The document discusses register transfer language (RTL), which describes the internal organization and operations of digital computers at the register transfer level. RTL uses symbols to represent registers, transfers of data between registers, and control functions. It can describe the microoperations that make up functions of a computer system, such as arithmetic and logic operations. RTL provides a way to design digital systems through specification of registers, data transfers, and control signals.
I am working as a Assistant Professor in ITS, Ghaziabad.This is very useful to U.P.Technical University,Uttrakhand Technical University students. Give feedback to rakeshroshan@its.edu.in
1. A register transfer language describes the micro-operation transfers between registers in symbolic notation. It specifies the registers, micro-operations, and control that initiates the sequences.
2. A register is a group of flip-flops that store binary information. Common registers include the program counter, instruction register, and processor registers.
3. Information transfer between registers is represented symbolically, such as "R2 ← R1" denoting a transfer from register R1 to R2 under a control condition like P=1.
Register Transfer Language (RTL) is used to describe operations between registers at the micro-operation level. Registers are capable of storing one bit and are the fastest way to access data. RTL uses symbols to represent the transfer of data between registers and other components like buses. Common operations represented in RTL include moving data between registers, arithmetic operations on register values, and loading registers from memory. RTL can be written in long-hand or short-hand symbolic notation.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer systems. It begins by introducing RTL as a notation for describing the internal operations of a computer using registers and transfer functions. It then discusses different types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Specific examples are given of common register transfer and arithmetic microoperations notation in RTL.
This document provides an overview of computer architecture and microprocessor concepts including:
1. It discusses different number systems such as binary, decimal, hexadecimal and their conversions. It also covers logic gates, Boolean algebra and other digital logic concepts.
2. It introduces microprocessors and their general architecture. It discusses microprocessor operations such as memory reads/writes and I/O reads/writes.
3. It covers computer languages from machine language to assembly and high-level languages. It also discusses compilers and interpreters.
Register transfer language is used to describe micro-operation transfers between registers. It represents the sequence of micro-operations performed on binary information stored in registers and the control that initiates the sequences. A register is a group of flip-flops that store binary information. Information can be transferred between registers using replacement operators and control functions. Common bus systems using multiplexers or three-state buffers allow efficient information transfer between multiple registers by selecting one register at a time to connect to the shared bus lines. Memory transfers are represented by specifying the memory word selected by the address in a register and the data register involved in the transfer.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) which provides a concise way to describe operations between registers in a computer using symbolic notation. It defines common registers like the memory address register (MAR) and program counter (PC). Information can be transferred between registers using arrows. Basic symbols are used to denote registers and parts of registers. Transfers can happen over a shared bus connecting all registers. Memory is represented as a device that is accessed using a memory address register to specify the location. RTL provides an organized way to describe the internal operations of a computer concisely and precisely.
The document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in digital computers. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperation transfers among registers. Microoperations are elementary operations performed on information stored in registers, and include register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Common arithmetic microoperations include addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.
I am working as a Assistant Professor in ITS, Ghaziabad.This is very useful to U.P.Technical University,Uttrakhand Technical University students. Give feedback to rakeshroshan@its.edu.in
1. A register transfer language describes the micro-operation transfers between registers in symbolic notation. It specifies the registers, micro-operations, and control that initiates the sequences.
2. A register is a group of flip-flops that store binary information. Common registers include the program counter, instruction register, and processor registers.
3. Information transfer between registers is represented symbolically, such as "R2 ← R1" denoting a transfer from register R1 to R2 under a control condition like P=1.
Register Transfer Language (RTL) is used to describe operations between registers at the micro-operation level. Registers are capable of storing one bit and are the fastest way to access data. RTL uses symbols to represent the transfer of data between registers and other components like buses. Common operations represented in RTL include moving data between registers, arithmetic operations on register values, and loading registers from memory. RTL can be written in long-hand or short-hand symbolic notation.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer systems. It begins by introducing RTL as a notation for describing the internal operations of a computer using registers and transfer functions. It then discusses different types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Specific examples are given of common register transfer and arithmetic microoperations notation in RTL.
This document provides an overview of computer architecture and microprocessor concepts including:
1. It discusses different number systems such as binary, decimal, hexadecimal and their conversions. It also covers logic gates, Boolean algebra and other digital logic concepts.
2. It introduces microprocessors and their general architecture. It discusses microprocessor operations such as memory reads/writes and I/O reads/writes.
3. It covers computer languages from machine language to assembly and high-level languages. It also discusses compilers and interpreters.
Register transfer language is used to describe micro-operation transfers between registers. It represents the sequence of micro-operations performed on binary information stored in registers and the control that initiates the sequences. A register is a group of flip-flops that store binary information. Information can be transferred between registers using replacement operators and control functions. Common bus systems using multiplexers or three-state buffers allow efficient information transfer between multiple registers by selecting one register at a time to connect to the shared bus lines. Memory transfers are represented by specifying the memory word selected by the address in a register and the data register involved in the transfer.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) which provides a concise way to describe operations between registers in a computer using symbolic notation. It defines common registers like the memory address register (MAR) and program counter (PC). Information can be transferred between registers using arrows. Basic symbols are used to denote registers and parts of registers. Transfers can happen over a shared bus connecting all registers. Memory is represented as a device that is accessed using a memory address register to specify the location. RTL provides an organized way to describe the internal operations of a computer concisely and precisely.
The document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in digital computers. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperation transfers among registers. Microoperations are elementary operations performed on information stored in registers, and include register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Common arithmetic microoperations include addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.
Register transfer & microoperations moris mano ch 04thearticlenow
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in a computer system. It defines microoperations as elementary operations performed during one clock cycle using information stored in registers. It describes register transfer language as a symbolic language used to describe the internal organization of a computer using registers, microoperations, and control signals. It also discusses various types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations. It begins by defining register transfer language as the symbolic notation used to describe transfers between registers using hardware logic circuits. It describes two common ways to transfer information: directly between registers using a replacement operator (R2 ! R1), and conditionally using an if-then statement (if P=1 then R2 ! R1). The document then discusses various microoperations including arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, as well as incrementing and decrementing registers. It also covers transferring data to and from memory and constructing common bus systems using multiplexers or three-state buffers to transfer data between multiple registers.
