an ongoing and changing process as both parties and the environment change over time. 2) Each element, such as the speaker and message, exists in relation to the other interconnected elements. 3) Individuals react to communication based on their background and experiences.
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Models of communication
There are several models that describe the communication process:
- Linear models (like Lasswell's and Aristotle's) describe a one-way process from sender to receiver but lack feedback.
- Interactive models (like Schramm's) involve two-way communication between sender and receiver with feedback; overlap in their "fields of experience" facilitates understanding.
- Transactional models (like Barlund's) view communication as a simultaneous, circular process with sender and receiver exchanging roles; noise and interpretation affect the message exchange.
- Shannon-Weaver focused on quantifying communication and introduced the concept of "noise" disrupting the message transmission from sender to receiver.
Nature and Elements of Communication: Oral Communication in Context
This document provides an overview of communication including:
- Defining communication as the process of expressing and exchanging information through symbols to create meaning.
- Describing the key components of communication including a sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and context.
- Explaining barriers to effective communication can include physical, psychological, physiological, and semantic "noise".
Nature of Communication
Human communication involves exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions between individuals through verbal and non-verbal symbols to foster understanding. The key elements of communication are the sender, receiver, message, channel, noise, context and feedback. Communication can occur intrapersonally within an individual, interpersonally between two or more individuals, through public speaking to an audience, via mass media reaching many simultaneously, and using technology mediums. The communication process involves encoding thoughts by the sender, transmitting the message, receiving by the listener, decoding the meaning, and providing feedback in response.
Models of Communication
This document discusses several models of communication:
- Linear models include Aristotle's model, Lasswell's model, and Berlo's SMCR model which view communication as one-way.
- Transactional models like Shannon and Weaver's model see communication as an exchange between sender and receiver.
- Interactive models such as Schramm's model and Dance's helical model view communication as a circular process between two or more parties. Each model type is described along with their components and criticisms.
Nature and elements of communication
oral communication, nature and elements of communication, models of communication, types of communication
Types of speech context and styles
This document defines and provides examples of different types of communication:
- Intrapersonal communication occurs within one's self as thoughts and feelings.
- Interpersonal communication occurs between two people and establishes personal relationships, such as giving feedback or comfort to others.
- Small group communication involves 3-12 people discussing to achieve a goal, like an organizational meeting or group project.
- Public communication requires delivering a message to a larger audience, through means like speeches, debates, or presentations.
- Mass communication reaches broad audiences through media like television, newspapers, or the internet.
3 models of communication
The document discusses several models of communication that were developed over time:
1) The earliest model was the "Continuous Loop Model" which depicted communication as a machine with feedback loops. It had flaws in assuming communication is always continuous.
2) Shannon and Weaver's 1949 model was more practical, studying phone conversations over 2 years. It depicted information sources, transmitters, receivers, noise sources, and feedback.
3) Berlo's late 1970s/early 1980s model tried to be all-inclusive but was never tested, so it is considered a "theory" rather than a true model. It depicted the roles of senders and receivers.
David Berlo's Model of Communication
The document discusses David K. Berlo's 1960 model of communication. Berlo's model focuses on four elements in the communication process: the source, message, channel, and receiver. It describes factors that can influence each of these elements, such as communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social systems, and culture. The model presents a linear view of communication and does not account for feedback or barriers to communication.
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Models of communication
There are several models that describe the communication process:
- Linear models (like Lasswell's and Aristotle's) describe a one-way process from sender to receiver but lack feedback.
- Interactive models (like Schramm's) involve two-way communication between sender and receiver with feedback; overlap in their "fields of experience" facilitates understanding.
- Transactional models (like Barlund's) view communication as a simultaneous, circular process with sender and receiver exchanging roles; noise and interpretation affect the message exchange.
- Shannon-Weaver focused on quantifying communication and introduced the concept of "noise" disrupting the message transmission from sender to receiver.
Nature and Elements of Communication: Oral Communication in Context
This document provides an overview of communication including:
- Defining communication as the process of expressing and exchanging information through symbols to create meaning.
- Describing the key components of communication including a sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and context.
- Explaining barriers to effective communication can include physical, psychological, physiological, and semantic "noise".
