2. Transaction Analysis
• Transaction analysis is a technique used to help people better
understand their own & other’s behavior, especially in interpersonal
relationships.
• Method of analyzing and understanding interpersonal behavior.
3. Transaction Analysis is primarily concerned
with the following :
• Analysis of Self Awareness
• Analysis of Ego states
• Analysis of transactions
• Script Analysis
• Games Analysis
• Analysis of life positions
• Stroking
4. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
• Structural Analysis - How to analyse
personalities
• TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- How people
communicate
• Stroke Analysis - How people
recognise each other
• Game Analysis - Ulterior Transactions
• SCRIPT ANALYSIS - Life Positions
5. Analysis of Self Awareness (Johari Window)
Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham
• The open self (straightforward,
clarity,open and sharing, think
about conflict ?)
• The blind self (copied by individual
from certain significant people)
• The hidden self (private and
personal window)
• The unknown self (mysterious
)subconscious/unconscious.
• Feedback /disclosure
6. • Self awareness is cognitive concept , it describes the self in terms of
image , both conscious and unconscious
• Relationship can be studied properly if a person can perceive his own
behavioral style and at the same time how it is perceived by others.
• Developed a diagram to look at one’s personality including behaviors
and attitudes that can be known and unknown to self and known and
unknown to others
7. Johari window intervention
• Be descriptive rather than judgmental
• Be specific rather than general
• Deal with things that can be changed
• Give feedback, when it is desired/ its accuracy can be checked with
the others/ at the time the behavior takes place.
8. Analysis of Ego states
• Ego states are a person’s way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any
time. (pattern of behavior that a person develops as he or she grows
based upon his accumulated network of feelings and experiences).
• Nothing to do with chronological age of the persons, they are related
with psychological age.
• A healthy person is able to move from one ego state to another.
• Parent ego
• Adult ego
• Child ego
9. Ego States
• Berne believed that when we interact with other people, our state of mind
affects what happens
• He believed that there were three states of mind in all humans, no matter
how old they were, called ego states.
ADULT
CHILD
PARENT
10. 10
Eric Berne and Transactional Analysis
People have three ego states: parent, adult, child
Parent: when a person thinks, feels &
behaves in ways copied from his/her parents
Child: thinking, feeling, behaving as one did as
a child
Adult: thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that
are a direct result of current happenings
Key point: people shift in & out of these states
11. Parent ego state
• Values, attitudes and behaviors of parents become an integral part of
personality.
• By parents, we do not mean natural parents, but all those emotionally
significant people like elder brothers, school teachers, friends who served
as parent figure when an individual was a child.
• These attitudes, values and habits of these people become the basis of this
personality.
• Judgmental, value laden, rule maker, moralizing, over protective,
dogmatic (sticking to certain rules).
• Parent ego is expressed by giving advice, do’s and don’ts, showing
displeasure
13. Adult ego state
• Adult ego state is authentic, direct, reality based, rational, fact
seeking and problem solving.
• People interacting with adult ego, do not act impulsive or in
domineering style.
• Assume human beings as equal, worthy and responding to process of
adult ego state formation goes through one’s own experiments and
continuously updating parental attitudes left over from childhood.
• Though certain values which are formed in the childhood are rarely
erased, an individual at the later stage may bock his child and parent
ego states and use his adult ego only based on his experiences.
14. • He updates the parent data to determine what is valid and what is
not.
• Similarly, he updated the child data to determine which feelings
should be expressed.
• So people with adult ego state, gather relevant information, carefully
analyse it, generate alternatives and make logical choices.
15. Child ego state
• Inner world of feelings, experiences and adaptations. In each case,
the child ego is characterized by very mature immature behavior.
• Creativity
• Conformity, affectionate, impulsive
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Dependence
• Fear joy, self centered, rebellious, aggressive
• Emotions/sentiments
16. The Three Ego States
• Parent- “Do as I do”
• Child- “What shall I do?”
• Adult- “I will be frank with you”
NOTE: a healthy person has a personality that maintains a balance
among all three ego states.
17. Characteristics of Ego States
• Each ego state has particular verbal and non-verbal characteristics,
which can be observed, if you are watching people.
• Each ego state has a positive and negative aspect
18. Look at the sentences below and match the
ego state to the sentence.
1. It’s not my fault my drink
got spilt on your new
carpet
2. I wonder what might have
caused that accident
3. For goodness sake, clean
up that mess.
4. Shall we clean up the mess
together with a wet cloth?
5. I refuse to get involved in
this incident.
CHILD
ADULT
PARENT
19. Look at the sentences below and match the
ego state to the sentence.
1. It’s not my fault my drink
got spilt on your new
carpet
2. I wonder what might have
caused that accident
3. For goodness sake, clean
up that mess.
4. Shall we clean up the mess
together with a wet cloth?
5. I refuse to get involved in
this incident.
CHILD
ADULT
PARENT
20. Ego states
• While the above ego states are present in all of us simultaneously,
only one of these will be in command at any given moment in time.
Furthermore, the states do not depend on the individual's age and
each presents positive and negative aspects.