The document discusses fundamentals of assembly language including data types, operands, data transfer instructions like MOV, arithmetic instructions like ADD and SUB, and addressing modes. It provides examples of assembly language code to perform operations like copying a string, converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit, and using various addressing modes.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and micro-operations in digital systems. It begins by defining registers and their role in storing data. RTL describes the internal hardware of a computer through specifying registers, allowable micro-operations on stored data, and control signals. Common micro-operations include register transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. Memory transfers involve reading data from or writing data to memory. An arithmetic logic shift unit is used to perform shift micro-operations and connect registers to a common operational unit.
The document provides information about assembly language, including definitions, instruction formats, and the process of assembling, linking and executing an assembly language program. It defines assembly language as a language that uses symbols and letters instead of binary to represent instructions and storage locations. It also describes common instruction types like data transfer, arithmetic, logic and shift instructions. Finally, it outlines the steps to create an assembly program, which includes writing source code, assembling it, linking the object files, and executing the final executable.
This document discusses tri-state buffers and how they can be used to construct a common bus line. It explains that a tri-state buffer has two inputs - a data input and a control input. When the control input is active, the output is the input behaving like a normal buffer, but when inactive the output is high impedance. This allows multiple device outputs to be connected to a single bus line while only allowing one device to actively drive the bus at a time. It provides an example of using tri-state buffers and a decoder to construct a common 32-bit bus line from the outputs of three devices, with only one being active on the bus at any given time.
bus and memory tranfer (computer organaization)Siddhi Viradiya
A bus system is an efficient way to transfer data between registers in a computer. It uses a set of common lines that can selectively connect one register at a time to allow its information to be transferred. One way to construct a bus system is by using multiplexers. For example, a 4-bit system with 4 registers would use 4 multiplexers, each with 3 inputs to selectively connect the bits of one register to the common 4-line bus. Control signals on the multiplexer selection lines determine which register is connected to the bus at any given time.
Chapter 3 INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGFrankie Jones
3.1 UNDERSTANDING INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.1.1 Define instruction set,machine and assembly language
3.1.2 Describe features and architectures of various type of microprocessor
3.1.3 Describe the Addressing Modes
3.2 APPLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.2.1 Write simple program in assembly language
3.2.2 Tool in analyzing and debugging assembly language program
The document provides information about the instruction sets of the 8086 microprocessor. It defines what an instruction set is and describes the different instruction formats used by the 8086. The main types of 8086 instructions are then outlined, including data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, bit manipulation instructions, branch instructions, and others. Specific instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB, and MUL are explained through examples of their syntax and operation.
The document discusses different addressing modes used in 8051 microcontrollers. It describes 5 addressing modes - immediate, register, direct, indirect, and register specific. Immediate addressing uses a constant value in the instruction. Register addressing accesses the 8051's registers. Direct addressing accesses on-chip RAM or SFRs using an address. Indirect addressing uses registers R0/R1 to point to external memory locations. Register specific addressing refers directly to registers like the accumulator.
This document provides an overview of memory reference instructions in a computer system. It begins by defining the prerequisites for understanding memory reference instructions, including instruction codes, operation codes, and addresses. It then defines what a memory reference instruction is and lists some common terminology. The document outlines the basic components of a computer including registers like the program counter, accumulator, and data register. It describes direct and indirect addressing modes and provides examples of different memory reference instruction codes. Finally, it presents the control flowchart and lists some common memory reference instructions and their corresponding micro-operations.
This document discusses assembly language programming. It provides an overview of assembly language, how it relates to machine language, and how assemblers are used to convert assembly code into machine-readable object code. It also describes the basic components of assembly language instructions, including opcodes and operands, and different addressing modes for specifying operands in memory or registers. Common addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and based indexed modes are defined through examples.
(246431835) instruction set principles (2) (1)Alveena Saleem
The document discusses instruction set architecture principles including what an instruction set is, how instructions are represented and classified, and different types of instruction sets. It covers topics like register-based machines, addressing modes, common instruction types, and how the instruction set affects compiler design and register allocation.
The document discusses several topics related to computer architecture:
1. It compares DRAM and SRAM, noting that DRAM is slower but has higher storage capacity than SRAM.
2. It defines cache coherence as maintaining consistent data across multiple local caches.
3. A microprocessor incorporates all central processing functions on a single chip and uses microprograms to provide control logic for the CPU.
This document describes the basic structure of an assembly language program and provides an example of adding two 16-bit binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers in assembly language. The program structure includes defining data and code segments. It shows how to declare variables in the data segment, move values to registers, perform addition with decimal adjust, and store the results. The example adds the two BCD numbers 9384 and 1845, storing the carry of 1 in the CARRY variable and the sum of 11229 in the SUM variable.
overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic computer organizati...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, micro-operations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Micro-operations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, micro-operation set, and control signals. Registers are designated symbolically and can represent whole registers, portions, or individual bits. Basic register transfer operations include unconditional and conditional loading of data between registers. Micro-operations include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
This chapter discusses instruction sets and addressing modes. It covers common addressing modes like immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement, and stack addressing. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate each addressing mode. The chapter also discusses instruction formats for different architectures like PDP-8, PDP-10, PDP-11, VAX, x86, and ARM. It covers ARM's load/store multiple addressing and thumb instruction set. The chapter concludes with an overview of assemblers and a simple example program.
The instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor can be classified into several groups, including data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, and processor control instructions. The data transfer instructions include general purpose instructions to move bytes or words between registers and memory locations. Common instructions are MOV, PUSH, POP, and XCHG. The arithmetic instructions perform operations like addition, subtraction, and comparison and affect the processor's flags. Common instructions are ADD, SUB, INC, and CMP. The 8086 instruction set also includes instructions for bit manipulation, string operations, and transferring program execution.
