This document provides an overview of tidal energy and methods for generating electricity from tides. It discusses how tides are caused by gravitational interactions between the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Tidal energy can be harnessed via tidal barrages, tidal fences, tidal lagoons, or tidal turbines. Barrages trap water in a basin during high tide to power turbines on the ebb and flood. Tidal fences and lagoons use vertical-axis turbines. Tidal turbines are placed in fast-moving tidal currents. The document also examines types of tides, tidal power station components, energy conversion methods, and equations for calculating tidal energy potential.
The document discusses the history and present technology of tidal energy. It describes how early tidal mills used incoming tides to power water wheels and mill grain. Modern technology now uses tidal turbines and barrages to generate electricity from tidal energy. Tidal turbines are similar to wind turbines but operate underwater, while barrages act like dams to trap tidal waters and release them through turbines. Tidal energy has advantages of being renewable and predictable but high initial costs.
The document provides steps to design a solar PV system for a home:
1. Calculate energy consumption of appliances to determine total daily load.
2. Size the inverter to be 25-30% larger than the total load to allow for surges.
3. Calculate battery bank size based on total daily load, battery voltage and days of autonomy required.
4. Determine number of solar panels needed by dividing the total daily energy needed by the hours of sunlight per day.
Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal currents and the potential energy of tidal height differences to generate electricity. It is a renewable and predictable source of energy. There are several methods of tidal energy generation including tidal stream generators, tidal barrages, and tidal lagoons. While tidal energy has advantages like being sustainable and producing no emissions, it also has disadvantages such as high initial costs, potential environmental impacts, and limited locations suitable for generation. Overall, tidal energy is a green energy source but still needs technological advancements to become more cost-effective and widely implemented.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
Wind TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLE & Renewable Power Energy.pptxMONOWARHOSSAIN47
it is a presentation for renewable energy courses. it based on wind turbine and wind power system of renewable energy sources. it is fully readymade and free. there have fully detailed on wind turbine, where have about wind turbine mechanism to cost efficiency, control system, matlab calculation and so on. it will be really helpful for a student.
The document provides an overview of hydropower and hydroelectricity. It outlines the course topics which include various renewable energy sources with a focus on hydro power, hydrogen fuel cells, and energy storage technologies. It then discusses key aspects of hydropower including the hydrologic cycle, converting potential and kinetic energy to electricity, major producers and technologies, the history and development of hydropower turbines, and examples of different types of hydroelectric installations including impoundment dams, run-of-river diversions, micro-hydro, and pumped storage systems.
This document provides an overview of wind energy technology presented by Group 1. It discusses that wind energy is a renewable source that can be harnessed to generate power. The key components of a wind power system include wind turbines, generators, and control systems. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical or electrical power. Modern wind turbines are primarily horizontal axis turbines that have blades, a gearbox, generator, and a nacelle housed at the top of a tower. The document also notes some benefits and limitations of wind power.
The document discusses three common methods for measuring solar radiation: pyranometers, pyrheliometers, and sunshine recorders. Pyranometers measure total solar radiation on a plane surface and contain an inner absorbing disk and outer dome, as well as a thermopile temperature sensor to compare the temperature rise between the disks. Pyrheliometers specifically measure direct solar irradiance and have a thermopile sensor and glass dome that tracks the sun. Sunshine recorders use a sensor to record the time period when sunlight is strong enough that a threshold is exceeded.
The document discusses the history and present technology of tidal energy. It describes how early tidal mills used incoming tides to power water wheels and mill grain. Modern technology now uses tidal turbines and barrages to generate electricity from tidal energy. Tidal turbines are similar to wind turbines but operate underwater, while barrages act like dams to trap tidal waters and release them through turbines. Tidal energy has advantages of being renewable and predictable but high initial costs.
The document provides steps to design a solar PV system for a home:
1. Calculate energy consumption of appliances to determine total daily load.
2. Size the inverter to be 25-30% larger than the total load to allow for surges.
3. Calculate battery bank size based on total daily load, battery voltage and days of autonomy required.
4. Determine number of solar panels needed by dividing the total daily energy needed by the hours of sunlight per day.
Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal currents and the potential energy of tidal height differences to generate electricity. It is a renewable and predictable source of energy. There are several methods of tidal energy generation including tidal stream generators, tidal barrages, and tidal lagoons. While tidal energy has advantages like being sustainable and producing no emissions, it also has disadvantages such as high initial costs, potential environmental impacts, and limited locations suitable for generation. Overall, tidal energy is a green energy source but still needs technological advancements to become more cost-effective and widely implemented.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
Wind TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLE & Renewable Power Energy.pptxMONOWARHOSSAIN47
it is a presentation for renewable energy courses. it based on wind turbine and wind power system of renewable energy sources. it is fully readymade and free. there have fully detailed on wind turbine, where have about wind turbine mechanism to cost efficiency, control system, matlab calculation and so on. it will be really helpful for a student.
The document provides an overview of hydropower and hydroelectricity. It outlines the course topics which include various renewable energy sources with a focus on hydro power, hydrogen fuel cells, and energy storage technologies. It then discusses key aspects of hydropower including the hydrologic cycle, converting potential and kinetic energy to electricity, major producers and technologies, the history and development of hydropower turbines, and examples of different types of hydroelectric installations including impoundment dams, run-of-river diversions, micro-hydro, and pumped storage systems.
This document provides an overview of wind energy technology presented by Group 1. It discusses that wind energy is a renewable source that can be harnessed to generate power. The key components of a wind power system include wind turbines, generators, and control systems. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical or electrical power. Modern wind turbines are primarily horizontal axis turbines that have blades, a gearbox, generator, and a nacelle housed at the top of a tower. The document also notes some benefits and limitations of wind power.
The document discusses three common methods for measuring solar radiation: pyranometers, pyrheliometers, and sunshine recorders. Pyranometers measure total solar radiation on a plane surface and contain an inner absorbing disk and outer dome, as well as a thermopile temperature sensor to compare the temperature rise between the disks. Pyrheliometers specifically measure direct solar irradiance and have a thermopile sensor and glass dome that tracks the sun. Sunshine recorders use a sensor to record the time period when sunlight is strong enough that a threshold is exceeded.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
Tidal energy harnesses the potential energy of ocean tides and converts it into electricity. There are three main types of tidal generators: tidal stream generators, dynamic tidal power systems, and tidal barrages. Tidal barrages capture potential energy by trapping water behind barriers that is then released through turbines. While large amounts of power can be generated with minimal emissions, tidal barrages require high upfront costs and can significantly impact marine environments and sediment flows. The Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Cambay in India have significant tidal ranges and potential for tidal energy development.
This document summarizes information about wind energy and wind turbines. It explains that wind is caused by uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical or electrical energy. There are two main types of wind turbines: horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). HAWTs have the rotor and generator at the top of a tower and must face the wind, while VAWTs can accept wind from any direction but are less efficient. Wind turbines work by using the wind to turn blades connected to a generator to produce electricity without pollution. India has over 20,000 MW of installed wind power generation capacity across its states.
This document provides information about pumped storage power plants. It discusses that pumped storage plants work like conventional hydroelectric power stations by using water stored in an upper reservoir, which is released through tunnels to turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. When demand is low, the turbines reverse to pump water back up to the reservoir to be available later. The document outlines the key components and working of pumped storage plants, and notes their advantages in providing flexible energy storage and quick response times to meet peak demand, though they are expensive to build.
This document discusses wave energy as a renewable source of energy. It explains that wind energy transfers to ocean waves, and wave energy machines like turbines and buoys can capture this energy from waves and tides to generate pollution-free electricity. While wave energy technology is still developing, it is estimated that fully utilizing wave energy could satisfy around 40% of the world's total energy needs. The main ways to capture wave power are surface devices, underwater devices, and reservoirs. The document also describes different types of wave energy converters including attenuators, point absorbers, submerged pressure differential devices, overtopping devices, and oscillating wave surge converters.
