The document summarizes several models of communication: - Aristotle's model focuses on the speaker and sees communication as a one-way process from speaker to passive audience. - Shannon and Weaver's model conceptualizes communication as involving a sender, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, and potential noise. - Berlo's SMCR model examines the sender, message, channel, and receiver and the factors that influence each component. - Schramm's model incorporates feedback and emphasizes that the background and relationship between communicators shapes the communication process. It sees communication as interpretive and context-dependent.

1. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Prepared by:
Ma Jennifer S Yap

2. OBJECTIVES:
a. Identify the different models of communication
b. Differentiate each of the models of communication
c. Present a scenario using one of the models of
communication

3. Aristotle Model
Divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker,
Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.
speaker centered model as the speaker has
the most important role in it and is the only
one active.
speaker's role to deliver a speech to the
audience.
audience is passive

4.  communication process one way, from speaker to receiver.
Critical Elements of a Good Communicator
1. Ethos
Ethos is the characteristic which makes you credible in front of
the audience.
2. Pathos
If what you say matters to them and they can connect with it,
then they will be more interested and they will think you are
more credible.
3. Logos
Logos is logic. People believe in you only if they understand
what you are trying to say.

5. Criticisms of Aristotle's Model of
Communication
no concept of feedback, it is one way from
speaker to audience.
no concept of communication failure like
noise and barriers.
only be used in public speaking.

6. Shannon and Weaver Model Of Communication

7. Shannon Weaver model of communication was
created in 1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon
wrote an article "A Mathematical Theory of
Communication" in Bell System Technical
Journal with Warren Weaver.
“mother of all models."
Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model
Sender (Information source) – Sender is the
person who makes the message, chooses the
channel and sends the message.

8. Encoder (Transmitter) –Encoder is the sender
who uses machine, which converts message
into signals or binary data. It might also
directly refer to the machine.
Channel –Channel is the medium used to send
message.
Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine
used to convert signals or binary data into
message or the receiver who translates the
message from signals.

9. Receiver (Destination) –Receiver is the person who
gets the message or the place where the message
must reach. The receiver provides feedback
according to the message.
Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like
environment, people, etc. which does not let the
message get to the receiver as what is sent.
Example of Shannon Weaver Model
A businessman sends a message via phone text to his
worker about a meeting happening about their brand
promotion. The worker does not receive the full
message because of noise. It goes like this:

10. Businessman: We have a meeting at the office ("at 8 am" goes missing due
to phone network disruption or noise)
Worker (feedback) : At what time?
Here,
Sender: Businessman
Encoder: Telephone network company
Channel: Mobile network
Noise: Missing text due to disruption
Decoder: Mobile phone
Receiver: Worker
The transmission error is the noise in this case. The feedback lets the
businessman know that the message reached incomplete. The receiver
gets the chance to get the full message only after his feedback.

11. Levels of Communication Problems
There are three levels of problems of
communication according to Shannon Weaver.
They are:
1.Technical problem –How a channel causes a
problem
2.Semantic problem –Is the meaning of
message sent and received is very different
3.Effectiveness problem –How effectively does
the message cause reaction

12. Criticisms of Shannon Weaver Model
• It can be applied more for interpersonal
communication than group communication and mass
communication.
• Receiver plays the passive part in the communication
process as sender plays the primary role that sends
messages.
• Feedback is taken as less important in comparison to
the messages sent by the sender.
• The model is taken by some critics as a "misleading
misrepresentation of the nature of human
communication" as human communication is not
mathematical in nature.

13. Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication

14.  This model also focuses on encoding and decoding which
happens before sender sends the message and before
receiver receives the message respectively
 four components to describe the communication process.
They are sender, message, channel and receiver.
1. S -Sender
Sender is the source of the message or the person who
originates the message.
 Communication Skills:
Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the
communication process.

15. Attitude:
The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates
the effect of the message.
Knowledge:
Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the
communicated message have its effect more.
Social Systems:
Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other
social factors affect the sender's way of
communicating the message.

16. Culture:
Cultural differences make messages different
M-Message
A message is the substance that is being sent by the
sender to the receiver.
• Content:
Content is the thing that is in the message.

17. Elements:
Elements are the non verbal things that tag along
with the content like gestures, signs, language, etc.
Treatment:
Treatment is the way in which the message is
conveyed to the receiver.
Structure:
The structure of the message or the way it has been
structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of
the message.

18. Code:
Code is the form in which the message is sent. It
might be in the form of language, text, video, etc.
C-Channel
Channel is the medium used to send the message.
• Hearing- We receive the message through hearing.
• Seeing- We perceive through seeing. We also get
non-verbal messages by seeing.

19. • Touching- Many of the non-verbal
communication happens from touching
like holding hands.
• Smelling- We collect information from
smelling.
• Tasting- Taste also provides the
information to be sent as a message.