Register transfer and microoperations part 1Prasenjit Dey
Register transfer language, hardware implementation of bus transfer using multiplexer and three state buffer, hardware implementation of memory transfer e.g., memory read and memory write.
My Seatmate Lives In China Gaetc Nov 2007 TouploadversionVicki Davis
In days when the media polarizes nations, this high school teacher has seen greater cultural understanding and technical proficiency through Global Collaborative Projects such as the Horizon Projec tand the Flat Classroom Project. Find out how it's done, why it's beneficial and where she predicts such projects need to go in the future. (Winner ISTE's Award for Best Online Learning Project 2007)
Register transfer & microoperations moris mano ch 04thearticlenow
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in a computer system. It defines microoperations as elementary operations performed during one clock cycle using information stored in registers. It describes register transfer language as a symbolic language used to describe the internal organization of a computer using registers, microoperations, and control signals. It also discusses various types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations. It begins by defining register transfer language as the symbolic notation used to describe transfers between registers using hardware logic circuits. It describes two common ways to transfer information: directly between registers using a replacement operator (R2 ! R1), and conditionally using an if-then statement (if P=1 then R2 ! R1). The document then discusses various microoperations including arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, as well as incrementing and decrementing registers. It also covers transferring data to and from memory and constructing common bus systems using multiplexers or three-state buffers to transfer data between multiple registers.
The document discusses fundamentals of assembly language including data types, operands, data transfer instructions like MOV, arithmetic instructions like ADD and SUB, and addressing modes. It provides examples of assembly language code to perform operations like copying a string, converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit, and using various addressing modes.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and micro-operations in digital systems. It begins by defining registers and their role in storing data. RTL describes the internal hardware of a computer through specifying registers, allowable micro-operations on stored data, and control signals. Common micro-operations include register transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. Memory transfers involve reading data from or writing data to memory. An arithmetic logic shift unit is used to perform shift micro-operations and connect registers to a common operational unit.
The document provides information about assembly language, including definitions, instruction formats, and the process of assembling, linking and executing an assembly language program. It defines assembly language as a language that uses symbols and letters instead of binary to represent instructions and storage locations. It also describes common instruction types like data transfer, arithmetic, logic and shift instructions. Finally, it outlines the steps to create an assembly program, which includes writing source code, assembling it, linking the object files, and executing the final executable.
This document discusses tri-state buffers and how they can be used to construct a common bus line. It explains that a tri-state buffer has two inputs - a data input and a control input. When the control input is active, the output is the input behaving like a normal buffer, but when inactive the output is high impedance. This allows multiple device outputs to be connected to a single bus line while only allowing one device to actively drive the bus at a time. It provides an example of using tri-state buffers and a decoder to construct a common 32-bit bus line from the outputs of three devices, with only one being active on the bus at any given time.
bus and memory tranfer (computer organaization)Siddhi Viradiya
A bus system is an efficient way to transfer data between registers in a computer. It uses a set of common lines that can selectively connect one register at a time to allow its information to be transferred. One way to construct a bus system is by using multiplexers. For example, a 4-bit system with 4 registers would use 4 multiplexers, each with 3 inputs to selectively connect the bits of one register to the common 4-line bus. Control signals on the multiplexer selection lines determine which register is connected to the bus at any given time.
Chapter 3 INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGFrankie Jones
3.1 UNDERSTANDING INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.1.1 Define instruction set,machine and assembly language
3.1.2 Describe features and architectures of various type of microprocessor
3.1.3 Describe the Addressing Modes
3.2 APPLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.2.1 Write simple program in assembly language
3.2.2 Tool in analyzing and debugging assembly language program
The document provides information about the instruction sets of the 8086 microprocessor. It defines what an instruction set is and describes the different instruction formats used by the 8086. The main types of 8086 instructions are then outlined, including data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, bit manipulation instructions, branch instructions, and others. Specific instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB, and MUL are explained through examples of their syntax and operation.
The document discusses different addressing modes used in 8051 microcontrollers. It describes 5 addressing modes - immediate, register, direct, indirect, and register specific. Immediate addressing uses a constant value in the instruction. Register addressing accesses the 8051's registers. Direct addressing accesses on-chip RAM or SFRs using an address. Indirect addressing uses registers R0/R1 to point to external memory locations. Register specific addressing refers directly to registers like the accumulator.
This document provides an overview of memory reference instructions in a computer system. It begins by defining the prerequisites for understanding memory reference instructions, including instruction codes, operation codes, and addresses. It then defines what a memory reference instruction is and lists some common terminology. The document outlines the basic components of a computer including registers like the program counter, accumulator, and data register. It describes direct and indirect addressing modes and provides examples of different memory reference instruction codes. Finally, it presents the control flowchart and lists some common memory reference instructions and their corresponding micro-operations.
This document discusses assembly language programming. It provides an overview of assembly language, how it relates to machine language, and how assemblers are used to convert assembly code into machine-readable object code. It also describes the basic components of assembly language instructions, including opcodes and operands, and different addressing modes for specifying operands in memory or registers. Common addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and based indexed modes are defined through examples.
(246431835) instruction set principles (2) (1)Alveena Saleem
The document discusses instruction set architecture principles including what an instruction set is, how instructions are represented and classified, and different types of instruction sets. It covers topics like register-based machines, addressing modes, common instruction types, and how the instruction set affects compiler design and register allocation.
The document discusses several topics related to computer architecture:
1. It compares DRAM and SRAM, noting that DRAM is slower but has higher storage capacity than SRAM.
2. It defines cache coherence as maintaining consistent data across multiple local caches.
3. A microprocessor incorporates all central processing functions on a single chip and uses microprograms to provide control logic for the CPU.