India has significant hydroelectric potential, estimated at 148,700 MW. Currently, hydroelectric power accounts for approximately 21.5% of India's total electricity generation capacity, with 37,367 MW installed. However, demand for power continues to outpace supply, with peak demand shortages averaging around 9%. The government aims to increase hydroelectric capacity through developing new projects and integrating small solar installations at existing hydroelectric facilities.
The document summarizes wave energy and its potential as a renewable energy source. It discusses how waves are generated by wind, the history of wave energy technology development, and the main types of wave energy conversion systems including attenuators, point absorbers, oscillating water columns, and overtopping devices. It provides examples of current wave energy projects in locations like Scotland, Portugal, and Australia. It also discusses Egypt's potential for wave energy and the challenges still facing the widespread commercialization of wave power, such as high costs, environmental impacts, and ensuring device reliability in harsh ocean conditions.
The document discusses wind energy, including its principle of operation, types of turbines, advantages, and limitations. The principle is that wind turns the turbine blades which are connected to a shaft and generator to create electricity. The two main types are vertical axis and horizontal axis turbines. Horizontal axis turbines have higher efficiency but more complex maintenance than vertical axis. Advantages include being clean, renewable, and allowing farms to add turbines. Limitations are impacts on wildlife, noise pollution, and high upfront costs. The future scope sees potential if policies encourage use and if fossil fuel costs rise significantly.
This document discusses tidal energy and how it works. Tidal energy harnesses the power of tides, which are caused by gravitational forces from the moon and sun. There are two main types of tidal power plants - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages are dams built across estuaries or bays, while tidal current turbines use the kinetic energy of moving water like wind turbines use wind. Major tidal plants exist in places like France, India, and South Korea. The document outlines the pros and cons of each tidal power technology and notes tidal energy is a renewable source but installation and maintenance can be challenging.
The document provides an overview of tidal energy, including:
- Tidal energy harnesses the gravitational pull of the moon and sun to generate waves that can be captured by tidal turbines or barrages.
- While tidal power has been used since the 9th century, the first large tidal power plant was built in France in 1967 and generates 240 MW.
- Tidal energy has advantages like being predictable and having high energy density, but also challenges like high costs and potential environmental impacts.
- The document discusses different tidal energy technologies and their applications, environmental effects, and regulatory considerations.
The document summarizes the design and development of a solar-wind hybrid power system by two students at Edith Cowan University under the supervision of Dr. Laichang Zhang. It outlines the objectives to generate continuous power from both wind and solar sources. The design process is documented, including different design stages, testing results, specifications of the solar panel and wind turbine, challenges faced, lessons learned, and future work. The final system was able to generate 120W of power, though the original goal was 200W, due to losses. The project provides an efficient way to harness renewable energy sources.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It provides background on how wind energy works, the history of windmill usage dating back to 2000 BC, and the components and functioning of modern wind turbines. Today, wind turbines can generate 250-300 kW of power from the same size that traditional European windmills produced. Wind energy is a renewable resource that can be used to generate electricity, though it has intermittent availability.
Solar thermal energy is a great source of electricity and other energy which have great utility in day to day life. Learn about the solar energy in details here.
The document discusses the history and modern use of wind power. It describes how windmills were first used thousands of years ago in places like Persia and Egypt to grind grain and pump water. Today, large wind turbines mounted on towers are used to generate electricity. Modern turbines are more efficient than older designs due to advances in materials and design. The document outlines the basic components and operation of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, and how their rotation is harnessed to generate electricity via an on-board generator.
The document discusses vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) as an option for residential wind power generation. It provides information on several VAWT models available ranging from 500W to 20,000W capacity. State rebates of 30-60% are available in California, New Jersey, and New York to help reduce the cost of installing a VAWT. VAWTs have advantages over traditional horizontal axis turbines for residential use, such as being lower profile and able to generate power from any wind direction.
This document summarizes a student project on a wind-solar hybrid power generation system. It introduces hybrid systems that combine renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The objectives are to study, design, and demonstrate a wind-solar hybrid power system to power LED lights. It describes the methodology, components, advantages and applications of the hybrid system. The system uses solar panels and a wind turbine to generate DC power, which is stored in batteries and converted to AC power using an inverter to run the LED lights. The conclusions are that the hybrid system provides stable power and can be commercially applied in rural areas.
This document discusses different instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes a pyranometer, which measures broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface using a thermopile sensor and glass dome. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct solar irradiance and requires solar tracking to keep it aimed at the sun. Both instruments adhere to ISO and WMO standards and are used in meteorology, climatology and solar energy studies. A sunshine recorder measures the amount of sunshine at a location using either the sun or a clock as a timescale.
Tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing dams or barrages between tidal basins and the sea. During high tide, seawater fills the basin through sluice gates and turbines. During low tide, the water flows back to the sea through the turbines, turning them to generate electricity. There are different types of tidal power plants based on the number of basins and generation cycles. Single basin one-way plants generate power during ebb tides only, while double basin plants alternate generation between two basins to provide continuous power. Tidal energy is a renewable source but has high capital costs and generation varies with tidal patterns.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses that solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. The document covers different types of solar PV systems including off-grid, grid-tied, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the components of solar PV systems such as solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The document summarizes the advantages of solar PV including being renewable, having no emissions, and having low operating costs.
Tidal energy harnesses the potential energy of ocean tides and converts it into electricity. There are three main types of tidal generators: tidal stream generators, dynamic tidal power systems, and tidal barrages. Tidal barrages capture potential energy by trapping water behind barriers that is then released through turbines. While large amounts of power can be generated with minimal emissions, tidal barrages require high upfront costs and can significantly impact marine environments and sediment flows. The Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Cambay in India have significant tidal ranges and potential for tidal energy development.
This document summarizes information about wind energy and wind turbines. It explains that wind is caused by uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical or electrical energy. There are two main types of wind turbines: horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). HAWTs have the rotor and generator at the top of a tower and must face the wind, while VAWTs can accept wind from any direction but are less efficient. Wind turbines work by using the wind to turn blades connected to a generator to produce electricity without pollution. India has over 20,000 MW of installed wind power generation capacity across its states.
This document provides information about pumped storage power plants. It discusses that pumped storage plants work like conventional hydroelectric power stations by using water stored in an upper reservoir, which is released through tunnels to turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. When demand is low, the turbines reverse to pump water back up to the reservoir to be available later. The document outlines the key components and working of pumped storage plants, and notes their advantages in providing flexible energy storage and quick response times to meet peak demand, though they are expensive to build.
This document discusses wave energy as a renewable source of energy. It explains that wind energy transfers to ocean waves, and wave energy machines like turbines and buoys can capture this energy from waves and tides to generate pollution-free electricity. While wave energy technology is still developing, it is estimated that fully utilizing wave energy could satisfy around 40% of the world's total energy needs. The main ways to capture wave power are surface devices, underwater devices, and reservoirs. The document also describes different types of wave energy converters including attenuators, point absorbers, submerged pressure differential devices, overtopping devices, and oscillating wave surge converters.
India has significant hydroelectric potential, estimated at 148,700 MW. Currently, hydroelectric power accounts for approximately 21.5% of India's total electricity generation capacity, with 37,367 MW installed. However, demand for power continues to outpace supply, with peak demand shortages averaging around 9%. The government aims to increase hydroelectric capacity through developing new projects and integrating small solar installations at existing hydroelectric facilities.
The document summarizes wave energy and its potential as a renewable energy source. It discusses how waves are generated by wind, the history of wave energy technology development, and the main types of wave energy conversion systems including attenuators, point absorbers, oscillating water columns, and overtopping devices. It provides examples of current wave energy projects in locations like Scotland, Portugal, and Australia. It also discusses Egypt's potential for wave energy and the challenges still facing the widespread commercialization of wave power, such as high costs, environmental impacts, and ensuring device reliability in harsh ocean conditions.
