1. Differential equations are equations involving derivatives of an unknown function and can be of different orders. Separable differential equations can be expressed as the product of a function of x and a function of y.
2. The general solution or family of solutions to a differential equation represents all possible solutions. Specific solutions satisfy initial conditions.
3. Models of natural growth and decay can be represented by differential equations where the rate of change is proportional to the amount present, following an exponential solution. The logistic growth model includes limitations on growth.
4. Mixing problems can be modeled using differential equations to determine properties of mixtures over time as different substances enter and exit a container.
formulation of first order linear and nonlinear 2nd order differential equationMahaswari Jogia
• Equations which are composed of an unknown function and its derivatives are called differential equations.
• Differential equations play a fundamental role in engineering because many physical phenomena are best formulated mathematically in terms of their rate of change.
• When a function involves one dependent variable, the equation is called an ordinary differential equation (ODE).
• A partial differential equation (PDE) involves two or more independent variables.
Figure 1: CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
FIRST ORDER LINEAR AND NON LINEAR EQUATION:
A first order equation includes a first derivative as its highest derivative.
- Linear 1st order ODE:
Where P and Q are functions of x.
TYPES OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
1. Separable Variable
2. Homogeneous Equation
3. Exact Equation
4. Linear Equation
i. SEPARABLE VARIABLE:
The first-order differential equation:
Is called separable provided that f(x,y) can be written as the product of a function of x and a function of y.
Suppose we can write the above equation as
We then say we have “separated” the variables. By taking h(y) to the LHS, the equation becomes:
Integrating, we get the solution as:
Where c is an arbitrary constant.
EXAMPLE 1.
Consider the DE :
Separating the variables, we get
Integrating we get the solution as:
formulation of first order linear and nonlinear 2nd order differential equationMahaswari Jogia
• Equations which are composed of an unknown function and its derivatives are called differential equations.
• Differential equations play a fundamental role in engineering because many physical phenomena are best formulated mathematically in terms of their rate of change.
• When a function involves one dependent variable, the equation is called an ordinary differential equation (ODE).
• A partial differential equation (PDE) involves two or more independent variables.
Figure 1: CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
FIRST ORDER LINEAR AND NON LINEAR EQUATION:
A first order equation includes a first derivative as its highest derivative.
- Linear 1st order ODE:
Where P and Q are functions of x.
TYPES OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
1. Separable Variable
2. Homogeneous Equation
3. Exact Equation
4. Linear Equation
i. SEPARABLE VARIABLE:
The first-order differential equation:
Is called separable provided that f(x,y) can be written as the product of a function of x and a function of y.
Suppose we can write the above equation as
We then say we have “separated” the variables. By taking h(y) to the LHS, the equation becomes:
Integrating, we get the solution as:
Where c is an arbitrary constant.
EXAMPLE 1.
Consider the DE :
Separating the variables, we get
Integrating we get the solution as:
Siggy's Village Community Garden and Free Urban Marketegcamhp
Community garden in Collinwood/Cleveland area. Implemented by CAMHP foundation and CNCM along with partners from the Collinwood community, Kent State, and people like you!
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Differential Equations
( ) ( )
4 2 2 3
sin , ' 2 0, 0y x y y xy x y y x′ ′′= − + − = + + =
Definition A differential equation is an equation involving
derivatives of an unknown function and possibly the
function itself as well as the independent variable.
Example
Definition The order of a differential equation is the highest order
of the derivatives of the unknown function
appearing in the equation
1st
order equations 2nd
order equation
( ) ( )′ = ⇒ = − +sin cosy x y x CExamples
′′ ′= + ⇒ = + + ⇒ = + + +2 3
1 1 26 e 3 e ex x x
y x y x C y x C x C
In the simplest cases, equations may be solved by direct integration.
Observe that the set of solutions to the above 1st
order equation has 1
parameter, while the solutions to the above 2nd
order equation
depend on two parameters.
3. Separable Differential Equations
A separable differential equation can be expressed as
the product of a function of x and a function of y.
( ) ( )
dy
g x h y
dx
= ×
Example:
2
2
dy
xy
dx
=
Multiply both sides by dx and divide
both sides by y2
to separate the
variables. (Assume y2
is never zero.)