This document describes the basic structure of an assembly language program and provides an example of adding two 16-bit binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers in assembly language. The program structure includes defining data and code segments. It shows how to declare variables in the data segment, move values to registers, perform addition with decimal adjust, and store the results. The example adds the two BCD numbers 9384 and 1845, storing the carry of 1 in the CARRY variable and the sum of 11229 in the SUM variable.
overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic computer organizati...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, micro-operations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Micro-operations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, micro-operation set, and control signals. Registers are designated symbolically and can represent whole registers, portions, or individual bits. Basic register transfer operations include unconditional and conditional loading of data between registers. Micro-operations include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
This chapter discusses instruction sets and addressing modes. It covers common addressing modes like immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement, and stack addressing. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate each addressing mode. The chapter also discusses instruction formats for different architectures like PDP-8, PDP-10, PDP-11, VAX, x86, and ARM. It covers ARM's load/store multiple addressing and thumb instruction set. The chapter concludes with an overview of assemblers and a simple example program.
The instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor can be classified into several groups, including data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, and processor control instructions. The data transfer instructions include general purpose instructions to move bytes or words between registers and memory locations. Common instructions are MOV, PUSH, POP, and XCHG. The arithmetic instructions perform operations like addition, subtraction, and comparison and affect the processor's flags. Common instructions are ADD, SUB, INC, and CMP. The 8086 instruction set also includes instructions for bit manipulation, string operations, and transferring program execution.
Register transfer and microoperations part 1Prasenjit Dey
Register transfer language, hardware implementation of bus transfer using multiplexer and three state buffer, hardware implementation of memory transfer e.g., memory read and memory write.
My Seatmate Lives In China Gaetc Nov 2007 TouploadversionVicki Davis
In days when the media polarizes nations, this high school teacher has seen greater cultural understanding and technical proficiency through Global Collaborative Projects such as the Horizon Projec tand the Flat Classroom Project. Find out how it's done, why it's beneficial and where she predicts such projects need to go in the future. (Winner ISTE's Award for Best Online Learning Project 2007)
Highly Recommended: Harnessing WOM and Social Media to Build Your Brand and D...cadmef
This document provides strategies for harnessing word-of-mouth (WOM) and social media to build brands and drive business. It recommends developing a clear brand story, living the brand values, being transparent, staying engaging over time while evaluating and evolving the brand strategy. Specific strategies discussed include understanding where brands are recommended online, discovering influential recommenders, creating engaging content, identifying and addressing threats, and providing excellent customer service to encourage positive recommendations. The goal is to become the most recommended brand to work with and purchase from.
The document contains sections from a course on logic and logical operators like biconditional, disjunction, conjunction and negation. It includes truth tables to define logical expressions, examples of applying logical operators, and exercises to practice logical equivalence and applications of logical laws.
This document discusses employability in higher education. It provides an overview of several models and frameworks for conceptualizing and implementing employability. These include the UK Commission for Employment and Skills' six principles for embedding employability, the Higher Education Academy's focus on curriculum integration and institutional strategies, and the US Partnership for 21st Century Skills. The document also notes related areas like entrepreneurship, creativity, and global citizenship. It concludes by discussing the increasing competitiveness of higher education and focus on employment outcomes in many countries.
Choose Your Habits, Change Your Life: IGNITE #skITSummit2015Vicki Davis
Forty percent of your day is not a decision -- it is your habits. What are some tips and tricks to change your habits? What are some critical habits that can make your more successful (or less)? This ignite speech was given at #SkITSummit2015 in 5 minutes by Vicki Davis - @coolcatteacher.
Tweet Success: Social Media Trends and StrategiesVicki Davis
This presentation outlines current trends in social media and my strategy for how I share as a teacher. This "peek behind the curtain" of an active social media blogger and Twitterer with almost 100,000 Twitter followers shows how you can balance a career and use social media on the side by creating a personal social media strategy.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe the internal operations of digital computers at the register transfer level. RTL focuses on a system's registers, the data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. It describes common register transfer microoperations like loading data from one register to another. It also discusses how arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations are performed within an arithmetic logic unit. Memory is described as a sequential circuit that can be read from or written to using registers like the memory address register.
Register Transfer Language & Microoperations.pptAldrianSisican
The document discusses various types of microoperations that can be performed in a computer system. It describes register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe microoperations symbolically. RTL focuses on a system's registers, the data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. Common RTL symbols are presented for denoting registers, transfers, and control functions. Different types of microoperations are covered, including register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Bus structures are introduced for efficiently transferring data between registers. Memory is described as a special type of register that can be read from or written to using memory address and control signals.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in digital systems. Some key points:
1. RTL describes the internal organization of digital computers using registers, data transfers between registers, and microoperations performed on the data. Microoperations are elementary operations like addition, subtraction, shifting that occur during one clock cycle.
2. Digital systems can be described at the register transfer level by focusing on their registers, the data transformations within registers via microoperations, and data transfers between registers.
3. RTL uses a symbolic notation to describe sequences of microoperations needed to perform functions of a computer. It allows convenient design of digital systems.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in digital systems. Some key points:
1. RTL describes the internal organization of digital computers using registers, data transfers between registers, and microoperations performed on the data. Microoperations are elementary operations like addition, subtraction, shifting that occur during one clock cycle.
2. Digital systems can be described at the register transfer level by focusing on their registers, the data transformations within registers via microoperations, and data transfers between registers.
3. RTL uses a symbolic notation to describe sequences of microoperations needed to perform functions of a computer. It allows convenient design of digital systems.
Commputer organization and assembly .pptamanterefe99
The document describes the contents of a textbook on digital systems. It outlines 3 chapters that will be covered:
1) Logic gates, Boolean algebra, and basic digital components in 6 hours
2) Number systems and codes in 4 hours
3) Common digital components like integrated circuits, decoders and counters in 6 hours. It provides the topics that will be discussed in each chapter.