The document discusses wind energy, including its principle of operation, types of turbines, advantages, and limitations. The principle is that wind turns the turbine blades which are connected to a shaft and generator to create electricity. The two main types are vertical axis and horizontal axis turbines. Horizontal axis turbines have higher efficiency but more complex maintenance than vertical axis. Advantages include being clean, renewable, and allowing farms to add turbines. Limitations are impacts on wildlife, noise pollution, and high upfront costs. The future scope sees potential if policies encourage use and if fossil fuel costs rise significantly.
This document discusses tidal energy and how it works. Tidal energy harnesses the power of tides, which are caused by gravitational forces from the moon and sun. There are two main types of tidal power plants - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages are dams built across estuaries or bays, while tidal current turbines use the kinetic energy of moving water like wind turbines use wind. Major tidal plants exist in places like France, India, and South Korea. The document outlines the pros and cons of each tidal power technology and notes tidal energy is a renewable source but installation and maintenance can be challenging.
The document provides an overview of tidal energy, including:
- Tidal energy harnesses the gravitational pull of the moon and sun to generate waves that can be captured by tidal turbines or barrages.
- While tidal power has been used since the 9th century, the first large tidal power plant was built in France in 1967 and generates 240 MW.
- Tidal energy has advantages like being predictable and having high energy density, but also challenges like high costs and potential environmental impacts.
- The document discusses different tidal energy technologies and their applications, environmental effects, and regulatory considerations.
The document summarizes the design and development of a solar-wind hybrid power system by two students at Edith Cowan University under the supervision of Dr. Laichang Zhang. It outlines the objectives to generate continuous power from both wind and solar sources. The design process is documented, including different design stages, testing results, specifications of the solar panel and wind turbine, challenges faced, lessons learned, and future work. The final system was able to generate 120W of power, though the original goal was 200W, due to losses. The project provides an efficient way to harness renewable energy sources.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It provides background on how wind energy works, the history of windmill usage dating back to 2000 BC, and the components and functioning of modern wind turbines. Today, wind turbines can generate 250-300 kW of power from the same size that traditional European windmills produced. Wind energy is a renewable resource that can be used to generate electricity, though it has intermittent availability.
Solar thermal energy is a great source of electricity and other energy which have great utility in day to day life. Learn about the solar energy in details here.
The document discusses the history and modern use of wind power. It describes how windmills were first used thousands of years ago in places like Persia and Egypt to grind grain and pump water. Today, large wind turbines mounted on towers are used to generate electricity. Modern turbines are more efficient than older designs due to advances in materials and design. The document outlines the basic components and operation of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, and how their rotation is harnessed to generate electricity via an on-board generator.
The document discusses vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) as an option for residential wind power generation. It provides information on several VAWT models available ranging from 500W to 20,000W capacity. State rebates of 30-60% are available in California, New Jersey, and New York to help reduce the cost of installing a VAWT. VAWTs have advantages over traditional horizontal axis turbines for residential use, such as being lower profile and able to generate power from any wind direction.
This document summarizes a student project on a wind-solar hybrid power generation system. It introduces hybrid systems that combine renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The objectives are to study, design, and demonstrate a wind-solar hybrid power system to power LED lights. It describes the methodology, components, advantages and applications of the hybrid system. The system uses solar panels and a wind turbine to generate DC power, which is stored in batteries and converted to AC power using an inverter to run the LED lights. The conclusions are that the hybrid system provides stable power and can be commercially applied in rural areas.
This document discusses different instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes a pyranometer, which measures broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface using a thermopile sensor and glass dome. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct solar irradiance and requires solar tracking to keep it aimed at the sun. Both instruments adhere to ISO and WMO standards and are used in meteorology, climatology and solar energy studies. A sunshine recorder measures the amount of sunshine at a location using either the sun or a clock as a timescale.
Tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing dams or barrages between tidal basins and the sea. During high tide, seawater fills the basin through sluice gates and turbines. During low tide, the water flows back to the sea through the turbines, turning them to generate electricity. There are different types of tidal power plants based on the number of basins and generation cycles. Single basin one-way plants generate power during ebb tides only, while double basin plants alternate generation between two basins to provide continuous power. Tidal energy is a renewable source but has high capital costs and generation varies with tidal patterns.
This presentation discusses tidal power and Abhay Ocean's work in the area. It begins with an introduction to Abhay Ocean and its experience in offshore construction. It then covers topics like the advantages of tidal power, potential tidal power sites in India like the Gulf of Kutch, the technology of tidal turbines, environmental impacts, and India's potential for tidal power development. The presentation provides an overview of tidal power technologies and Abhay Ocean's vision to help India utilize its tidal energy resources.
This document discusses tidal energy conversion and provides an overview of tidal power generation in Bangladesh. It describes four main methods of tidal power generation: tidal stream generators, tidal barrages, dynamic tidal power, and tidal lagoons. It also discusses the renewability, security, and efficiency of tidal power. Specifically for Bangladesh, it examines the potential for tidal power generation at Sandwip Island, where infrastructure like flood control barrages and sluice gates already exist and could be utilized for power generation through simple technologies like undershot paddlewheels.
The document summarizes different methods of harnessing tidal energy, including tidal barrages, tidal stream generators, and dynamic tidal power. It provides details on the La Rance tidal barrage in France, the first and only major commercial tidal power plant. Tidal stream generators are favored in the US, exemplified by the prototype SeaGen turbine in Northern Ireland. Dynamic tidal power is theoretical. Practical steps for developing tidal energy in the US include research funding and permitting process. Environmental impacts and high costs remain challenges.
Tidal energy harnesses the predictable rise and fall of ocean tides caused by gravitational forces from the moon and sun. It can be generated using two methods: tidal range uses barrages and lagoons to capture potential energy from changing tide levels, while tidal stream extracts kinetic energy from tidal currents using structures like tidal turbines. Tidal energy is a renewable source and more predictable than wind and solar, but development has been limited by high costs and few locations with sufficiently high tidal ranges or currents. New technologies aim to overcome challenges and make tidal power more economically and environmentally viable.
This document discusses tidal power and tidal energy generation. It begins with an introduction to tidal power and the causes of tides. It then describes the different types of tides and tidal barrages used in tidal power plants. The main parts of a tidal power plant including the barrage, sluice gates, and turbine generators are explained. Advantages like being renewable and efficient and disadvantages like high costs and environmental impacts are highlighted. Major tidal power plants currently operating in the world are briefly mentioned. The future potential of tidal energy is discussed in the conclusion.
This document discusses tidal power plants and how they generate electricity from tidal energy. Tidal power plants use large barriers built across tidal passages to capture the potential energy of rising and falling tides. As the tides shift, the water height difference across the barrier is used to drive turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The largest operational tidal power plant is the 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of tidal power plants such as being pollution-free but having irregular power supply.
Tidal energy harnesses the power of ocean tides by using underwater turbines that are turned by the flow of water to generate electricity. The turbines spin faster as the tide increases in speed, converting the kinetic energy of the tides into electrical energy that can be supplied to homes and businesses. While tidal energy has benefits such as being renewable and producing consistent energy without pollution, it also has challenges including high upfront costs, potential environmental impacts, and lower energy outputs compared to other sources.
This document discusses tidal power generation. It describes the different types of tides and methods for generating tidal energy, including tidal stream generators, tidal barrages, dynamic tidal power, and tidal lagoons. It also discusses tidal turbines, present tidal power plants worldwide, environmental concerns, and advantages of tidal power. The key methods discussed are tidal barrages, which use dams to capture potential energy of tides, and tidal turbines, which resemble wind turbines and can be placed in tidal currents. Environmental concerns include impacts on estuary ecosystems and risks to fish.
Tidal Energy the most common topic in science section and one of the most interesting topic . This slides contains the information how does actually tidal energy in generated and what are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy . Wave power design and how it works . This topic is mostly used as a project in schools and colleges in science section in higher schools
Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal currents and potential energy of high and low tides to generate electricity. There are two main types of tidal power facilities - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages utilize potential energy differences by building dams across tidal estuaries, while tidal current turbines capture kinetic energy directly from tidal stream flows using underwater rotors similar to wind turbines. Tidal energy has advantages of being predictable and free once infrastructure is built, but development has been limited by high construction costs and environmental impacts of large-scale barrages.
Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that generates electricity from tides. There are two main types - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages use dams to capture potential energy from high and low tides, while tidal current turbines capture kinetic energy directly from tidal stream flows. While tidal energy has benefits like being renewable and causing less environmental damage than other sources, it also faces challenges like high upfront costs and impacts on local ecosystems. Development is ongoing to improve tidal turbine technologies and minimize environmental effects.
This document provides an overview of clean tidal power technologies, including their economics and environmental effects. It discusses two main tidal power methods - barrage systems that utilize tidal differences to power turbines, and tidal stream technologies that extract kinetic energy from moving water. While tidal power is renewable and predictable, its major drawbacks are high upfront costs to build infrastructure and potential negative environmental impacts. Barrage systems in particular can disrupt tidal flows and harm marine life. However, the document notes tidal power's competitiveness on cost once built, and that environmental effects are site-specific. It concludes that further turbine design advances could help lower costs and minimize impacts of tidal stream technologies.
This document provides an overview of tidal power energy as a renewable energy source. It discusses the history and basic principles of how tidal power works, including how tides are caused and different tidal power technologies such as barrages, tidal fences, and tidal turbines. It also covers topics such as tidal resource availability, energy conversion processes, advantages and disadvantages of tidal power, representative tidal power projects around the world, and social attitudes toward tidal power energy.
This document provides an overview of grid interfaced tidal power plants. It discusses the history of tidal power usage dating back to tidal mills in medieval times. The advantages of tidal power include being clean, non-polluting, and producing a constant, predictable supply of electricity. Disadvantages include tidal power only being economically feasible in locations with a tidal range of over 5 meters and potential environmental impacts. The document describes how tides are formed by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. It explains the process of harnessing tidal power using tidal barrages, which involve constructing a dam across an estuary with sluice gates and turbines.
Tidal energy is a clean, renewable source of energy that is widely distributed around the world but not officially recognized or funded. It can be captured efficiently and cost-effectively using helical turbines. Tidal energy has benefits like powering isolated grids, supporting coral reef regrowth, and providing electricity to developing coastal nations at lower costs than other alternatives.
This report discusses the potential contribution that energy derived from the tides and waves can make to overall energy supply in a sustainable way. It covers the topics of wide range like how tides and waves are formed; functions of the possible and popular power generation systems especially tidal barrages,turbines, oscillating water columns and wave farms. Advantages and disadvantages of tidal and wave energy are also briefly discussed. Some cost data’s used give us brief insight into the economic prospects of the tidal and wave energy. By turning to potential along the Indian coastline, we found that India do have a huge potential of tidal and wave energy, though it has started very late. Government
initiatives and extensive research focused on the mentioned relevant opportunities will surely change the energy scenario.
The document discusses what causes tides and waves. Tides are caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth, Moon, and Sun, while waves are caused by wind transferring energy to water. Tides and waves can be harnessed to generate renewable tidal power through tidal barrages and tidal stream turbines. However, tides and waves can also cause harmful environmental and ecological impacts if not properly managed.
The document summarizes information about tides, including what causes tides, applications of tides such as tidal power generation, and harmful effects. It discusses how tides are caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth, Moon, and Sun. It also describes spring tides and neap tides, tidal ranges, and methods of generating tidal power including tidal stream turbines, tidal barrages, and tidal lagoons.
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including tidal energy, wind energy, hydro power, nuclear energy, and wave energy. It provides details on calculating tidal and wave energy. The document acknowledges those who helped with the project and discusses the importance of energy conservation. It describes different methods of tidal power generation such as tidal stream generators, tidal barrages, and dynamic tidal power. Overall, the document serves as a reference on renewable energy sources with a focus on tidal energy technologies.
Tidal energy harnesses the natural rise and fall of ocean tides to generate electricity through various technologies. Tidal barrages utilize dams and turbines to capture the potential energy from changing water levels between high and low tides. Tidal fences and tidal turbines operate similarly to wind turbines, using the kinetic energy of fast ocean currents to turn turbine blades connected to generators. While tidal mills used tides centuries ago, modern attempts to harvest tidal power have focused on tidal barrages and turbines that directly convert tidal energy into electricity.
THIS IS A PPT ON TIDAL ENERGY,WHICH HAVE FOLLOWING CONTAINS:
A BRIEF INTRO
FIRST POWER STATION
FORMATION OF TIDES
WHY MOON IS MORE EFECTFULL INCOMPARISION TO SUN FOR TIDES?
3 MAIN WAYS TO HARNESSED TIDAL ENERGY
BENEFITS
HOPE IT WILL BE USEFULL FOR YOU GUYZZ AND YOU LIKE MY WORK.
Abstract Ocean currents are an enormous source of green energy. This energy from marine currents can be extracted by means of tidal turbines. This paper explains different types of tidal current turbines. This paper discusses about tidal energy and site selection criteria for tidal current turbine in general. This paper gives general overview about tidal current turbine design methods such as the blade element momentum theory and computational fluid dynamics. Keywords: Tidal energy, Tidal current turbines, Site selection, BEMT, CFD
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including tidal energy, wind energy, hydro power, nuclear energy, and wave energy. It provides details on calculating tidal energy and wave energy. The document also includes a poem about conservation of energy and the history of tidal energy. It concludes with an index and acknowledgements section.
This document discusses different types of renewable energy sources including wind and tidal energy. It provides details on how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy and describes large wind farms. It also explains how tidal power plants harness the rise and fall of tides using tidal barrages and turbines. Tidal power generation methods include single basin one-way systems, single basin two-way systems, and double basin systems which aim to provide more continuous power output.
Wave energy originates from the sun heating the earth's surface and creating winds that transfer energy to ocean waters, generating waves. As waves travel vast distances across oceans, the longer and stronger the wind blows, the higher, longer, faster, and more powerful the waves become. Three main types of wave energy conversion devices interact with ocean waves to harness the kinetic energy for electricity: offshore devices dealing with swell, near shore devices capturing maximum wave amplitude, and embedded devices receiving breaking waves along shorelines. Examples of technologies include Pelamis machines that generate power from wave rolling motions and oscillating water columns that use wave pumping of air to drive turbines. Significant wave energy resources exist off coasts between 30-60 degree latitudes, and
This document discusses underwater windmills, also known as tidal stream turbines, which harness the kinetic energy of moving underwater currents in a similar way that wind turbines use moving air. It provides background on the history and development of tidal stream turbines, including the first prototypes launched in the 1990s and 2000s in Scotland, England, and other locations. The document also describes the different types of underwater wind turbines, including horizontal axis and vertical axis designs, and discusses India's tidal energy potential, focused on locations in Gujarat and West Bengal. Initial tidal power project attempts and reports from the 1980s-2000s are also summarized.
This document discusses tidal power and provides details about how it works. It describes two types of tidal power facilities: tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages utilize potential energy by building dams across estuaries and bays, while tidal current turbines capture the kinetic energy of moving water using underwater turbines similar to wind turbines. The document outlines some of the first tidal power plants built, including one in France from 1960-1966, and provides advantages like predictability and efficiency, and disadvantages like high construction costs and potential environmental impacts.
The document discusses tides, which are the regular rise and fall of ocean water levels caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon. It describes the different types of tides, including semidiurnal and mixed tides. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when sun and moon forces align to produce higher tides, while neap tides occur during half moons and have lower ranges. The dynamic tidal theory explains how factors like ocean basins, Coriolis forces, and friction influence tidal patterns. Tides are significant as they transport sediments, mix waters in estuaries, and can be harnessed for tidal power generation.
This document discusses tidal energy and its generation methods. Tidal energy harnesses the predictable rise and fall of tides to generate electricity. It can be generated using tidal barrages, tidal mills, or tidal stream turbines. Tidal barrages capture energy by allowing water to flow through turbines into and out of enclosed areas like bays. While expensive to develop, tidal energy is predictable and produces no emissions, though tidal structures can interfere with shipping. The document provides details on different turbine orientations and generation methods.