Nature of Communication
Human communication involves exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions between individuals through verbal and non-verbal symbols to foster understanding. The key elements of communication are the sender, receiver, message, channel, noise, context and feedback. Communication can occur intrapersonally within an individual, interpersonally between two or more individuals, through public speaking to an audience, via mass media reaching many simultaneously, and using technology mediums. The communication process involves encoding thoughts by the sender, transmitting the message, receiving by the listener, decoding the meaning, and providing feedback in response.
Models of Communication
This document discusses several models of communication:
- Linear models include Aristotle's model, Lasswell's model, and Berlo's SMCR model which view communication as one-way.
- Transactional models like Shannon and Weaver's model see communication as an exchange between sender and receiver.
- Interactive models such as Schramm's model and Dance's helical model view communication as a circular process between two or more parties. Each model type is described along with their components and criticisms.
Nature and elements of communication
oral communication, nature and elements of communication, models of communication, types of communication
Types of speech context and styles
This document defines and provides examples of different types of communication:
- Intrapersonal communication occurs within one's self as thoughts and feelings.
- Interpersonal communication occurs between two people and establishes personal relationships, such as giving feedback or comfort to others.
- Small group communication involves 3-12 people discussing to achieve a goal, like an organizational meeting or group project.
- Public communication requires delivering a message to a larger audience, through means like speeches, debates, or presentations.
- Mass communication reaches broad audiences through media like television, newspapers, or the internet.
3 models of communication
The document discusses several models of communication that were developed over time:
1) The earliest model was the "Continuous Loop Model" which depicted communication as a machine with feedback loops. It had flaws in assuming communication is always continuous.
2) Shannon and Weaver's 1949 model was more practical, studying phone conversations over 2 years. It depicted information sources, transmitters, receivers, noise sources, and feedback.
3) Berlo's late 1970s/early 1980s model tried to be all-inclusive but was never tested, so it is considered a "theory" rather than a true model. It depicted the roles of senders and receivers.
David Berlo's Model of Communication
The document discusses David K. Berlo's 1960 model of communication. Berlo's model focuses on four elements in the communication process: the source, message, channel, and receiver. It describes factors that can influence each of these elements, such as communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social systems, and culture. The model presents a linear view of communication and does not account for feedback or barriers to communication.
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2. The linear Shannon-Weaver model from 1948 views communication as involving a sender, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, and potential noise.
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1) Regulation and control - Communication can influence human behavior through commands, instructions, and directives from figures of authority.
2) Social interaction - Communication allows people to develop and maintain relationships and associations with others.
3) Motivation - People use language to express desires, needs, wants, and aspirations to motivate themselves and others.
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1. The classical model developed by Aristotle focuses on logos, pathos, and ethos.
2. The linear Shannon-Weaver model from 1948 views communication as involving a sender, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, and potential noise.
3. Berlo's SMCR model adds communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social systems, message elements and structure, codes, and channels to the basic sender-receiver framework.
4. Schramm's interactive model depicts communication as a circular process with simultaneous encoding, interpreting, and decoding between parties.
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The document discusses the human person as an embodied spirit with limitations. It explains that human existence is embodied, and consciousness and embodiment are necessary for subjectivity, emotion, language, thought, and social interaction. It outlines three main limitations of humans as embodied spirits: 1) facticity, which refers to the unchangeable aspects of one's life and circumstances; 2) being spatial-temporal beings with limitations of time and an inability to be in two places at once; and 3) the body acting as an intermediary between our minds and the world in a limiting way.
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The document discusses the process and elements of communication. It defines communication as a process that occurs between two or more people using words, actions, or both. It identifies key elements of communication including the speaker, message, encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback, context, and barriers. It provides examples and details for each element and the overall communication process.
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الكتيب التعريفي لملتقى الاتصال الداخلي
نبذة تعريفية حول الاتصال الداخلي: بقلم: أحمد عودة/ الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة ترجمان للعلاقات العامة.