This document provides information about register transfer and microoperations in a computer organization and architecture course. It defines register transfer as copying the contents of one register to another and describes various types of microoperations including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations. It explains how registers are designated in register transfer language and how operations between registers are represented.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in computer systems. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe the internal operations of a computer system in terms of data transfers between registers and transformations performed on register contents. Microoperations are defined as elementary operations performed on the information stored in registers during each clock cycle, such as arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. The document provides examples of how register transfer language can be used to describe data movement between system components like registers, buses, and memory.
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in a computer system. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus and control circuits. It also explains different types of micro-operations including register transfer operations to move data between registers and memory, arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, logic operations, and shift operations. Memory is accessed using a memory address register and read/write controls. The key components that enable data transfer and processing in a computer are registers, buses, memory, and the micro-operations that define the basic instructions.
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
BTECH
CSE
IT
AIML
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architectureunit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architectureunit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It describes how digital systems can be characterized by the registers they contain and operations performed on the data. Micro-operations like shift and load are executed on register data. Register transfer language uses symbols to describe the transfer of data between registers. It allows the internal organization of computers to be described concisely and facilitates digital system design.
PPT in register and micro operations in electronicaaravjamela
The document discusses the low-level building blocks of digital computers known as microoperations. It describes four types of microoperations - register transfer microoperations, arithmetic microoperations, logic microoperations, and shift microoperations. Register transfer microoperations move data between registers or transfer data to and from memory. Arithmetic microoperations perform addition, subtraction, incrementing, and decrementing operations. Logic microoperations perform bit-wise logic functions. Shift microoperations manipulate data by shifting bits within registers. Together these microoperation types allow digital computers to perform computations and process data at the most basic hardware level.
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in computer systems. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus structure and multiplexers. It explains memory transfer operations including reading from and writing to memory by loading the memory address register and using read and write control signals. It provides examples of register transfer language notation and summarizes the four main types of micro-operations: register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
The document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in digital systems. It defines microoperations as elementary operations performed on the information stored in registers. The key microoperation types are register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Register transfer language is used to describe sequences of microoperations that implement functions in a digital system by specifying operations on registers and transfers of data between registers.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer architecture. It begins by defining RTL as a symbolic language used to describe the internal organization and design of digital computers and systems at the register transfer level. This focuses on a system's registers, the data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. The document then discusses different types of microoperations - register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. It provides examples of common microoperations and how they are represented in RTL. Overall, the document provides an overview of RTL and the basic concepts of microoperations in computer design.
LEC 2-register transfer and register transfer language.pptmailmynew202
The document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in computer architecture. It defines register transfer language (RTL) as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperations and the transfer of data between registers. The key microoperations covered are register-to-register transfer, conditional transfer, bus and memory transfers. Register transfer language provides a way to define the internal hardware operations of a computer through specifications of its registers, the microoperation sequences performed, and the control logic.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe the internal organization of computers by specifying registers, micro-operations, and control signals. It describes how register transfer language represents copying data between registers as micro-operations and can specify conditional micro-operations using control functions. Examples of basic symbols used in register transfer language are also provided.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It describes how registers store information and how register transfer language is used to define the transfer of data between registers using micro-operations like shift, clear and load. It also discusses how bus systems, memory transfers, and arithmetic logic shift units are used to perform these micro-operations and transfer data.
Register transfer and microoperations involve three main components:
1. Register transfer language uses symbolic notation to describe micro-operations that transfer data between registers in a way similar to assembly language. Common operations include simple transfers that copy data between registers without changing the source register.
2. Buses and memory transfers allow efficient movement of data by using common lines to transfer data bits between registers and memory. Read operations transfer data from memory to registers while write operations transfer data from registers to memory.
3. Arithmetic and logic microoperations perform numeric and bitwise operations on data stored in registers, including addition, subtraction, shifting bits left or right, and complementing values. Shift operations serially move bits between positions in a
Computer organization and architecture can be summarized as follows:
Computer organization refers to how hardware components are connected and operate within a system. Computer design determines what hardware to use and how to connect parts. Computer architecture describes the structure and behavior of a computer as seen by users, including instruction sets, memory addressing, and functional modules. There are two main architectures - Von Neumann uses one memory for instructions and data while Harvard separates these memories. Register transfer language symbolically describes operations between registers using microoperations like addition, subtraction, and data transfers between CPU and memory.
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
3. Henry Hexmoor
• Register Transfer Language
• Register Transfer
• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
school.edhole.com
4. Combinational and sequential circuits can be used to create simple digital
systems.
These are the low-level building blocks of a digital computer.
Simple digital systems are frequently characterized in terms of
the registers they contain, and
the operations that they perform.
Typically,
What operations are performed on the data in the registers
What information is passed between registers
school.edhole.com
Henry Hexmoor
5. The operations on the data in registers are called
microoperations.
The functions built into registers are examples of
microoperations
Shift
Load
Clear
Increment
…
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer Language
school.edhole.com
6. An elementary operation performed (during
one clock pulse), on the information stored
in one or more registers
R ¬ f(R, R)
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer Language
f: shift, load, clear, increment, add, subtract, complement,
and, or, xor, …
ALU
(f)
Registers
(R) 1 clock cycle
school.edhole.com
7. Register Transfer Language
• Definition of the (internal) organization of a computer
- Set of registers and their functions
- Microoperations set
Henry Hexmoor
Set of allowable microoperations provided
by the organization of the computer
- Control signals that initiate the sequence of
microoperations (to perform the functions)
school.edhole.com
8. Viewing a computer, or any digital system, in this way is
called the register transfer level
This is because we’re focusing on
The system’s registers
The data transformations in them, and
The data transfers between them.
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer Language
school.edhole.com
9. Rather than specifying a digital system in words, a specific notation
is used, register transfer language
For any function of the computer, the register transfer language can
be used to describe the (sequence of) microoperations
Register transfer language
A symbolic language
A convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital computers
Can also be used to facilitate the design process of digital systems.
