5. Previous Technology - 1G “First Generation”
• Analog
- Continuous in amplitude and time
- Variations in the signal - disrupts over long distances
• Simplest type to wireless data
• Average between 4,800 to 9,600 bps (bits per second)
7. Previous Technology - 2G
• Advantages
- Digital - consists of 1s and 0s
• Digital signal: 1) Low level, 2) High level,
3) Rising edge, and 4) Falling edge
8. Previous Technology - 2G
- Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much
more effectively than analog voice encodings
• Multiplexing - multiple analog message signals or digital
data streams are combined into one signal
9. Previous Technology - 2G
- Allows for lower powered radio signals that require
less battery power
- CODEC introduction - program that encodes and
decodes digital data stream or signal
• Translates data from digital to analog and vice
versa
speaker
voice
CODEC 10111001
10. Previous Technology - 2G
• Advantages
- The digital voice encoding allows digital error
checking
• increase sound quality
• lowers the noise level
- Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of
digital data transfer
• SMS - “short message service”
• E-mail
11. Previous Technology - 2G
• Disadvantages
- Cell towers had a limited coverage area
• Jagged Decay curve
- Abrupt dropped calls
- Analog - gradual sound reduction
• “Spotty” coverage
13. Previous Technology - 3G
• Large capacity and broadband capabilities
• Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to
2Mbps
• Increased spectrum efficiency - 5Mhz
- A greater number of users that can be simultaneously
supported by a radio frequency bandwidth
- High data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G
- Global roaming
14. Previous Technology - 3G
• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
- Form of multiplexing
- Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency
- Encodes data with a special code associated with each
channel
15. Types of Multiplexing
• FDMA - Each phone call is allocated one frequency for
the entire duration of the call.
• TDMA - Each phone call is allocated a spot in the
frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns"
being transmitted.
• CDMA - Each phone call is uniquely encoded and
transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner
known as spread spectrum transmission.
17. Reasons for New Research
• Even though 3G has successfully been
introduced to European mobile users, there are
some issues that are debated by 3G providers
and users.
- High input fees for the 3G service licenses
- Great differences in the licensing terms
- Current high debt of many
telecommunication companies, making it
more of a challenge to build the necessary
infrastructure for 3G
18. Reasons for New Research
• Government are forced to
support to the financially
troubled operators
• 3G phones are expensive
• Lack of 2G mobile user buy-in
for 3G wireless service
• Lack of coverage because it is
still a new service
21. What is 4G?
• Fourth Generation Technology
• Faster and more reliable
- 100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s)
• Lower cost than previous generations
• Multi-standard wireless system
- Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x)
• Ad Hoc Networking
• IPv6 Core
• OFDM used instead of CDMA
• Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
- Most information is proprietary
22. OFDM
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Allows for transfer of more data than other forms of
multiplexing (time, frequency, code, etc)
• Simplifies the design of the transmitter & receiver
• Allows for use of almost the entire frequency band
- No gaps to prevent interference needed
• Currently used in WiMax (802.16) and Wi-Fi (802.11a/g)
23. How OFDM Works
Bit = 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The
phase of the sin wave changes to represent a
different bit.
25. How OFDM works
• The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do not
interfere with each other (no cross talk)
• Parallel Data Transmission - Allows for the sending of
multiple signals simultaneously from the same antenna (or
wire) to one device
- Each transmission has a different stream of bits
26.
27. FIFTH GENERATION 5G
5G refers to the fifth generation of cellular wireless standards 5G is a
packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high
throughput.
5G wireless uses OFDM and millimeter wireless that enables data rate of
20 mbps and frequency band of 2-8 GHz.
5G is going to be a packed based network.
The 5G communication system is envisioned as the real wireless network,
capable of supporting wireless world wide web ( wwww).
28. OBJECTIVE
5G being developed to accommodate quality of service(QoS) rate
requirements set by further development of existing 4G applications.
Flexible channel bandwidth between 5 and 20MHz, optionally up to
40MHz.