Tidal energy harnesses the power of ocean tides to generate electricity. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, causing the regular rise and fall of sea levels. There are two main schemes to capture this energy - single and double basin schemes. The single basin scheme uses a dam and sluice gates to allow incoming tides to fill a storage basin, with the stored water then powering turbines on the outgoing tide. The double basin scheme uses two basins and a powerhouse between them to generate electricity from the tidal flow.
Tidal power harnesses the kinetic energy of tides to generate electricity and is a renewable source of energy. There are several methods of tidal power generation including tidal barrages, tidal lagoons, and tidal turbines. Tidal barrages involve constructing a dam across an estuary so that turbines can generate electricity from the ebb and flow of the tides. Tidal lagoons are similar but can be constructed anywhere with a high tidal range. Tidal turbines resemble wind turbines and generate power from tidal currents without blocking estuaries. While tidal power has advantages over fossil fuels, environmental concerns around impacts on ecosystems must still be addressed as the technology is developed further.
This document discusses tidal energy and tidal power plants. It defines tidal energy as a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, causing the periodic rise and fall of ocean water levels twice per lunar day. Tidal power plants consist of a tidal barrage to hold back water, sluice gates to control water flow, and turbines that generate electricity as water flows in and out with the tides. The document outlines advantages such as being a renewable source and having predictable tides, and disadvantages including high construction costs and potential environmental impacts. Major existing tidal power plants worldwide are also briefly mentioned.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
1. 1
University of Thi-Qar
College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
"Theoretical study about Tidal Energy"
By
Balqees Hmode Abdullah
Supervised by
Asst. Prof. Dr.Mushtaq I. Hasan
2. 2
Abstract
This article is about tidal power. It describes tidal power
and the various methods of utilizing tidal power to
generateelectricity. It briefly discusses each method
and provides details of calculating tidal power generation
and energy most effectively. The paper also focuses
on the potential this method of generating
electricity has and why this could be a common
way of producing electricity in the near future.
3. 3
1. Overview:
Tidal power exploits energy drawn from the movement of ocean tides to
produce electricity. There are two scenarios in which tides can be tapped for
energy. The first is in changing sea levels. This phenomenon is responsible for
the advancing and receding tides on shorelines. With the help of turbines,
incoming tides can be manipulated to generate electricity. The second way to
exploit tidal energy is by sinking turbines to the sea floor where fast-flowing
currents turn generator blades much like wind does with a wind turbine.
Tidal energy is considered renewable because the tides move on a predictable,
daily schedule, depending only on the orbits of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, and
are essentially inexhaustible [1]. Though tidal energy is carbon free, it is not
environmentally benign. Concerns over the health of shoreline and aquatic
ecosystems mar this otherwise clean source of energy. Older tidal barrage
technology can devastate fish populations [2].
In the past, large-scale barrage systems dominated the tidal power scene. But
because of increasingly evident unfavorable environmental and economic
drawbacks with this technology, research into the field of tidal power shifted
from barrage systems to tidal current turbines in the last few decades. This
new technology leaves a smaller environmental footprint than tidal barrages,
as turbines are placed in offshore currents avoiding the need to construct dams
to capture the tides along ecologically fragile coastlines. Harnessing tidally-
driven coastal currents cannot yet deliver the sheer amount of power that
barrage style facilities can, like at the 240 MW barrage generating station at
La Rance, France [3]. However, the technology is quickly evolving with
numerous test plants popping up around the globe.
Canada hosts two test sites, one tidal barrage and one tidal current power
station. With one new and one old, both a history and a newfound interest in
tidal power is apparent. The Annapolis Royal tidal barrage built in Nova
Scotia's Bay of Fundy in 1984, with its world-famous tides, operates as the
third largest tidal power plant in the world, with 20 MW [4]. The smaller Race
Rocks facility in British Columbia, installed in 2006, uses tidal current
technology to generate 65 kW of power [5]. Studies have estimated a potential
4,000 MW of untapped energy flowing along the coasts of BC [6]. Canada,
and the shores of British Columbia, are home to some of the world's most
attractive locations for tidal power development.
4. 4
2. Brief History of Tidal Power:
The energy stored in tides been known to people for many centuries. The earliest
records of tidal mills are dated back to the 8th Century CE [7]. The tidal mills were
mainly used for grain grinding and were of similar design to the conventional water
mills with the exception of the addition of a dam and reservoir. The industrial
revolution increased demand for power but tidal energy never got off the ground,
undercut by cheap fossil fuels and other developments which offered easier access to
power generation. Existing tidal mills became as obsolescent as pre-industrial water-
mills. The first large scale modern tidal electric plant started to operate in La Rance
Estuary, St. Malo, France in the 1960s and has been operating ever since. In recent
years the search for renewable, non-polluting energy sources and the increase in fossil
fuel prices has encouraged renewed interest in tidal power.
3. Tides:
The interaction of the sun-moon-earth system causes ones of the strangest
phenomena: tides. Tides rise and fall is the product of the gravitational and centrifugal
forces, of primarily the moon with the earth. The gravitational forces maintain the
moon on it is positions with respect to the earth, forcing to pull the earth and the moon
together, see figure 1. The centrifugal forces acts on the opposite direction pulling the
moon away from the earth. These two forces acts together to maintain the equilibrium
between these two masses.
The influence of the sun can be included on the balance of the entire system. The
distance plays an important role on the development of tides. Based on the newton
law, the gravitational force is proportional to the square of the distance of two bodies,
but tidal force is proportional to the cube of the distance. For this reason although the
5. 5
moon has a much smaller mass than the sun it is much closer to the earth. The moon
effect is 2
1
4
greater than that of the sun on the generation of tides [8].
The gravitational force of attraction of the moon causes that the oceans waters bulge
on the side of the earth that faces the moon. The centrifugal force produce the same
effect but in the opposite side of the earth. On these two sides it can be observe the
maximum amplitudes of the tides (high tides) and on midways of it occur the
minimum amplitudes of the tides (low tides). As the earth rotates these two bulges
travel at the same rate as the earth`s rotation. The moon rotates around the earth with
respect to the sun approximately 29.5 days (lunar month) in the same direction that
the earth rotates every 24 hours. The rotation of the earth with respect to the moon is
approximately 24.48 hours (24 hours and 50 minutes) and is called lunar day. This is
the reason of why the tides advance approximately 50 minutes each day [9].
Fig.2: High and low tides.
In the same manner that the ocean waters bulges towards the moon, the gravitational
force of the sun causes that the ocean waters bulges too but in a lesser degree. Twice a
month, when the earth, the moon and the sun are aligned (full and new moon) the tide
generating forces of the sun and the moon are combined to produce tide ranges that
are greater than average knowing as the spring tides [10]. At the half moon (first and
third quarters) the sun and the moon are 90° with respect to the earth and the tide
generating forces tend to produce tidal ranges that are less than the average knowing
6. 6
as the neap tides, see figure 3 [10]. Typically the spring tides range tend to be twice
the neap tides range.
The tidal movements can be reflect and restrict by the interruption of masses of land,
the bottom friction can reduce it is velocity and the depth, size and shape of the ocean
basins, bays and estuaries altered the movements of the tidal bulges and generate
different types of tides [8]. There are three types of tides: diurnal, semidiurnal and
mixed, see figure 4 [11].
7. 7
Diurnal tides (daily) present one single high and low water during a period of a lunar
day of 24 hours and 50 minutes and occur in the Gulf of Mexico, southeast Asia and
the coast of Korea, semidiurnal tides (twice a day) present two high an two low waters
during a lunar day with periods of 12 hours and 50 minutes and is common along the
Atlantic coast of North America and the mixed tides that presents two unequal high
and two unequal lows waters and generally have a periods of 12 hours and 50
minutes. In a lunar month this type of tide that is common on the pacific Ocean coast
of the United states can experience semidiurnal and diurnal tides characteristics. In
1964 Davis classified the tidal ranges as: micro-tidal with tidal range less than 2
meters, meso-tidal with tidal range between 2 and 4 meters and macro-tidal with tidal
range of more than 4 meters [12].