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer Language
school.edhole.com
10. Registers are designated by capital letters, sometimes followed by
numbers (e.g., A, R13, IR)
Often the names indicate function:
MAR - memory address register
PC- program counter
IR - instruction register
Registers and their contents can be viewed and represented in
various ways
A register can be viewed as a single entity:
Registers may also be represented showing the bits of data they contain
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer Language
MAR
school.edhole.com
11. • Designation of a register
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer Language
R1
Register
15 0
Numbering of bits
Showing individual bits
15 8 7 0
PC(H) PC(L)
Subfields
- a register
- portion of a register
- a bit of a register
• Common ways of drawing the block diagram of a register
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R2
school.edhole.com
12. Copying the contents of one register to another is a register transfer
A register transfer is indicated as
R2 ¬ R1
In this case the contents of register R1 are copied
(loaded) into register R2
A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1
to the destination register R2, during one
clock pulse
Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of
R1 are not altered by copying (loading) them to R2
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer
school.edhole.com
13. A register transfer such as
R3 ¬ R5
Implies that the digital system has
the data lines from the source register (R5) to the
destination register (R3)
Parallel load in the destination register (R3)
Control lines to perform the action
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer
school.edhole.com
14. Often actions need to only occur if a certain condition is true
This is similar to an “if” statement in a programming language
In digital systems, this is often done via a control signal, called a
control function
If the signal is 1, the action takes place
This is represented as:
P: R2 ¬ R1
Which means “if P = 1, then load the contents of register
R1 into register R2”, i.e., if (P = 1) then (R2 ¬ R1)
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer
school.edhole.com
15. Implementation of controlled transfer
P: R2 ¬ R1
Block diagram
Timing diagram
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer
Clock
Transfer occurs here
R2
R1
Control
Circuit
P Load
n
Clock
Load
t t+1
• The same clock controls the circuits that generate the control function
and the destination register
• Registers are assumed to use positive-edge-triggered flip-flops school.edhole.com
16. If two or more operations are to occur simultaneously,
they are separated with commas
P: R3 ¬ R5, MAR ¬ IR
Here, if the control function P = 1, load the contents of
R5 into R3, and at the same time (clock), load the
contents of register IR into register MAR
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer
school.edhole.com
17. Symbols Description Examples
Capital letters Denotes a register MAR, R2
& numerals
Parentheses () Denotes a part of a register R2(0-7), R2(L)
Arrow ¬ Denotes transfer of information R2 ¬ R1
Colon : Denotes termination of control function P:
Comma , Separates two micro-operations A ¬ B, B ¬ A
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer
school.edhole.com
18. In a digital system with many registers, it is impractical to have
data and control lines to directly allow each register to be
loaded with the contents of every possible other registers
To completely connect n registers n(n-1) lines
O(n2) cost
This is not a realistic approach to use in a large digital system
Instead, take a different approach
Have one centralized set of circuits for data transfer – the bus
Have control circuits to select which register is the source, and
which is the destination
Henry Hexmoor
Register Transfer
school.edhole.com
19. Bus is a path(of a group of wires) over which information is
transferred, from any of several sources to any of several destinations.
From a register to bus: BUS ¬ R
Henry Hexmoor
Register A Register B Register C Register D
Bus lines
Register A Register B Register C Register D
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
B1C1D1
4 x1
MUX
B2 C2 D2
4 x1
MUX
B3C3D3
4 x1
MUX
B4C4D4
4 x1
MUX
4-line bus
x
y
select
0 0 0 0
Bus and Memory Transfers
school.edhole.com
20. Bus lines
Three-State Bus Buffers
Bus line with three-state buffers
Henry Hexmoor
Reg. R0 Reg. R1 Reg. R2 Reg. R3
2 x 4
Decoder
Bus and Memory Transfers
Load
D0 D1 D2 D z 3
w
Select E (enable)
Output Y=A if C=1
Normal input A High-impedence if C=0
Control input C
Select
Enable
0
12
3
S0
S1
A0
B0
C0
D0
Bus line for bit 0
school.edhole.com
21. Depending on whether the bus is to be mentioned explicitly or
not, register transfer can be indicated as either
or
In the former case the bus is implicit, but in the latter, it is
explicitly indicated
Henry Hexmoor
Bus and Memory Transfers
R2 ¬ R1
BUS ¬ R1, R2 ¬ BUS
school.edhole.com
22. Memory (RAM) can be thought as a sequential circuits
containing some number of registers
These registers hold the words of memory
Each of the r registers is indicated by an address
These addresses range from 0 to r-1
Each register (word) can hold n bits of data
Assume the RAM contains r = 2k words. It needs the following
n data input lines
n data output lines
k address lines
A Read control line
A Write control line
Henry Hexmoor
Bus and Memory Transfers
data input lines
n
n
data output lines
k
address lines
Read
Write
RAM
unit
school.edhole.com
23. Collectively, the memory is viewed at the register level as a
device, M.