كم خسرت المنظمات بسبب سوء فهم حصل مع أحد موظفيها؟ وكم أزمة وقعت لها لأن بعض المعلومات لم تصل إلى الطرف المستهدف بصورة صحيحة؟ وكم عدد المنظمات التي تقيم وزنا لجمهورها الداخلي تماما كما تقيم وزنا لجمهورها الخارجي؟ وكم من المنظمات تمتلك فكرا متنورا في الاتصال الداخلي مع أفرادها لا سيما في الأزمات؟
يقرر علماء الاتصال أنه إذا اجتمعت للمنظمة الميزانية الكافية، والخطة المحكمة، والفريق المؤهل، وفقدت الاتصال الداخلي الفعال مع أفرادها، فإن كل ما اجتمع لها غير كاف لنجاحها وتقدمها. ويعزز ذلك تلك الدراسة التي قام بها معهد إدارة الأزمات في أمريكا وتبين من خلالها أن ربع الأزمات التي تحدث للمنظمات في العالم إنما تحدث بسب ضعف في الاتصال الداخلي، ولك أن تتخيل ما ينتج من هذه الأزمات من أضرار مالية وإنتاجية.
لقد بدأت المنظمات الرائدة في العالم باستخدام مصطلح "الحقوق الاتصالية للموظف"، كما أن القانون البريطاني يجرم المؤسسات إذا ثبت إنها أخفت او منعت عن أفرادها شيئا من المعلومات التي تقع ضمن حقوقه الاتصالية! وتجاوز الأمر هذا الحد في العديد من المنظمات الناجحة إلى تخصيصها لقسم متكامل للاتصال الداخلي، وبالرغم من ذلك كله ما زالت بعض المؤسسات لا تبدي أي اهتمام تجاه الاتصال الداخلي!
ويشمل الاتصال الداخلي تخطيط جميع الجهود الاتصالية داخل المنظمة بهدف توحيد ثقافة الموظفين وما يمتلكونه من قيم ومعتقدات مهنية، والحفاظ على سلوك إيجابي لأفراد المؤسسة، وكلما زاد عدد الموظفين في المنظمة زادت الحاجة إلى الاهتمام بالاتصال الداخلي لا سيما في البيئات متعددة الثقافات وفي المؤسسات الكبرى.
إن كل ما نقوم به من جهد في الاتصال الداخلي يهدف إلى توحيد المعتقدات والقيم المكونة للثقافة المؤسسية عند الأفراد. والتعبير عن هذه المعتقدات والقيم عبر قنوات اتصالية مختلفة هدفه أن تصبح الهوية واضحة، وتأثير هذه الهوية على الأفراد يظهر في صورة انطباعات تشكل صورة ذهنية لديهم ثم تدفعم هذه الصورة إلى تغيير سلوكهم بما ينسجم ويتوافق معها.
ويجب أن نعلم يقينا بأن هناك علاقة وثيقة وطردية بين فعالية الاتصال وإيجابية السلوك لدى أفراد المنظمة، فالسلوك الإيجابي لدى الموظفين في البيئة الداخلية يزيد كلما كان هناك فعالية في الاتصال الداخلي، ويتجه لأن يكون سلبيا كلما كان هناك ضعف في فعالية الاتصال. وبعبارة أخرى فإن مشاكل السلوك عند الإفراد في أي منظمة تعود في الغالب إلى ضعف الجهاز الاتصالي للمنظمة مع هؤلاء الأفراد.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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- 2. The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages
- 3. THERE ARE THREE IMPLICATIONS IN THE TRANSACTIONAL MODEL: • “Transactional” means that communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process. You are changing, the people with whom you arecommunicatingare changing, and your environment is also continually changing as well.
- 4. • In any transactional process, each element exists in relation to all the other elements. There is this interdependence where there can be no source without a receiver and no message without a source.
- 5. • Each person in the communication process reacts depending on factors such as their background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self-esteem.
- 6. DESCRIPTION • In the transactional model, two people communicate with multiple messages through what may be multiple channels and with parallel messages.
- 7. • As with other models, the messages may be distorted and the people may be distracted, resulting in misunderstanding that fuels and hinders the model
- 8. TIME 1 TIME 2 TIME 3
- 10. • It assumes that people are connected through communication; they engage in transaction. First, it recognizes that each of us is a sender-receiver, not merely a sender or a receiver. Secondly, it recognizes that communication affects all parties involved. So communication is fluid/simultaneous.
- 11. • This is what most conversations are like. The transactional model also contains ellipses that symbolize the communication environment (how you interpret the data that you are given). Where the ellipses meet is the most effective communication area because both communicators share the same meaning of the message.
- 12. EXAMPLE: • Hi there! • Well hello, how are you? • What are you up to, today? • I'm just going to work. What about you?
- 13. Thank you For listening GODBLESS US!!!