The document discusses transactional analysis, which is a technique used to better understand interpersonal relationships and behavior. It focuses on analyzing self-awareness, ego states including parent, adult and child, transactions between individuals, scripts that guide behavior, life positions regarding self and others, stroking or recognition needs, and psychological games people play. The goal of transactional analysis is to improve communication, understand motivations and enhance organizational development through clearer analysis of interpersonal dynamics.
Classification of budget according to Time, Function and Flexibility. Long term budget, Short term budget, Long term budget, Short term budget, Sales budget, Production budget
Negotiable Instruments Act - Legal Environment of Business - Business Law - ...manumelwin
The word ‘negotiable’ means transferable by delivery and instrument means a written document by which a right is created in favorable of some person. The term negotiable instrument therefore literally means a document transferable by delivery.
Classification of budget according to Time, Function and Flexibility. Long term budget, Short term budget, Long term budget, Short term budget, Sales budget, Production budget
Negotiable Instruments Act - Legal Environment of Business - Business Law - ...manumelwin
The word ‘negotiable’ means transferable by delivery and instrument means a written document by which a right is created in favorable of some person. The term negotiable instrument therefore literally means a document transferable by delivery.
Karma Theory,Nishkam Karma Yoga and Professionalism,Personal and Managerial effectiveness in Indian Thoughts,Management of the Self,Management of the Body,Management of the Thoughts,Management of the Emotions,Stress Management,Interpersonal and Group Effectiveness
It is a type of financial ratio used to measure the efficiency of business in generating profit by utilizing assets
The larger the turnover ratio, the better as it shows that the company is optimally utilizing its assets as resources to earn revenue
Turnover ratios are calculated by dividing the revenues from average asset balance
It is also termed as efficiency ratio because it shows the company’s efficiency in conversion of assets into sales which in turn reflects the ROI
Inventory Turnover ratio measures how efficiently the stocks are being converted into finished goods to generate sales
It is calculated as –
Inventory Turnover Ratio = (Cost of Goods Sold)/(Average Inventory)
Debtors Turnover Ratio signifies the efficiency of business in converting its debtors or credit sales into cash
It is calculated as –
Debtors Turnover Ratio = (Net Credit Sales or Revenue)/(Average Trade Receivables)
Fixed assets turnover ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its fixed assets to generate revenue
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = (Revenue from sales)/(Average Fixed Assets)
Total assets turnover ratio takes into account both fixed as well as current asset to measure the overall efficiency in generation of revenue with assets utilization
It is calculated as –
Total Assets Turnover Ratio = (Revenue from sales)/(Average Total Assets)
Working capital ratio measures the company’s efficiency in using its working capital to generate revenue for the business
It also indicates the relation between liquidity and profitability of the business
It is calculated as –
Working Capital Turnover Ratio = (Revenue from sales)/(Average Working Capital)
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Responsibility accounting is a system of dividing an organization into similar units, each of which is to be assigned particular responsibilities. These units may be in the form of divisions, segments, departments, branches, product lines and so on. Each department is comprised of individuals who are responsible for particular tasks or managerial functions. The managers of various departments should ensure that the people in their department are doing well to achieve the goal. Responsibility accounting refers to the various concepts and tools used by managerial accountants to measure the performance of people and departments in order to ensure that the achievement of the goals set by the top management.
Responsibility accounting, therefore, represents a method of measuring the performances of various divisions of an organization. The test to identify the division is that the operating performance is separately identifiable and measurable in some way that is of practical significance to the management. Responsibility accounting collects and reports planned and actual accounting information about the inputs and outputs of responsibility centers.