Since it contains multiple locations, we must specify which
address in memory we will be using
This is done by indexing memory references
Memory is usually accessed in computer systems by putting the
desired address in a special register, the Memory Address
Register (MAR, or AR)
When memory is accessed, the contents of the MAR get sent to
the memory unit’s address lines
Henry Hexmoor
Bus and Memory Transfers
M
AR Memory
unit
Read
Write
Data out Data in
school.edhole.com
24. To read a value from a location in memory and load it into a
register, the register transfer language notation looks like this:
This causes the following to occur
The contents of the MAR get sent to the memory address lines
A Read (= 1) gets sent to the memory unit
The contents of the specified address are put on the memory’s output data
Henry Hexmoor
lines
These get sent over the bus to be loaded into register R1
Bus and Memory Transfers
R1 ¬ M[MAR]
school.edhole.com
25. Bus and Memory Transfers
To write a value from a register to a location in memory looks
like this in register transfer language:
M[MAR] ¬ R1
This causes the following to occur
The contents of the MAR get sent to the memory address lines
A Write (= 1) gets sent to the memory unit
The values in register R1 get sent over the bus to the data input lines of the
Henry Hexmoor
memory
The values get loaded into the specified address in the memory
school.edhole.com
26. Henry Hexmoor
Bus and Memory Transfers
A ¬ B Transfer content of reg. B into reg. A
AR ¬ DR(AD) Transfer content of AD portion of reg. DR into reg. AR
A ¬ constant Transfer a binary constant into reg. A
ABUS ¬ R1, Transfer content of R1 into bus A and, at the same time,
R2 ¬ ABUS transfer content of bus A into R2
AR Address register
DR Data register
M[R] Memory word specified by reg. R
M Equivalent to M[AR]
DR ¬ M Memory read operation: transfers content of
memory word specified by AR into DR
M ¬ DR Memory write operation: transfers content of
DR into memory word specified by AR
school.edhole.com
27. • Computer system microoperations are of four types:
Henry Hexmoor
- Register transfer microoperations
- Arithmetic microoperations
- Logic microoperations
- Shift microoperations
Arithmetic Microoperations
school.edhole.com
28. The basic arithmetic microoperations are
Addition
Subtraction
Increment
Decrement
The additional arithmetic microoperations are
Add with carry
Subtract with borrow
Transfer/Load
etc. …
Henry Hexmoor
Arithmetic Microoperations
Summary of Typical Arithmetic Micro-Operations
R3 ¬ R1 + R2 Contents of R1 plus R2 transferred to R3
R3 ¬ R1 - R2 Contents of R1 minus R2 transferred to R3
R2 ¬ R2’ Complement the contents of R2
R2 ¬ R2’+ 1 2's complement the contents of R2 (negate)
R3 ¬ R1 + R2’+ 1 subtraction
R1 ¬ R1 + 1 Increment
schooRl.1e ¬d hR1o - l1e.comDecrement
29. Henry Hexmoor
B0 A0
FA C2
FA C1
FA FA
C0
S0
B1 A1
S1
B2 A2
S2
B3 A3
S3
C3
C4
Binary Adder-Subtractor
B0 A0
FA C1 FA
C0
S0
B1 A1
S1
B2 A2
FA C2
S2
B3 A3
FA C3
C4 S3
M
Binary Incrementer
A0 1
x y
HA
C S
S0
A1
x y
HA
C S
S1
A2
x y
HA
C S
S2
A3
x y
HA
C S
C4 S3
Binary Adder
Arithmetic Microoperations
school.edhole.com
30. Henry Hexmoor
S1
S0
012
3
4x1
MUX
X0
Y0
C0
FA D0
C1
S1
S0
012 3
4x1
MUX
X1
Y1
C1
FA D1
C2
S1
S0
012
3
4x1
MUX
X2
Y2
C2
FA D2
C3
S1
S0
012
3
4x1
MUX
X3
Y3
C3
FA D3
C4
Cout
A0
B0
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
0 1
SS01 Cin
S1 S0 Cin Y Output Microoperation
0 0 0 B D = A + B Add
0 0 1 B D = A + B + 1 Add with carry
0 1 0 B’ D = A + B’ Subtract with borrow
0 1 1 B’ D = A + B’+ 1 Subtract
1 0 0 0 D = A Transfer A
1 0 1 0 D = A + 1 Increment A
1 1 0 1 D = A - 1 Decrement A
1 1 1 1 D = A Transfer A
Arithmetic Microoperations
school.edhole.com
31. Specify binary operations on the strings of bits in registers
Logic microoperations are bit-wise operations, i.e., they work on the individual
bits of data
useful for bit manipulations on binary data
useful for making logical decisions based on the bit value
There are, in principle, 16 different logic functions that can be
defined over two binary input variables
A B F0 F1 F2 … F13 F14 F15
However, most systems only implement four of these
AND (Ù), OR (Ú), XOR (Å), Complement/NOT
The others can be created from combination of these
Henry Hexmoor
Logic Microoperations
0 0 0 0 0 … 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 … 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 … 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 … 1 0 1
school.edhole.com
32. • List of Logic Microoperations
- 16 different logic operations with 2 binary vars.
- n binary vars → 2 2 n functions
• Truth tables for 16 functions of 2 variables and the
corresponding 16 logic micro-operations
Micro-
Operations Name x 0 0 1 1
y 0 1 0 1
Henry Hexmoor
Boolean
Function
Logic Microoperations
0 0 0 0 F0 = 0 F ¬ 0 Clear
0 0 0 1 F1 = xy F ¬ A Ù B AND
0 0 1 0 F2 = xy' F ¬ A Ù B’
0 0 1 1 F3 = x F ¬ A Transfer A
0 1 0 0 F4 = x'y F ¬ A’Ù B
0 1 0 1 F5 = y F ¬ B Transfer B
0 1 1 0 F6 = x Å y F ¬ A Å B Exclusive-OR
0 1 1 1 F7 = x + y F ¬ A Ú B OR
1 0 0 0 F8 = (x + y)' F ¬ (A Ú B)’ NOR
1 0 0 1 F9 = (x Å y)' F ¬ (A Å B)’ Exclusive-NOR
1 0 1 0 F10 = y' F ¬ B’ Complement B
1 0 1 1 F11 = x + y' F ¬ A Ú B
1 1 0 0 F12 = x' F ¬ A’ Complement A
1 1 0 1 F13 = x' + y F ¬ A’Ú B
1 1 1 0 F14 = (xy)' F ¬ (A Ù B)’ NAND
school.e1 1d 1h 1ole . Fc1o5 =m 1 F ¬ all 1's Set to all 1's
33. Henry Hexmoor
i 0
Function table
A
S1 S0 Output m-operation
0 0 F = A Ù B AND
0 1 F = A Ú B OR
1 0 F = A Å B XOR
1 1 F = A’ Complement
Logic Microoperations
B
S
S
F
1
0
i
i
1
2
3
4 X 1
MUX
Select
school.edhole.com
34. Logic microoperations can be used to manipulate individual bits or
a portions of a word in a register
Consider the data in a register A. In another register, B, is bit data
that will be used to modify the contents of A
Selective-set A ¬ A + B
Selective-complement A ¬ A Å B
Selective-clear A ¬ A • B’
Mask (Delete) A ¬ A • B
Clear A ¬ A Å B
Insert A ¬ (A • B) + C
Compare A ¬ A Å B
. . .