21. Shift in Ego States
• Parent- “Why don’t you prepare a time-plan to handle your things
properly?”
• Child- “What is the point when one cannot follow it?” – Becomes an
Adult.
23. • The Natural Child behaves as a child would do naturally, bringing together
creativity, intuition and curiosity. The Natural Child enjoys life, expressed
itself freely its feelings of happiness, sadness, anger and fear depending on
the situation, and is spontaneous. The Natural Child is the state
which loves.
The Adapted Child adapts its behaviour under the influence of its parents,
behaving in the way that its parents would like it to, for example, with
obedience or precociousness or perhaps also by showing reserve, by being
vindictive or rebellious.
• Rebellious Child
24. Adult ego state
1. I have a habit of planning my work and my private life. This enables me to be
relaxed and calm.
2. When my ideas are challenged during discussions, I readily question some of
my points of view.
3. When I reflect on my life, I see that I have frequently changed my ideas and my
points of view on fundamental issues.
4. Although I do not always agree with my boss on quite a number of issues, I
nonetheless get on very well with him.
5. At work, moral values and feelings are more important than many people
believe.
6. I take part in a number of activities outside of work and have the feeling that I
am not as bored as most people.
7. I enjoy a happy life. I have built up and continue to build up a positive
relationship with my spouse and my children.
25. Analysis of Transactions
• Transaction is basic unit of social interaction. Study of the exchanges
between two persons.
Complementary Transactions
Adult-adult, adult-parent, adult-child, parent-parent, parent-adult,
parent-child, child-parent, child-adult, child-child
Crossed Transactions
Ulterior Transactions
26. Transactional Analysis
Transactional analysis - Transactions between people are seen as
having 3 levels:
• Complementary – both people are operating from the same ego
state/ interacting according to the expectations from sender.
• Crossed – the other person reacts from an unexpected ego state
• Ulterior – two ego states within the same person but one disguises
the other
27. Types of Transaction
Complementary Transactions
P
A
C
P
A
C
“You’re three hours late, I
want an explanation.”
DIRECTOR EMPLOYEE
“I’m really sorry, I slept
through the alarm, it won’t
happen again, I promise.”
This is a
complementary
transaction because
the employee
accepts the child ego
state assigned to him
by the director and
responds in child ego
state.
28. Crossed Transaction
P
A
C
P
A
C
DIRECTOR EMPLOYEE
“You’re three hours
late, I want an
explanation.”
“Oh, didn’t you get
held up by that
accident on the
road as well?”
This is a crossed transaction
because although the
manager, parent ego state,
attempted to address the
employee as a child, the
employee refuses this ego
state and responds in adult
ego state to the manager’s
ego state.
A crossed transaction is any
transaction where the
person being spoken to
refuses the ego state they
are assigned by the first
speaker.
29. Types of Transactions (Con..)
• Crossed Transaction: This causes most difficulties in social situations.
• “May be, you should improve your way of delivering lecture”.
• “You always find fault with me whatever I do”
(Parent-Child interaction.)
30. Script Analysis
• A person’s psychological script is a life plan, a drama he or she writes
and then feels compelled to live out.
• Person’s script may resemble a soap opera, a wild adventure, a
tragedy, a joyful comedy, etc.
• All the world is a stage. And all the men & women merely players.
They have their exits and their entrances. Each human in his time play
many parts.
31. Every person in his life time plays three basic roles
which are called as persecutor, victim and rescuer.
Legitimate roles
• Roles are realistically appropriate to the
situation.
• A Persecutor- Someone who sets necessary
limits on behavior or is charged with
enforcing a rule.
• A victim- Someone who qualifies for a job but
is denied the job because of gender, race,
religion.
• A Rescuer- Someone who helps a person who
is functioning inadequately to become self
reliant.
Illegitimate roles
• Roles are said to be illegitimate if they are
used like masks and people use them for
purposes of manipulation.
• A Persecutor- Someone who sets unnecessary
strict limits on behavior or is charged with
enforcing the rules but does with sadistic
brutality.
• A victim- Someone who does not qualify for a
job but falsely claims that it is denied to him
because of gender, race, religion.
• A Rescuer- Someone who in thee guise of
being helpful ,keep others dependent up on
him/her.
32. Analysis of Life Positions
• In the process of growing
up,People make basic assumptions
about their own self worth as well
as about the worth of significant
people in their environment. Harris
called the combination of
assumptions about self and the
other person, a LIFE POSITION.
I am OK, you are OK.
I am OK, you are not OK.
I am not OK, you are OK.
I am not OK, you are not OK.
33. I am OK-you are OK
• Rationally chosen and mentally healthy position. Ideal life position.
• People with this life position have confidence in themselves as well as
trust and confidence in others.
• They Accept the significance of other people and feel that life is worth
living.
• The people who have this position behave from adult, nurturing
parent and happy child ego state.
• When mangers have this type of position? Think about positive
impact.
34. I am OK-you are not OK
• Distrustful psychological state.
• Critical parent ego state.
• This position is taken by people who feel victimized or persecuted.
They blame others for their miseries. You have opinion that
Whatever you do , is correct.