4. How Tidal Power Generation Systems Work?
In very simple terms a barrage is built at the entrance of a gulf and the water levels
vary on both sides of the small dam. Passages are made inside the dam and water
flows through these passages and turbines rotate due to this flow of water under head
of water. Thus, electricity is created using the turbines. A general diagram of the
system is shown in Fig 5. What follows will be a description of a general tidal power
station with its components. Also, many systems of power generation will be
described.
General scheme of the tidal power station.Fig.6:
The components of a tidal power station are:
4.1. A barrage: a barrage is a small wall built at the entrance of a gulf in order to
trap water behind it. It will either trap it by keeping it from going into the gulf when
water levels at the sea are high or it will keep water from going into the sea when
water level at the sea is low.
8. 8
4.2. Turbines: they are the components responsible for converting potential energy
into kinetic energy. They are located in the passageways that the water flows through
when gates of barrage are opened. There are many types of turbines used in tidal
power stations.
A. Bulb turbines: as shown in Fig.7 these are difficult to maintain as water flows
around them and the generator is in water.
B. Rim turbines: as shown in Fig. 8 these are better maintained than the bulb
turbines but are hard to regulate as generator is fixed in barrage.
C. Tabular turbines: as shown in fig.9 these turbines are fixed to long shafts and
thus solve both problems that bulb and rim turbines have as they are easier to
maintain and control.
Fig.7: A Bulb turbine.
Fig.8: Rim turbines.
9. 9
Fig.9: Tabular turbines.
4.3. Sluices: sluice gates are the ones responsible for the flow of water through the
barrage they could be seen in Fig.6.
4.4. Embankments: they are caissons made out of concrete to prevent water from
flowing at certain parts of the dam and to help maintenance work and electrical wiring
to be connected or used to move equipment or cars over it. These embankments are
shown in Fig.10 [13].
Fig.10: Embankments.
10. 10
5. Tidal Energy Generators:
There are currently three different ways to get tidal energy which are:
5.1. Tidal Fences:
Tidal fences are composed of individual, vertical axis turbines which are mounted
within the fence structure, known as a caisson. Kind of like giant turn styles which
completely block a channel, forcing all of the water through them. Unlike barrage
tidal power stations, tidal fences can also be used in unconfined basins, such as in the
channel between the mainland and a nearby off shore island, or between two islands.
Since they do not require flooding of the basin, tidal fences have much less impact on
the environment, and are significantly cheaper to install. Unlike barrage generators,
tidal fences have the advantage of being able to generate electricity once the initial
modules are installed [14].
Fig.11: Tidal fences.
5.2. Tidal lagoons:
Tidal lagoons are an adaptation of the barrage system. Similar to standard barrage
models, tidal lagoons retain a head pond and generate power via conventional hydro-
turbines.
The difference is that the conventional barrage designs exploit the natural coast line to
11. 11
minimize barrage length. However, this entails blocking the estuary regardless of how
deep it is. This raise the costs considerably. However, a lagoon, for a low cost can
pretty much be built anywhere that there is a high tidal range. The lagoon has
relatively little visual impact, as it is below the high water tide mark and appears like
a normal sea wall at low tide.
The lagoon can be built using loose aggregates found in quarries or demolished
structures. This rubble would be „dumped‟ until an impound wall was complete. As
any aggregate can be used, it is possible to restrict construction costs by implementing
the cheapest materials available. This construction technique also has the added
benefit of creating an artificial reef. As well, a calm water lake would be created in
the middle where smaller fish and birds could flourish. Migrating fish can swim
around unimpeded and without the danger of sluices or negotiating turbines [14].
Fig.12: Tidal lagoons.
5.3. Tidal Turbines
For most tidal energy generators, turbines are placed in tidal streams. A tidal stream is
a fast-flowing body of water created by tides. A turbine is a machine that takes energy
from a flow of fluid. That fluid can be air (wind) or liquid (water). Because water is
much more dense than air, tidal energy is more powerful than wind energy. Unlike
wind, tides are predictable and stable. Where tidal generators are used, they produce a
steady, reliable stream of electricity.
Tidal turbines utilize tidal currents that are moving with velocities of between 2 and 3
m/s (4 to 6 knots) to generate between 4 and 13 kW/m2. Fast moving current (>3 m/s)
can cause undue stress on the blades in a similar way that very strong gale force winds
12. 12
can damage traditional wind turbine generators, whilst lower velocities are
uneconomic.
Placing turbines in tidal streams is complex, because the machines are large and
disrupt the tide they are trying to harness. The environmental impact could be severe,
depending on the size of the turbine and the site of the tidal stream. Turbines are most
effective in shallow water. This produces more energy and allows ships to navigate
around the turbines. A tidal generator's turbine blades also turn slowly, which helps
marine life avoid getting caught in the system [15].
Fig.13: Tidal turbine.
13. 13
6. Tidal energy to electric energy conversion:
The technology that is used to produce electricity using the difference between the
low and high tides is very similar to the one use on the generation of electricity on the
traditional hydroelectric power plants. The use of the tidal energy requires a dam or
barrage across a shallow area preferably an estuary, bay or gulf of high tidal range
where the difference on the low and high tide have to be at least 5 meters [8]. The tide
basins are filled and empty every day with the flood tides when water level falls. On
the barrage there are low-head turbines and sluice gates that allow the water to flow
from one side of the barrage to inside the tidal basin. This difference on elevation of
the water level creates a hydrostatic head that generates electricity. There are different
modes to generate electricity using the barrage systems:-
6.1. Ebb generation: Incoming water (flood tide) is allowed to flow freely to fill
the basin until high tide, then the sluices are close and water are retained on one side
of the barrage. When level of the water outside of the barrage decreased (ebb tide)
sufficiently to create a hydrostatic head between the open waters and tide basin, the
sluices are open and water flows through the turbines and generate electricity [16].
6.2. Flood generation: During the flood tide the sluices gates and low-head
turbines are kept closed to allow the water level outside of the barrage to increase.
Once a hydrostatic head is created the sluices gates are opened and the water flows
14. 14
through the turbines into the basin. This mode is less efficient than the ebb generation
[8,17].
6.3. Two ways generation: This mode permits to generate electricity using the
ebb generation and the flood tide. The main problem with this type mode is that the
turbines must work both ways, when water enters or exits the basin. This requires
move expensive turbines and at this time computer simulations do not indicate that
this mode increases significantly the energy production [17].
6.4. Pumping: On the ebb generation the hydrostatic head can be increases
reversing the power and turning the turbine-generation into a pump motor. During the
generation the energy that was use is returned [17].
Fig.14: Power output of two way single basin tidal power station with pumping [12].
6.5. Double basin: All of the modes discuss above use one tide basin. Using tow
basins, the turbines are placed between the basins. The main basin will going to use
the ebb generation mode to operate and pump water with part of the energy that is
generated to and from the second basin to generated electricity continuously. This has
the disadvantage that is very expensive [17].
Fig.15: Schematic diagram of two basin tidal power station [12].
15. 15
Fig.16: A diagram showing transformation of tidal energy to electric energy [13].
7. Energy of Tides:
The energy of the tide wave contains two components namely, potential and kinetic.
The potential energy is the work done in lifting the mass of water above the ocean
surface. This energy can be calculated as:
𝐸 = 𝑔𝜌𝐴 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0.5𝑔𝜌𝐴ℎ2
Where E is the energy, g is acceleration of gravity, ρ is the sea water density, which
it`s mass per unit volume, A is the sea area under consideration, z is a vertical
coordinate of the ocean surface and h is the tide amplitude. Taking an average
ρg = 10.15 KN 𝑚−3
for sea water, one can obtain for a tide cycle per square meter
of ocean surface:
𝐸 = 1.4ℎ2
, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 5.04ℎ2
, 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
The kinetic energy T of the water mass m is its capacity to do work by virtue of it`s
velocity V. It is defined by 𝑇 = 0.5 𝑚 𝑉2
. The total tide energy equals the sum of
it`s potential and kinetic energy components.