2
2
dy
x dx
y
=
2
2y dy x dx−
=
( ) 0h y ≠
4. A separable differential equation can be expressed as
the product of a function of x and a function of y.
( ) ( )
dy
g x h y
dx
= ×
Example:
2
2
dy
xy
dx
=
2
2
dy
x dx
y
=
2
2y dy x dx−
=
2
2y dy x dx−
=∫ ∫
1 2
1 2y C x C−
− + = +
21
x C
y
− = +
2
1
y
x C
− =
+ 2
1
y
x C
= −
+
( ) 0h y ≠
→
Combined
constants
of
integratio
n
Separable Differential Equations
5. Family of solutions (general solution)
of a differential equation
Example
The picture on the right shows some
solutions to the above differential
equation. The straight lines
y = x and y = -x
are special solutions. A unique
solution curve goes through any
point of the plane different from
the origin. The special solutions y
= x and y = -x go both through
the origin.
Cxy
xdxydy
y
x
dx
dy
+=
== ∫ ∫
22
6. Initial conditions
• In many physical problems we need to find the particular
solution that satisfies a condition of the form y(x0)=y0.
This is called an initial condition, and the problem of
finding a solution of the differential equation that
satisfies the initial condition is called an initial-value
problem.
• Example (cont.): Find a solution to y2
= x2
+ C satisfying
the initial condition y(0) = 2.
22
= 02
+ C
C = 4
y2
= x2
+ 4
7. Example:
( )
2
2
2 1 xdy
x y e
dx
= +
2
2
1
2
1
x
dy x e dx
y
=
+
Separable differential equation
2
2
1
2
1
x
dy x e dx
y
=
+∫ ∫
2
u x=
2du x dx=
2
1
1
u
dy e du
y
=
+∫ ∫
1
1 2tan u
y C e C−
+ = +
2
1
1 2tan x
y C e C−
+ = +
2
1
tan x
y e C−
= + Combined constants of integration →
8. Example (cont.):
( )
2
2
2 1 xdy
x y e
dx
= +
2
1
tan x
y e C−
= + We now have y as an implicit
function of x.
We can find y as an explicit function
of x by taking the tangent of both
sides.
( ) ( )2
1
tan tan tan x
y e C−
= +
( )2
tan x
y e C= +
→
9. A population of living creatures normally increases at a
rate that is proportional to the current level of the
population. Other things that increase or decrease at a
rate proportional to the amount present include
radioactive material and money in an interest-bearing
account.
If the rate of change is proportional to the amount present,
the change can be modeled by:
dy
ky
dt
=
→
Law of natural growth or decay
10. dy
ky
dt
=
1
dy k dt
y
=
1
dy k dt
y
=∫ ∫
ln y kt C= +
Rate of change is proportional
to the amount present.
Divide both sides by y.
Integrate both sides.
→
ln y kt C
e e +
= Exponentiate both sides.
C kt
y e e= ⋅
C kt
y e e= ±
kt
y Ae=
11. Real-life populations do not increase forever. There is
some limiting factor such as food or living space.
There is a maximum population, or carrying capacity, M.
A more realistic model is the logistic growth model where
growth rate is proportional to both the size of the
population (y) and the amount by which y falls short of
the maximal size (M-y). Then we have the equation:
)( yMky
dt
dy
−=
Logistic Growth Model
The solution to this differential equation (derived in the textbook):
)0(where,
)(
0
00
0
yy
eyMy
My
y kMt
=
−+
= −
12. A tank contains 1000 L of brine with 15 kg of dissolved
salt. Pure water enters the tank at a rate of 10 L/min.
The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from
the tank at the same rate.
How much salt is in the tank
(a) after t minutes;
(b) after 20 minutes?
This problem can be solved by modeling it as a differential
equation.
(the solution on the board)
Mixing Problems
13. Problem 45.
A vat with 500 gallons of beer contains 4%
alcohol (by volume). Beer with 6%
alcohol is pumped into the vat at a rate of
5 gal/min and the mixture is pumped out
at the same rate. What is the percentage
of alcohol after an hour?
Mixing Problems