Henry Hexmoor
Logic Microoperations
school.edhole.com
35. Logic Microoperations
In a selective set operation, the bit pattern in B is used to set
certain bits in A
Henry Hexmoor
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
1 1 1 0 At+1 (A ¬ A + B)
If a bit in B is set to 1, that same position in A gets set to 1,
otherwise that bit in A keeps its previous value
school.edhole.com
36. Logic Microoperations
In a selective complement operation, the bit pattern in B is used to
complement certain bits in A
Henry Hexmoor
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
0 1 1 0 At+1 (A ¬ A Å B)
If a bit in B is set to 1, that same position in A gets complemented
from its original value, otherwise it is unchanged
school.edhole.com
37. Logic Microoperations
In a selective clear operation, the bit pattern in B is used to clear
certain bits in A
Henry Hexmoor
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
0 1 0 0 At+1 (A ¬ A × B’)
If a bit in B is set to 1, that same position in A gets set to 0,
otherwise it is unchanged
school.edhole.com
38. Logic Microoperations
In a mask operation, the bit pattern in B is used to clear certain
bits in A
Henry Hexmoor
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
1 0 0 0 At+1 (A ¬ A × B)
If a bit in B is set to 0, that same position in A gets set to 0,
otherwise it is unchanged
school.edhole.com
39. In a clear operation, if the bits in the same position in A and B are
the same, they are cleared in A, otherwise they are set in A
Henry Hexmoor
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
0 1 1 0 At+1 (A ¬ A Å B)
Logic Microoperations
school.edhole.com
40. Logic Microoperations
An insert operation is used to introduce a specific bit pattern into A
register, leaving the other bit positions unchanged
This is done as
A mask operation to clear the desired bit positions,
followed by
An OR operation to introduce the new bits into the
desired positions
Example
Suppose you wanted to introduce 1010 into the low order four
bits of A: 1101 1000 1011 0001A (Original)
Henry Hexmoor
1101 1000 1011 1010 A (Desired)
1101 1000 1011 0001 A (Original)
1111 1111 1111 0000 Mask
1101 1000 1011 0000 A
(Intermediate)
0000 0000 0000 1010 Added bits
1101 1000 1011 1010 A (Desired)
school.edhole.com
41. In a logical shift the serial input to the shift is a 0.
A right logical shift operation:
A left logical shift operation:
In a Register Transfer Language, the following notation is used
shl for a logical shift left
shr for a logical shift right
Examples:
R2 ¬ shr R2
R3 ¬ shl R3
Henry Hexmoor
Shift Microoperations
0
0
school.edhole.com
42. In a circular shift the serial input is the bit that is shifted out of the
other end of the register.
A right circular shift operation:
A left circular shift operation:
In a RTL, the following notation is used
cil for a circular shift left
cir for a circular shift right
Examples:
R2 ¬ cir R2
R3 ¬ cil R3
Henry Hexmoor
Shift Microoperations
school.edhole.com
43. A logical shift fills the newly created bit position
with zero:
• An arithmetic shift fills the newly created bit
position with a copy of the number’s sign bit:
school.edhole.com
Henry Hexmoor
44. An left arithmetic shift operation must be checked for the overflow
Henry Hexmoor
Shift Microoperations
0
V
Before the shift, if the leftmost two
bits differ, the shift will result in an
overflow
sign
bit
• In a RTL, the following notation is used
– ashl for an arithmetic shift left
– ashr for an arithmetic shift right
– Examples:
» R2 ¬ ashr R2
» R3 ¬ ashl R3
school.edhole.com
45. Henry Hexmoor
Shift Microoperations
Select 0 for shift right (down)
Serial 1 for shift left (up)
input (IR)
S
01
MUX H0
S
01
MUX H1
S
01
MUX H2
S
01
MUX H3
A0
A1
A2
A3
Serial
input (IL)
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46. C
Select
C 4 x 1
i+1 i
S3 S2 S1 S0 Cin Operation Function
0 0 0 0 0 F = A Transfer A
0 0 0 0 1 F = A + 1 Increment A
0 0 0 1 0 F = A + B Addition
0 0 0 1 1 F = A + B + 1 Add with carry
0 0 1 0 0 F = A + B’ Subtract with borrow
0 0 1 0 1 F = A + B’+ 1 Subtraction
0 0 1 1 0 F = A - 1 Decrement A
0 0 1 1 1 F = A TransferA
0 1 0 0 X F = A Ù B AND
0 1 0 1 X F = A Ú B OR
0 1 1 0 X F = A Å B XOR
0 1 1 1 X F = A’ Complement A
1 0 X X X F = shr A Shift right A into F
1 1 X X X F = shl A Shift left A into F
Henry Hexmoor
Shift Microoperations
Arithmetic
Circuit
Logic
Circuit
MUX
0123
F
S3
S2
S1
S0
B
A
i
A
D
A
E
shr
shl
i
i
i+1
i-1
i
i
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47. 1. A Switch-tail ring counter (John counter) uses the
complement of the serial output of a right shift
register as its serial input. Starting from an initial
state 0000, list the sequence of states after each shift
until the register returns to 0000. (Q7-9a)
2. Use D-type flip flops and gates to design a counter
with the following repeated binary sequence: 0, 1, 3,
2, 4, 6. (Q7-18)
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Henry Hexmoor