Knowledge of the potential energy of the tide is important for designing conventional
tidal power plants using water dams for creating artificial upstream water heads. Such
16. 16
power plants exploit the potential energy of vertical rise and fall of the water. In
contrast, the kinetic energy of the tide has to be known in order to design floating or
other types of tidal power plants which harness energy from tidal currents or
horizontal water Sows induced by tides. They do not involve installation of water
dams [18].
*Example calculation of tidal power generation:
Assumptions:
Let as assume that the tidal range of tide at a particular place is 32 feet =10m
(approx.).
The surface of the tidal energy harnessing plant is 9 2
(3 3 ) =3000
3000 = 10 2
.
Density of sea water = 1025.18kg/ 3
.
Mass of the sea water = .
=
= 10 2
10 1025.1 3
= 2 10 .
Potential energy content of the water in the basin at high tide =
1
2
.
P.E. =
1
2
10 2
1025.1 3 . 1
10 2
=4.5 1012
.
Now we have 2 high tides and 2 low tides every day. At low tide the potential energy
is zero.
Therefore the total energy potential per day = ℎ ℎ 2.
= 4.5 1012
2
= 1012
Thus the mean power generation potential=energy generation potential / time in 1 day
Power = 1012
6400
=104MW.
Assuming the power conversion efficiency to be 30% : The daily-average power
generated = 104 30 = 31 . .
Because the available power varies with the square of the tidal range, a barrage is
placed in a location with a very high-amplitude tides. Suitable locations are found in
17. 17
Russia, U.S.A, Canada, Australia, Korea, and the U.K. Amplitudes of up to 17 m
(56ft) occur for example in The Bay of Fundy, where tidal resonance amplifies the
tidal range [19].
8. Tidal power around the world:
There are places that have large tidal ranges. Some of these places are The Bay of
Fundy Canada with a mean tidal range of 10m, Severn Estuary between England and
Wales with a mean range of 8m and the northern of France with a mean range of 7m.
The first large-scaled tide generation plant is located in Brittany on the La Rance
River on France. It was completed in 1966 at a cost of $100 million. The generation
plant has a capacity of 240 MW. The plant consists of 24 bulb-type turbine generators
of 5.35m (17.55ft.) diameter with 4 mobile pales and a rated capacity of 10 MW. The
barrage has a length of 910m (2986ft.) and serves as a four-lane highway that
connects Saint Malo and Dinard. The bulb turbines were design to operate on ebb or
flood generation mode and pump water either into or out of the basin when there are
slack tides periods. These turbines have the disadvantage that the water flows around
them and make the maintenance difficult and expensive. The plant is operated almost
of the time on the ebb generation mode because operate on the two-way generation
mode (ebb and flood tides) was prove not to be successful. Only when high spring
tides are present the plant operates on two-way generation mode. The plant average
generation was about 64 GW per year (0.012% France energy consumption). On 1996
the plant passes to a 10 years refurbishment plan for it is 24 bulb turbines [17].
Fig.17: Ebb generation with a bulb turbine.
18. 18
9. Tidal giants - the world‟s five biggest tidal power plant:
The Swansea Bay tidal lagoon project in the UK and the MeyGen tidal array project
in Scotland stand out among the few large-scale tidal power projects currently under
development. Power-technology.com lists five of the world‟s biggest tidal power
plants, including those both operational and under construction.
9.1. Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea - 254MW:
With an output capacity of 254MW, the Sihwa Lake tidal power station located on
Lake Sihwa, approximately 4km from the city of Siheung in Gyeonggi Province of
South Korea, is the world's biggest tidal power plant.
The project, owned by Korea Water Resources Corporation, was opened in August
2011 and utilises a 12.5km long seawall constructed in 1994 for flood mitigation and
agricultural purposes. Power is generated on tidal inflows into the 30km2 basin with
the help of ten 25.4MW submerged bulb turbines. Eight culvert type sluice gates are
used for the water outflow from the barrage.
The $355.1m tidal power project was built between 2003 and 2010. Daewoo
Engineering & Construction was the engineering, procurement and construction
(EPC) contractor for the project. The annual generation capacity of the facility is
552.7GWh.
Fig.18: Sihwa lake tidal power station.
19. 19
Fig.19: Project status by Google earth [20].
Fig.20: Operation of Sihwa Tidal power plant [20].
9.2. La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France - 240MW:
The 240MW La Rance tidal power plant on the estuary of the Rance River in
Brittany, France, has been operational since 1966 making it the world's oldest and
second biggest tidal power station. The renewable power plant, currently operated by
Électricité de France (EDF), has an annual generation capacity of 540GWh.
The La Rance tidal power facility, built between 1961 and 1966, involved the
construction of a 145.1m long barrage with six fixed wheel gates and a 163.6m-long
dyke. The basin area covered by the plant is 22km2. Power is produced through 24
reversible bulb turbines with a rated capacity of 10MW each.
20. 20
The plant site features an average tidal range of 8.2m, the highest in France.
Electricity is fed into the 225kV national transmission network serving the needs of
approximately 130,000 households every year.
Fig.21: La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France.
9.3. Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, United Kingdom - 240MW
The 240MW Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon project, to be built at Swansea Bay in the
UK, is the world's biggest tidal power project and will become the world's third
biggest tidal power project upon completion. The planning application for the £850m
($1.4bn) project was approved in March 2013.
The plant will be located at a site with average tidal range of 8.5m and will involve
the construction of a 9.5km-long sea wall or breakwater facility to create a lagoon
cordoning off 11.5km2 of sea. The plant will use reversible bulb turbines to generate
power as water passes in and out of the lagoon with the rise and fall of tides.
The ground breaking for the tidal power project is scheduled for 2015 while full
commissioning is expected in 2018. The tidal lagoon, with an estimated annual power
generation capacity 400GWh, will power over 120,000 homes for 120 years.
21. 21
Fig.22: Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, United Kingdom.
9.4. MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland - 86MW:
MeyGen Tidal Energy Project located in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth off the
north coast of Caithness, Scotland, is currently the world's biggest underwater tidal
turbine power project under development.
The tidal array project received offshore planning consent for its 86MW first phase
development from the Scottish Government towards the end of 2013. The second
phase development of the project is expected to raise the total installed capacity to
398MW by 2020.
The MyGen project was initiated in 2006 by the Scottish company MeyGen, a joint
venture between the tidal technology company Atlantis Resources and Morgan
Stanley. Atlantis Resources acquired full ownership of the tidal array project in
December 2013. Construction is expected to start for a demonstration array involving
up to six AR1000 single-rotor tidal turbines in 2014 with final commissioning
expected in 2015. The first 1MW prototype of the 22.5m tall AR1000 tidal turbine
with 18m rotor diameter was deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre in2011.
22. 22
Fig.23: MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland.
9.5. Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Canada - 20MW:
The Annapolis tidal power generating station located in the Annapolis Basin, a sub-
basin of the Bay of Fundy in Canada, has an installed capacity of 20MW making it
the world's third biggest operating tidal power plant. It generates 50GWh of electricity
annually to power over 4,000 homes.
The plant, operated by Nova Scotia Power, came online in 1984 after four years of
construction. The plant utilises a causeway built in the early 1960s, which was
originally designed to serve as a transportation link as well as a water control structure
to prevent flooding.
The power plant comprises of a single four blade turbine and sluice gates. The gates
are closed as the incoming tides create a head pond in the lower reaches of the
Annapolis River upstream of the causeway. The gates are opened and the water
rushing into the sea drives the turbine to generate power when a head of 1.6m or more
is created between the head pond and sea side with the falling of the tide [21].
23. 23
Fig.24: Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Canada.