Karma Theory,Nishkam Karma Yoga and Professionalism,Personal and Managerial effectiveness in Indian Thoughts,Management of the Self,Management of the Body,Management of the Thoughts,Management of the Emotions,Stress Management,Interpersonal and Group Effectiveness
It is a type of financial ratio used to measure the efficiency of business in generating profit by utilizing assets
The larger the turnover ratio, the better as it shows that the company is optimally utilizing its assets as resources to earn revenue
Turnover ratios are calculated by dividing the revenues from average asset balance
It is also termed as efficiency ratio because it shows the company’s efficiency in conversion of assets into sales which in turn reflects the ROI
Inventory Turnover ratio measures how efficiently the stocks are being converted into finished goods to generate sales
It is calculated as –
Inventory Turnover Ratio = (Cost of Goods Sold)/(Average Inventory)
Debtors Turnover Ratio signifies the efficiency of business in converting its debtors or credit sales into cash
It is calculated as –
Debtors Turnover Ratio = (Net Credit Sales or Revenue)/(Average Trade Receivables)
Fixed assets turnover ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its fixed assets to generate revenue
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = (Revenue from sales)/(Average Fixed Assets)
Total assets turnover ratio takes into account both fixed as well as current asset to measure the overall efficiency in generation of revenue with assets utilization
It is calculated as –
Total Assets Turnover Ratio = (Revenue from sales)/(Average Total Assets)
Working capital ratio measures the company’s efficiency in using its working capital to generate revenue for the business
It also indicates the relation between liquidity and profitability of the business
It is calculated as –
Working Capital Turnover Ratio = (Revenue from sales)/(Average Working Capital)
Thank you for Watching
Subscribe to DevTech Finance
Responsibility accounting is a system of dividing an organization into similar units, each of which is to be assigned particular responsibilities. These units may be in the form of divisions, segments, departments, branches, product lines and so on. Each department is comprised of individuals who are responsible for particular tasks or managerial functions. The managers of various departments should ensure that the people in their department are doing well to achieve the goal. Responsibility accounting refers to the various concepts and tools used by managerial accountants to measure the performance of people and departments in order to ensure that the achievement of the goals set by the top management.
Responsibility accounting, therefore, represents a method of measuring the performances of various divisions of an organization. The test to identify the division is that the operating performance is separately identifiable and measurable in some way that is of practical significance to the management. Responsibility accounting collects and reports planned and actual accounting information about the inputs and outputs of responsibility centers.
Transactional analysis in psychotherapyTejal Patil
Transactional Analysis is a personality theory which gives us a picture of how people are structured psychologically. It is a method of understanding communication between people, a system of analyzing and understanding human relationship.
Transactional Analysis is one of the most accessible theories of modern psychology. Transactional Analysis was founded by Eric Berne, and the famous 'parent adult child' theory is still being developed today.
A presentation on Food industry
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Cost of quality is a methodology that allows an organization to determine the extent to which its resources are used for activities that prevent poor quality, that appraise the quality of the organization's products or services, and that result from internal and external failures.
It is a set of principles and rules dictated by upper management that define what is right and what is wrong in an organization. It is the guideline that helps direct a lower manager's decisions in the scope of his or her job when a conflict of values is presented.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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Transactional analysis
1.
2. The study of human behaviour is very complex and complicated
concept.
It is affected by the psychological factors such as perception, learning,
peronality and motivation.
In addition to these factors, individual behaviour affects and affected
by the behaviour of others.
One of the major problems in the study of organisational behaviour is
to analyse and improve, the interpersonal relationships.
One basic approach to study interpersonal relations in an
organisational system is transactional analysis.
This analysis deals with understanding, predicting and controlling
interpersonal relationships.
3. It was introduced by Eric Berne.
Transactional analysis is a technique used to help people better
understand their own and other’s behaviour, especially in
interpersonal relationships.
It is a good method for understanding interpersonal behaviour.
It offers a model of personality and the dynamics of self and its
relationship to others that makes possible a clear and meaningful
discussion of behaviour.
4. Transactional analysis is primarily concerned
with following:
Analysis of self awareness
Analysis of ego states
Analysis of transactions
Script analysis
Analysis of life positions
Stroking
Games analysis
5. The interpersonal relationships are composed of interself.
Self is the core of personality pattern which provides integration.
Self awareness is an important concept, it describes the self in terms of
image, both conscious and unconscious.
Joseph Luft and Harrington have developed a diagram to look at one’s
personality including behaviours and attitudes that can be known and
unknown to self and known and unknown to others.
This diagram is known as the JOHARI WINDOW.
It comprising of 4 parts.
6. OPEN
(known to others and also self)
BLIND
(unknown to self but known to others)
HIDDEN
(known to self but unknown to others)
UNKNOWN
(unknown to self and unknown to
others)
7. The ego plays an important role in human behaviour.
People interact with each other in terms of psycological positions or
behavioural patterns known as ego states.
Ego states are person’s way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any
time.
There are 3 important ego states.
Ego states: child, adult and parent.
A person of any age have these ego states in varying degree.
A healthy person is able to move from one ego state to another.