Data rate of at list 1Gb/s between any two points in the world.
Increase system spectral efficiency of up to 3bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink
and 2.25bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.
Standard wireless 5G aims to provide wireless data over long distance
from point-to-point link to cellular mobile type access.
29. BENEFITS OF 5G
5G is high speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.
It support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other
broadband services more effectively.
It provides bidirectional ,accurate traffic statistics.
The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which
supporting almost 65,000 connections.
5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better
and fast solution.
30. SPEED
5G WiFi products have 450
megabits per second, which
is at least three times
faster than the most
common devices using the
current wireless system,
802.11n.
And because the new
standard givemanufacturers
the flexibility to offer a range
of products with different
levels of performance, some
high-speed 802.11ac devices
will offer transmission in
excess of a gigabit per
second -- remarkable
speeds that wired networks
attained only recently.
31. RELIABLITY
5G Wifi offers dramatic
improvements in wireless
reliability, range and
coverage.
Homes and apartments now
plagued with "dead spots" will
enjoy vastly improved
reception.
5G Wifi networks, with
beam-forming and other
innovations, do a much better
job in penetrating all forms of
building materials, including
concrete than its
predecessors.
35. Socio-Economic Impact
• More affordable communication services
• One device can communicate with all vs. many
devices communicating with some devices
• TV, internet, phone, radio, home environment sensors all
reachable through one device the cell phone
- Streaming HD video
• Too connected?
- Increase in social networking, invasion of privacy,
security concerns
- Increase in regulation likely (ie. no driving and using
a cell phone)
36. When?
• China Mobile, KPN, NTT DoCoMo, Orange, Intel,
Motorola, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Vodafone already
doing research on 4G
• Much of this information is proprietary at this time
• Expected release of 4G services as early as 2008.
• Majority of companies expect widespread use of 4G
systems by 2010.
• Lifecycle of 4G is estimated to be 15 years.
38. Bibliography - Texts
• Agha, Khaldoun & Omidyar, Cambyse. Mobile and
Wireless Communications Networks. Singapore, World
Scientific, 2003
• Glisic, Savo. Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G
Technologies. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
• Lightman, Alex. Brave New Unwired World; The Digital
Big Bang and the Infinite Internet. New York, John Wiley
& Sons, 2002
• Wang, Jiangzhou. Broadband Wireless
Communications. Norwell, Massachusetts, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2001
39. Bibliography - Websites
• Charmed Technology wireless everywear. Charmed
Technology. 11/16/2006 www.charmed.com
• OFDM Tutorial. Wave Report. 11/16/2006
http://www.wave-report.com/tutorials/OFDM.htm
• OFDM Tutorial. University of Edinburgh. 11/3/2006.
www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~acmc/ OFDM Tut.html
• How VoIP Works. HowStuffWorks.com 11/16/2006.
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony3.htm
• W-OFDM Technology in 4G Cellular Networks.
11/16/2006.
http://www.4g.co.uk/PR2004/August2004/2032.htm
40. Bibliography - Websites
• OFDM Overview. Intel Corporation. 11/16/2006
http://www.intel.com/education/highered/wireless/lectures/l07-
overview_of_ofdm.ppt
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. Intel Corporation.
10/30/2006
www.intel.com/netcomms/technologies/wimax/303787.pdf
• 4G Technologies Support Transmission Rates up to 100Mbps .
www.4G.co.uk. 10/30/2006
http://www.4g.co.uk/PR2006/2067.htm
• Move over 3G here comes 4G. The Economist. 11/4/2006
http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id=
1816742
41. Bibliography - Websites
• FDMA vs TDMA vs CDMA: What is the difference? Rice
University. 11/15/2006
http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~elec301/Projects01/cdma
/compare.html
• Introduction to CDMA. Qualcomm Learning Center.
11/15/2006
http://www.cdmauniversity.com/ProdTech/cdma/traini
ng/cdma25/m4/m4p01.html
• CDMA Overview. UMTS. 11/15/2006
http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.ht
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