20. R- Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the
message sent in the process.
Communication Skills
• Attitudes
• Knowledge
• Social Systems
• Culture

21. Criticisms of Berlo's SMCR Model:
• There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is
not considered.
• There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers
in communication process.
• It is a linear model of communication, there is no
two way communication.
• Both of the people must be similar according to all
the factors mentioned above.

22. Transactional Model of Communication
sender and receiver, each take turns to send
or receive messages.
"sender" and "receiver" are known as
"communicators"
process of continuous change and
transformation
The transactional model is the most general
model of communication. Everyday talk and
interactions

23. Criticisms of Transactional Model
• Without verbal response, the sender can not be
sure that the receiver got the message as intended.
Feedback is an important component in the
communication process, especially in interpersonal
communication as it gives a space to clarify
misunderstandings.
• The transactional model gives the opportunity for a
lot of noise because the communication is
simultaneous. For example, when many people are
talking at the same time in a meeting, the objective
of the meeting will not be fulfilled.

24. Schramm's Model of Communication

25. Schramm's Model has different components for
communications where
• Sender (transmitter) is the person who sends the message.
• Encoder is the person who converts the message to be
sent into codes.
• Decoder is the person who gets the encoded message
which has been sent by the encoder and converts it into the
language understandable by the person.
• Interpreter is the person who tries to understand and
analyze the message. Message is received after
interpretation. Interpreter and receiver is the same person.

26. • Receiver is the person who gets the
message. He/she decodes and interprets the
actual message.
• Message is the data sent by the sender and
information that the receiver gets.
• Feedback is the process of responding to
the received message by the receiver.
• Medium or media is the channel used to
send the message.

27.  Noise is the interference and interruptions
caused during the process. It is also created
when the intended meaning of the message
sent by the sender and the meaning
interpreted by the receiver is different which
is known as Semantic Noise.
encoding and decoding are the two most
important part of a communication process.
both Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
communication.

28. Concepts of Schramm's Communication Model
background of the individual who is involved plays
an important role in communication.

29. Field of experience
Field of Experience are the things that influences the
understanding and interpretation of message like
culture, social background, beliefs, experiences,
values and rules.
Context of the relationship
The people involved must have things in common to
talk about. The message must be something
important to both. Communication will be easier if
the relationship between the sender and receiver is
close.

30. Context of social environment influencing the
field of reference
People communicate according to the
situation they are in. People act and
communicate according to the place, time,
reason and settings they are facing.
Use of Metaphors
Metaphors are used from experiences and it
makes communication easier. When a person
relates one thing to another, explaining and
interpreting it becomes easier. easier.

31. Mental Models
Field of experience overlap due to mental
conditioning and social conditioning of a
person.
Advantages of Schramm's Model of
Communication
• Circular communication gives opportunity to
both parties to give their opinion.

32. • As it is dynamic and ever changing model, it
is helpful in general practice.
• Sender and receiver interchanges and both
are equally active.
• Semantic noise included as a concept helps
in understanding problems that can occur
during interpretation of message.
• Feedback makes it easier to know if the
message is interpreted by the receiver as
intended or not.

33. • Concept of interpretation makes the
communication effective.
• Field of experience (psychological effect)
helps to understand the communication
process in many other ways than the traditional
ones..
• Concept of context makes the environmental
factor be included in interpretation of message
and brings change in the message value.

34. Disadvantages of Schramm's Model of
Communication
• This model can not deal with multiple levels of
communication and complex communication
processes.
• There can only be two sources communicating,
many sources complicates the process and the model
can not be implemented.
• Message sent and received might be interpreted
differently than intended.

35. Helical Model of Communication
Frank Dance proposed
a communication
model inspired by a
helix in 1967
Helix is compared with
evolution of
communication of a
human since birth to
existence or existing
moment.

36. introduces the concept of time where
continuousness of the communication
process and relational interactions are very
important
Communication is taken as a dynamic
process in helical model of communication
and it progresses with age as our experience
and vocabulary increases.
curve from which it emerges which denotes
past behavior and experiences

37. Communication is supposed to be continuous and
non-repetitive
Advantages of Helical Model of
Communication
• The model assumes sender and receiver to be
interchangeable and makes communication process
to be two way.
• The model takes the communication process
speculative and intellectual

38. Disadvantages of Helical Model of
Communication
• The model is taken as more simple than it
should be.
• Some critics don’t take it to be a model as it
has very few variables.
• It is not testable because it is abstract.
• It is not represent in a systematic and
orderly way.

39. • Variables cannot be differentiated in
this model.
• Continuity may not always be true for
communication. There might be breaks in
situations as well as events can be
meaningless, forced or unproductive.
• The purpose of communication is not
always growth.

40. Thank You for Listening