9. 1. parent ego state:
The parent ego state means that the values, attitudes and
behaviours of parents an integral part of the personality of an
individual. These people tend to talk to people and treat others like
children. The characteristics of a person with parent ego state are:
Judgemental
Rule maker
Moralising
Over protective
indispensable
10. 2. Adult ego state:
The adult ego state is authentic, direct, reality based, fact
seeking and problem solving. They assume that human beings as
equal, worthy and responsible. The process of adult ego state
formation goes through one’s own experiences and continuously
updating attitudes left over from childhood. People with adult
ego state, gather relevant information, carefully analyse it,
generate alternatives and make logical choices.
3.Child ego state:
the child ego state is characterized by very immature behaviour.
The important features of child ego state are creativity, anxiety,
depression, dependence, fear, joy, emotional sentimental etc.
11. A transaction is a basic unit of social interaction.
The heart of transactional analysis is the study and diagramming of
the exchanges between two persons.
Thus where a verbal or non verbal stimulus from one person is being
responded by another person a transaction occurs.
Transactional analysis can help us to determine which ego state is
most heavily influencing our behaviour and the behaviour of the
other people with whom we interact.
12. Depending on the ego states of the persons involved in transactions,
there may be three types of transactions:
1.Complementary transactions:
Both people are operating from the same ego state. There can be
nine complementary transactions. They are given below:
Adult-Adult transactions
Adult-Parent transactions
Adult-Child transactions
Parent-Parent transactions
Parent-Adult transactions
Parent-Child transactions
Child-Parent transactions
Child-Adult transactions
Child-Child transactions
13. 2. Crossed transactions:
a crossed transaction is one in which the sender sends message a
behaviour on the basis of his ego state, but this message is reacted
to by an unexpected ego state on the part of the receiver. Crossed
communication should be avoided as far as possible. Whenever
such transactions occur, communication tends to blocked and a
satisfactory transaction is not accomplished.
3.Ulterior transactions:
two ego states within the same person but one disguises the other
one.
14. In a layman’s view ,a script is the text of play, motion picture, or a
radio or TV programme.
In transactional analysis a person’s life is compared to a play and the
script is the text of the play.
According to Eric Berne,” a script is an ongoing programme,
developed in early childhood under parental influence which directs
the individual behaviour in the most important aspects of his life.
A script is a complete plan of living, offering prescriptions,
permissions and structure which makes one winner or loser in life.
15. In the process of growing up people make basic assumptions about
their own self worth as well as about the worth of significant
people in their environment.
The combination of assumptions about self and the other person
called as life position.
Transactional analysis constructs the following classifications of
the four possible life positions or psychological positions:
I am OK,, you are OK.
I am OK, ,you are not OK.
I am not OK,, you are OK.
I an not OK,, you are not OK
16. I am OK, you are OK:
It appears to be an ideal life position. People with this type of
life position have confidence in themselves as well as trust and
confidence in others.
I am OK, you are not OK:
This is a distrustful psychological positions. This is the attitude
of those people, who think that whatever they do is correct.
:I am not OK, you are OK
This is a common position for those people who feel power less
when they compare themselves to others.
I am not OK,, you are not OK:
people in this position tend to feel bad about themselves and see
the whole world as miserable. They do not trust others and have no
confidence in themselves.
17. Stroking is an important aspects of the transactional analysis.
The term stroke refers to “giving some kind of recognition to others.”
People need strokes for their sense of survival and well being on the
job. Lack of stroking can have negative consequences both on
physiological and psychological well being of a person.
There are three types of strokes:
18. 1.Positive strokes:
the stroke one feel good, is a positive stroke. Recognition,
approval are some of the examples.
2. Negative strokes:
a stroke one feel bad or not good is a negative stroke.
negative strokes hurt physically or psychologically.
3.Mixed strokes:
a stroke may be of a mixed type also.
Example :the boss comment to a worker “you did an excellent job
inspite your limited experience.
19. When people fail to get enough strokes at work they try a variety of
things.
One of the most important thing is that they play psychological
games.
A psychological game is a set of transaction with three
characteristics:
The transaction tend to be repeated.
They make sense on superficial or social level.
One or more transactions is ulterior.
20. Types of games:
* A first degree game is one which is socially
acceptable in the agent’s circle.
* A second degree game is one which more
intimate end up with bad feelings.
* A third degree game is one which usually
involve physical injury.
21. Improved interpersonal communication.
Source of positive energy.
Understanding ego state.
motivation.
Organisational development