The document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE), a broadband network technology developed by 3GPP that offers data transfer rates of up to 100 Mbps. It discusses the architecture, major applications, key technologies, and market scenarios for LTE, as well as its advantages over previous mobile communication generations. The document also touches on the evolution beyond LTE, particularly LTE-Advanced, which promises higher data rates and increased efficiency.

1. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Sachidananda Sahu

2. Table of Contents
 Introduction to LTE
 Introduction to Mobile Communication
 Generations In Mobile Technology
 Key Technology of LTE
 LTE Targets
 Architecture of LTE
 Protocol Stack
 LTE- Advantages
 Major Applications
 Current market scenario
 Beyond LTE
 Conclusion
 References

3. Introduction to LTE
• It is broadband network technology beyond 3G
developed by 3GPP of release 8.
• Proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004
• Specification finalized in January 2008.
• Promises data transfer up to 100Mbps(Mobile).

4. Introduction to Mobile Communication

5. Video
Radio/Alarm
Internet
e-Mail
Music Composer
Camera
Cont...
Games
SMS/Text
MP3 Audio
Television

6. Generations In Mobile Technology
IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
IS-95B
Cdma2000-1xRTT
Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
Cdma2000-3xRTT
W-CDMA
EDGE
TD-SCDMA
2G
2.5G
3G
3GPP2 3GPP
4G

7. 1G
• Analog FM – AMPS – Introduced in US
• Access Technique –Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Data rate : 9.6 kbps
• Three parts to the communications
– Voice channels
– Paging Channels
– Control Channels
Drawbacks :
Frequency
 Poor voice quality
 Poor hand-off
 Limited capacity of the available spectrum
 Non – Sharing Channel

8. 2G
• GSM, IS-136, IS-95 (CDMA one) standard introduced
• Digital modulation
• Due to digital error checking, sound quality increased
• Circuit Switched communication
• Data rate : 19.3 kbps
• SMS & E-mail feature introduced
• Drawbacks:
• Very Low data rate
• Limited internet browsing
• Weaker digital signal will not reach a cell tower in less populous
area

9. 2.5G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Circuit switched communication & Error Control
Speed from 14.4Kbps to 57.6Kbps
Good for real-time applications
Inefficient -> ties up resources
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
Uses 8PSK modulation
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Requires New hardware & software
Data rate from 384Kbps to 547Kbps
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 171.2 kbps
Packet switched
resources not tied up all the time
Contention based.
Efficient
WAP introduced
GPRS
EDGE
HSCSD
GSM
9.6kbps (one timeslot)
GSM Data
GSM

10. 3G
 ITU has defined the demands for third generation mobile network
with IMT-2000 standard.
 Characteristics
– A single family of compatible standard that can be used
worldwide.
- Support for both packet-switched and circuit switched data
transmission
- Data rates up to 2 Mbps
- High spectrum efficiency
 Supported technologies
– UMTS
– cdma2000
 Currently they divided in to two 3g champs
– 3GPP – UMTS
– 3GPP2- cdma 2000

11. UMTS Architecture

12. HSPA(Popularly known as 3.5G)
• Its an UMTS upgrade(Release 5/6)
• HS-DSCH(High Speed Downlink Shared Channel)
• HS-SCCH(High Speed Share control channel)
• Supports up to 21Mbps downlink and 5 Mbps uplink speed.
• Features
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface

13. LTE(Release 8/9)....
• 3GPP LTE is a project of the Third Generation Partnership
Project.
• Improves the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System) mobile phone standard.

14. Key technology of LTE
These two are the key technologies which enable LTE to have spectral
efficiency and High Speed communication
-OFDMA/SC-FDMA
-MIMO
Features :
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by
handsets)
• Fully packet switched domain
– No more circuit switched network
• Scalable bandwidth 1.4,3,5,10,15,20 MHz

15. LTE Targets
• Peak data rate
– 100 Mbps
• Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)
• Mobility
– Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h.
– 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance.
• Enhanced multimedia broadcast service
• Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz
• Duplexing supports FDD & TDD
• Spectral Efficiency – SC - FDMA & OFDMA
• Modulation type : QPSK,QAM

16. Architecture of LTE
SAE/EPC

17. Main Elements and interfaces of LTE
• E-Node-B
– This is Node B element of UMTS with extra intelligence
– Latency improves as the job of RNC is done by E nB
– It usage OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink for User
equipment
• X2 Interface
– It is used to connect two E-nB
• S1 Interface
– E-nB usage S1-MME interface to connect MME (control plane )
– S1-U interface to connect S-GW(data plane)
– These two are collectively called S1 interface
• MME/S-GW(Memory management entity/Serving Gateway)
– Collectively called the EPC(Evolved packet network) or SAE(System
architecture evolution)
– Authentication
– Mobility management
– Packet routing and forwarding

18. OFDMA and SC-FDMA
user4
user3
user2
user1

19. MIMO

20. Protocol Stack

21. LTE Advantages

22. Major Applications
• High speed multimedia
– like HD Video calling, Video on demand, On line gaming
• GPS
• Large data file transfer
• Automatic vehicle location

23. Current market scenario
 World market:
 Major commercial implementation in china, japan, America
 Major players worldwide – NTT docomo, Verizon mobile
 Major LTE handset makers- Samsung(new GALAXY series),
HTC(Thunderbolt series), Nokia(N8, E7)
 Indian Market:
 Bharti airtel, Aircel, Reliance, Tikona have the license
 Currently, only airtel provides services in Bangalore, Pune and
Kolkata.

24. Beyond LTE...
• LTE-Advanced(considered as True 4G)
• Data rate : 100Mbps(High mobility) up to 3 Gbps
• Higher spectral efficiency
• Increased number of simultaneous active subscribers
• Backward compatible with LTEs

25. Conclusion
LTE is well positioned to meet the requirements of next-generation
mobile networks with existing 3GPP/3GPP2
operators.
It enables operators to offer high performance, mass-market
mobile broadband services.
LTE will be available not only in next-generation mobile phones
but also in notebooks, cameras.

26. References
1. T.S.Rappaport, Wireless communication
2. www.4gltemall.com
3. www.3gpplte.com
4. www.3gpp.org