• Managers operating with this person will always be negative and give
critical and oppressive remarks.
• Criminals
35. I am not OK- you are OK
• This is common position for those people when they compare themselves
to others.
• People with this position always feel themselves at mercy of others and
grumble for one thing or other.
• they have tendency to withdraw, experience depression and in extreme
cases become suicidal.
• People who have this position operate from child ego state.
• Often unpredictable and erratic(inconsistent)
• Managers operating with this position tend to give and receive bad
feelings. They use these bad feelings as an excuse to act against others, but
when things come out, they feel guilty for their acts.
36. I am not OK-you are not OK
• People in this position tend to feel bad about themselves and see the
whole world as miserable.
• These people tend to give up. They do not trust others and have no
confidence In themselves.
• In extreme cases, these people commit suicide or homicide.
• For example, This is case of individuals who were seriously neglected
by parents in their childhood and were brought by servants.
• Managers who have this position are not competent, energetic,
efficient and effective. They are indecisive, confused and make stupid
mistakes
37. Stroking
• Stroke refers to giving some kind of recognition to the other.
• People need strokes for their sense of survival & well being on the
job.
• Positive Strokes- that makes one feel good (Recognition, approval &
pat on the back).
• Negative Strokes- makes one feel bad or not good ( hate, criticize,
scold).
• Mixed Strokes- combination of positive & negative stroke (boss’s
comment to a worker “you did an excellent job in spite your limited
experience”).
38. Game Analysis
• Game analysis is the act of observing and understanding what games are played, what the
end results will be and how these games interfere with a person's relationships.
• Ulteriorly motivated transactions that appear complementary on the surface but end in bad feelings.
• People play games to:
• Structure time.
• Achieve recognition.
• Make others predictable.
• Prevent intimacy.
• Because intimacy involves risks, games keep people safe from exposing thoughts and feelings.
39. Types of Games
• First-degree games
• Played in social circles with anyone willing to participate.
• minor upset, played socially end up with minor discomfort
• Generally lead to mild upsets.
• Second-degree games
• Occur when the players go after bigger stakes.
• Usually in more intimate circles.
• End up with bad feelings.
• Third-degree games
• Usually end up in tissue damage
• The players usually end up in jail, the hospital, or the morgue.
40. Individuals and Game-Playing
• Individuals who play games operate from one of three
positions:
• Victim
• Persecutor
• Rescuer
41. • The Rescuer
• We take on the role of rescuer when we perceive another person to
be hopeless and helpless, in other words a victim. As part of this role
we take full responsibility for that person’s well being, making them
feel as though they can’t help themselves. By adopting this role we
keep others dependent on us and make them feel that they can’t
cope without us.
42. • The Persecutor
• Persecutors start off as rescuers or victims. Because rescuers have
assumed total responsibility for a victims well being, the victim will
ask questions of the rescuer. The rescuer tries to solve the questions
and give answers, but becomes increasingly frustrated when the
victim rejects all of these answers as being unhelpful. Rescuers then
begin to persecute the victim. This emphasises the fact that we
shouldn’t try to rescue people who don’t need to be.
43. • The Victim
• Victims are often helped by rescuers when they haven’t asked to be.
There are situations in life where people are victims, for example
someone who has been burgled or assaulted, but in transactional
analysis the victim contributes to the game. They pass all
responsibility for their well being to the rescuer, and don’t try to
overcome this oppression. Victims may eventually persecute their
rescuers.
44. Game Description Real benefit
Stop me if you can Damaging activity, for example using drugs. Gets attention, avoids responsibility
Blemish Finding fault with others. Being as picky as necessary Distracts attention from self
Clever me Boasting about what you have done Get attention, sympathy, admiration
Courtroom Describe 'logically' how I am right and others are wrong Get support, sympathy and absolution
If it weren't for you Blaming others for your non-achievements Absolution of guilt
I'm only trying to help Offering help then complaining when it is not accepted Controlling others
Let's you and him fight Get others to fight for you Control of others, share of blame, friendship
Look how hard I've tried Put in lots of effort that intentionally does not succeed. Absolves oneself from responsibility.
Now I've got you Vents rage on someone and blames them for it Displaces anger. Absolves responsibility
Poor me Display self as unlucky and helpless Sympathy and support
See what you made me do Blaming others for one's own problems Absolution of responsibility, instilling guilt
Honestly Making empty promises Getting one's way in the short-term
Uproar Violent argument with deliberate pressing of hot buttons Sustain attention, venting and displacing anger
Yes but... Providing objections to refuse help Maintenance of attention and control
Wooden leg Acquire a handicap, real or imagined and ham it up Sympathy, avoidance of responsibility. So what?
45. • The origins of this game, according to Berne, begin with our families.
Children can assume the role of victim with parents taking on the
roles of rescuers/persecutors. Parents may decide on what friends a
child should have, for example. If we want to avoid being a victim we
must learn to be more assertive.
46. Benefits of Transaction analysis
• Improved interpersonal communication
• Source of psychic energy
• Understanding the ego states
• Motivation
• Organizational development
