This document provides an overview of transactional analysis, assertive communication, and observation and reflective listening skills. It discusses key concepts in transactional analysis including ego states, transactions, scripts, life positions, and games. Transactional analysis aims to help understand interpersonal behavior. Assertive communication is presented as a respectful style that is clear while respecting others. The benefits of keen observation and reflective listening skills are outlined, along with tips for improving observation and the principles of reflective listening.

1. Transaction Analysis
Assertive Communication
Keen Observation and Reflective Skills
Course Description: Human Behavior in Organization
Professor: Dr. Elizardo R. Perez
Discussant: Francisco I. Barcelona Jr.

3. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
 It was introduce by Eric Berne.
 It offers a model of personality and the dynamics of self and its relationship
to others that makes possible a clear and meaningful discussion of
behavior.
 It is a good method for understanding interpersonal behavior.
 Transactional Analysis is a technique used to help people better
understand their own and others behavior, specially in interpersonal
relationship.

4. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IS PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH
THE FOLLOWING:
 Analysis of Self Awareness
 Analysis of Ego States
 Analysis of Transactions
 Script Analysis
 Game Analysis
 Analysis of Life Positions
 Stoking

5. 1. ANALYSIS OF SELF AWARENESS
 The internal personal relationships are composed of inner self.
 Joseph Luft and Hurrington have develop a diagram to look at one’s
personality including behaviors and attitudes that can be known and
unknown to self and known and unknown to others.
 Self awareness is the important concept, it describes the self in terms of
image, both conscious and unconscious.
 Self is the core of personality pattern which provides integration.

7. 2. ANALYSIS OF EGO STATES
 People interacts with each other in terms of psychological positions or
behavioral patterns known as ego states
 A person of any age have these ego states in varying degree.
 There are three important ego states; child, adult and parent.
 Ego states are persons way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any time.
 A healthy person is able to move from one ego state to another.

8.  PARENT EGO STATE
 The parent ego state means that the values, attitudes and behaviors of
parents an integral part of the personality of an individual.
 Judgmental
 Rule maker
 Moralizing
 Over protective
 Indispensable

9.  ADULT EGO STATE
 The adult ego state is authentic, direct, reality based, fact seeking and
problem solving. They assume that human beings as equal, worthy and
responsible. The process of adult ego state formation goes through one’s
own experiences and continuously updating attitudes left over from
childhood. People with adult ego state, gather relevant information, carefully
analyze it, generate alternatives and make logical choice.
 CHILD EGO STATE
 The child ego state is characterized by very immature behavior. The
important features of child ego state are creativity, anxiety, depression,
dependence, fear, joy, emotional, sentimental, etc.

10. 3. ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS
 A transaction is a basic unit of social interaction.
 Transaction analysis can help us to determine which ego state is most
heavily influencing our behavior and the behavior of the other people with
whom we interact.
 Thus where a verbal or non verbal stimulus from one person is being
responded by another person a transaction occurs.
 The heart of transactional analysis is the study and diagramming of the
exchanges between two person.

11. 4. SCRIPT ANALYSIS
 In a Layman’s view, a script is the text of play, motion picture, or a radio or
TV programme.
 A scipt is complete plan of living, offering prescriptions, permissions and
structure which makes one winner or loser in life.
 According to Eric Berne, a script is an on going programme, develop in
early childhood under parental influence which direct the individual
behavior in the most important factor in life.
 In transactional analysis a person’s life is compared to a play and the script
is the text of the play.

12. 5. ANALYSIS OF LIFE POSITIONS
 In the process of growing up people make basic assumptions about their
own self worth as well as about the worth of significant people in their
environment.
 The combination of assumptions about self and the other person called as
life position.

13. Transactional Analysis constructs the following classifications of the
four possible life positions or psychological positions:
 I am not OK, you are not OK:
People in this position tend to feel bad about themselves and see the whole
world as miserable. They do not trust others and have no confidence in themselves.
 I am not OK, you are OK:
This is a common position for those people who feel power less when they
compare themselves to others
 I am OK, you are not OK:
This is a distrustful psychological positions. This is the attitude of those people,
who think that whatever they do is correct.
 I am OK, you are OK:
It appears to an ideal position. People with this type of life position have
confidence in themselves as well as trust and confidence in others

14. 6. STROKING
 The term stroke refers to “giving some kind of recognition to others.”
 People need strokes for their sense of survival and well being on the job.

15. Three types of strokes:
 Mixed strokes
A stroke may be of a mixed type also.
Example: The boss comment to a worker “you did an excellent job in
spite of your limited experience
 Negative strokes
A stroke one feel bad or not good is a negative stroke
 Positive stokes
The stroke one feel good is a negative stroke. Recognition and approval
are some examples.

16. 7. GAME ANALYSIS
 When people fail to get enough strokes at work they try a variety of things.
 Types of games:
 A first degree game is one which is socially acceptable in the agent’s circle.
 A second degree game is one which is more intimate end up with bad feelings.
 A third degree game is one which usually involve physical injury.
 A psychological game is a set of transaction with three characteristics:
 The transaction tend to be repeated .
 They make sense on superficial or social level.
 One or more transactions is ulterior
 One of the most important thing is that they play psychological games.

17. ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION
 The term “assertive” is used to describe a communication style that is respectful
of others but clear and firm in intent.
 Assertive communication does mean standing up for yourself but doing so in a
way that does not trespass on the rights of others and respects your own rights
and feelings and the rights and feelings of others.
 Assertiveness is sometimes confused with aggressiveness – being rude, hostile,
blaming, threatening, demanding, or sarcastic is not being assertive – these are
all examples of aggressive communication styles
 Assertiveness is a skill and like any other skill, is something you can develop and
perfect with practice even if you are unused to being assertive. A good rule of
thumb to remember is to always own your own feelings in your communication
(use “I” statements) and avoid blaming others for your feelings.

18. Keen Observation and Reflective
Listening Skills

19. DEGREES OF OBSERVATION
 Basic Observation
 The eagerness and enthusiasm to watch
 Intense Observation
 This also refers to the skill in which a person notices things more when it comes
to details than the average person
 Keen Observation
 Observation skills are something that everyone has, but it doesn’t
mean that everyone has mastered the use of their observation skills

20. BENEFITS IN PRACTICING KEEN OBSERVATION:
 You gain more information
 You are not blinded by the façade
 You become more patient

21. TIPS ON HOW TO BECOME A KEEN OBSERVER:
 Practice Makes Perfect. Practicing with
photos or pictures.
 Watching a film or watching television.
 Experiencing nature.
 Don’t let yourself be overcome by
bias.

22. REFLECTIVE LISTENING SKILLS
“We were given two ears but only one mouth, because listening is
twice as hard as talking.“
 Reflective listening
 to mirror the feelings and content in the message

23. SOME PRINCIPLES OF REFLECTIVE LISTENING:
 More listening than talking
 Responding to what is personal rather than to what is impersonal, distant, or
abstract.
 Trying to understand the feelings contained in what the other is saying, not
just the facts or ideas.
 Restating and clarifying what the other has said, not asking questionsor
telling what the listener feels, believes, or wants.
 Responding with acceptance and empathy, not with indifference, cold
objectivity, or fake concern.

24. ADVANTAGES OF REFLECTIVE LISTENING
 The listener gains information.
 The activity arouses and channels motivational energy.
 The relationship between the two persons develops.