10. Environmental and Ecological Concerns of Tidal Energy:
Tidal power generation can offer significant advantages, including improved
transportation due to the development of traffic or rail bridges across estuaries and
reduced greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing tidal power in place of fossil fuels.
However there are also some significant environmental disadvantages which make
tidal power, particularly barrage systems less attractive than other forms of renewable
energy.
The construction of a tidal barrage in an estuary will change the tidal level in the
basin. This change is difficult to predict, and can result in a lowering or raising of the
tidal level. This change will also have a marked effect on the sedimentation and purity
of the water within the basin. In addition, navigation and recreation can be affected as
a result of a sea depth change due to increased sedimentation within the basin. A
raising of the tidal level could result in the flooding of the shoreline, which could have
an effect on the local marine food chain.
Potentially the largest disadvantage of tidal power is the effect a tidal station has on
the plants and animals which live within the estuary. As very few tidal barrages have
been built, very little is understood about the full impact of tidal power systems on the
local environment. What has been concluded is that the effect due to a tidal barrage is
highly dependent upon the local geography and marine ecosystem.
24. 24
Fish may move through sluices safely, but when these are closed, fish will see
turbines and attempt to swim through them. Also, some fish will be unable to escape
the water speed near a turbine and will be sucked through [22].
*Fish Mortality:
There are two categories of threats to fish
*Direct: injury and mortality due to blade strike and water conditions (for example
water pressure) resulting in damage or disorientation.
*Indirect: loss and degradation of habitat which may be important for feeding and
spawning; and disruption to movement (such as completion of migration).
Mortality due to blade strike is the most studied source of fish mortality. Estimates
depend on the type and operation of a turbine, and species of fish. In order to reduce
levels of blade strike, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) produced a set of
criteria for the design of „fish-friendly‟ turbines. These criteria are based on an
extensive literature review of studies on single fish passage through turbines at hydro-
power schemes. In recent years, levels of survival greater than 90% have been
achieved. While high survivability is possible, no field trials of turbines in an
estuarine environment have been carried out. In addition, most studies of fish
mortality have been carried out on small-sized salmon, a notoriously robust species;
therefore reports of „negligible‟ mortality levels may not be applicable to the diversity
of fish, crustacean and invertebrate species common in estuaries such as adult salmon,
shad, flounder, brown shrimp. In addition, estimates of fish mortality are based on
fish making a single pass through a turbine: fish living in an estuary may make
multiple passes in a day, increasing their risk of mortality.
Less studied is mortality due to sub-lethal injuries, predation or indirect impacts.
During turbine passage, blade strike and hydraulic conditions can result in injuries
(for example scale loss, eye loss or abrasions) which may not cause immediate
mortality, but will reduce survival through disease or decreased fitness. Fish
commonly suffer disorientation during turbine passage which increases predation risk
by other fish, fish-eating birds and aquatic mammals; this has been observed at La
Rance. In a recent study, mortality because of predation of juvenile salmon was found
to account for between 46-70% of total mortality, indicating it is potentially a
considerable source of mortality. However, at present studies on mortality levels due
to predation pressure and sub-lethal injuries are limited [23].
*Very Low-Head Turbines:
Very Low-Head (VLH) turbines are a new technology that reportedly has a smaller
impact on fish than existing technologies. A recent trial on a VLH prototype achieved
100% survivability of both large and small eels. However, very few trials of VLH
turbines have been undertaken. In response to growing interest in VLH turbines, the
25. 25
Canadian government published guidelines for the testing of these turbines. The
report comments that “mortality, although easy to define and measure, is simply one
way to evaluate the biological effectiveness of a turbine yet the majority of studies
focus only on mortality as an endpoint”. It suggests that a “suite of endpoints should
be examined which incorporate relevant metrics that have the potential to influence
long-term survival, health, condition and fitness” [23].
11. Advantages of Tidal energy:
There are a number of advantages to tidal energy. Because the force behind tidal
energy comes from the pull of the moon, it is an inexhaustible energy source. As long
as the moon continues to orbit the earth, there will be energy in the tides.
This relationship to the moon also makes tidal energy a predictable energy source.
Other forms of renewable energy, such as wind and solar energy, are dependent on
random weather patterns. But tidal energy is based on the rise and fall of tides, which
is more uniform and reliable.
It is a clean energy source because, unlike the burning of fossil fuels, it does not
release greenhouse gases or other pollutants into the air. It is also a cheap energy
source. After the initial investment is paid off, the cost of generating electricity is very
low. Tidal energy has a high energy density, meaning that the tides store a larger
amount of energy than most other forms of renewable energy, such as the wind [24].
12. Disadvantages of Tidal energy:
Despite this list of advantages, there are a number of disadvantages to tidal energy.
Tidal energy development is hampered by high upfront costs. For example, one study
noted that ocean power generation can cost more than $400 per MWH compared to
other renewable energy sources, such as wind, biomass, hydroelectric and geothermal
energy, that cost about $150 per MWH.
There are also limited suitable locations for tidal energy. A suitable location must
have sizable tides to justify the cost of constructing a power plant. Environmentalists
are concerned that tidal energy can be detrimental to marine life. Power plants can
disrupt the movements and migration of fish and other marine life in the oceans. Fish
can also be killed by the turbines.
Tidal energy can only be captured during the tides, so it is an intermittent energy
source. Because tides occur two times a day, in order for tidal energy to reach its full
potential, it must be paired with an efficient energy storage system [24].
26. 26
13. Future outlook:
Although sustainable energy resources produce limited amounts of carbon dioxide
emissions, they are, by nature, reliant on the natural environment and therefore are
vulnerable to the effects of climate change. While sea level and wind pattern changes
are expected, tidal energy is less likely to be affected. This industry also has the
advantage of being predictable and quantifiable, both spatially and temporally.
It is also hoped that with future development of tidal current turbine technology, the
impact upon marine life can be reduced. In case of malfunction these type of facilities
do not impose any major catastrophic damage to the surroundings, compared to, say,
nuclear or hydroelectric dam failure [25].
Fig.25: Tidal Generation Emissions Savings.
27. 27
14. Conclusion:
Tidal power has the potential to generate significant amounts of electricity at certain
sites around the world. Although our entire electricity needs could never be met by
tidal power alone, it can be a valuable source of renewable energy to an electrical
system. The negative environmental impacts of tidal barrages are probably much
smaller than those of other sources of electricity, but are not well understood at this
time. The technology required for tidal power is well developed, and the main barrier
to increased use of the tides is that of construction costs. The future costs of other
sources of electricity, and concern over their environmental impacts, will ultimately
determine whether humankind extensively harnesses the gravitational power of the
moon [13].
28. 28
References:
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
2. Clark, Nigel. 2006. Tidal barrages and birds. British Ornithologists'
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3. Aubrecht, Gordon. 2006. Energy: Physical, Environmental, and Social
Impact. Third Edition. Pearson Education Inc. San Francisco, CA.
4. Pontes and Falcao. 2001. Ocean Energies: Resources and Utilization.
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6. Nicholls-Lee, R.F., S.R. Turnock. 2008. Tidal energy extraction:
renewable, sustainable and predictable.
7. Clark, P. , R. Klossner, L. Kologe. 2003. Tidal Energy.
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Energy Resources and Power Production by Tidal In-stream Energy
Conversion (TISEC) Devices EPRI, September 2006.
12. K. Lyon, M. Rayner "Fact sheet 10: Tidal Energy", Australian
Institute of Energy Murdoch University, Australia, 2004.
13. Sh. Masuod, M. Amer, M. Samir, "Tidal Power Generation Systems",
Engineering Department, The American University in Cairo, Spring
2001.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power.,Wikipedia14.
29. 29
15. Marine Current Turbines Ltd,
http://www.ifremer.fr/dtmsi/colloques/seatech04/mp/proceedings_pdf/pre
marins/MCT.pdfsentations/4.%20courants_ .
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http://www.uprm.edu/aret/docs/Ch_3_Ocean.pdf.17
18. A. M. Gorlov, "Tidal Energy", Northeastern University, Boston
Massachusetts, USA 2001.
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