The document provides steps to design a solar PV system for a home:
1. Calculate energy consumption of appliances to determine total daily load.
2. Size the inverter to be 25-30% larger than the total load to allow for surges.
3. Calculate battery bank size based on total daily load, battery voltage and days of autonomy required.
4. Determine number of solar panels needed by dividing the total daily energy needed by the hours of sunlight per day.
On Grid Solar System to Create your own Electricityrenewgreensolar
Like Off grid solar system, On Grid Solar System do not stores generated electricity in batteries. Instead of storing electricity its is directly used to powering the lights, appliances and electronic devices in your home. know more about On Grid Solar System @ http://www.renewgreen.in/business-solution-power-system-on-grid.php
On Grid Solar System to Create your own Electricityrenewgreensolar
Like Off grid solar system, On Grid Solar System do not stores generated electricity in batteries. Instead of storing electricity its is directly used to powering the lights, appliances and electronic devices in your home. know more about On Grid Solar System @ http://www.renewgreen.in/business-solution-power-system-on-grid.php
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
This new minute lecture gives an introduction to photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential use, providing an answer to following questions:
* How does a PV system work?
* What can be expected from a PV system?
* What types of systems are available?
* How is technology expected to evolve?
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
This new minute lecture gives an introduction to photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential use, providing an answer to following questions:
* How does a PV system work?
* What can be expected from a PV system?
* What types of systems are available?
* How is technology expected to evolve?
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
3. Design Steps a Solar PV System for Your
Home
A solar PV system design can be done in five steps:
• Step 1: Calculate energy consumption of appliances
• Step 2: Calculation of inverter sizing
• Step 3: Calculation of battery bank
• Step 4: Calculation of number of PV panels
• Step 5: Solar charge controller sizing
Cost calculation of the solar PV system
4. Step 1: Calculate energy consumption of
appliances
• We want to know how much electricity is consumed by an appliance in a day?
• Energy= Power × Duration of use (hours)
• LED bulb electricity (or energy )consumption per day
10 W ×10 Hr every day= 100 Whr every day
• LED bulb electricity (or energy )consumption per month
10 W ×10 Hr /day ×30 days=3000 Whr/month
Calculate the electricity consumption of all appliances per day and per month?
5. List of appliances electricity consumption
S.No. Name of Appliance Power Rating
(W)
Per day usage
(hr)
Per day
Electricity
used (Whr)
Multiply the total appliances watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy
lost in the system) to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be
generated by the panel
6. Step2:InverterSizing
• An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed.
• The input power rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt
appliances.
• The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than the total watts of appliances.
• For standalone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount
of watts you will be using at one time.
• In case of appliance type is motor or compressor, then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the
capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle the surge current
during starting.
• For grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for
safe and efficient operation.
• The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
7. Step 3: BatterySizing
• The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle
battery.
• Deep cycle battery is specifically designed fro to be discharged to low energy
level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for
years.
• The battery should be large enough to store sufficient
the appliances at night and cloudy days.
energy to operate
8. Step 3: Battery Sizing
To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:
1. Calculate total watt-hours per day used by appliances.
2. Divide the total watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
3. Divide the answer obtained in step 3.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
4. Divide the answer obtained in step 3.3 by the nominal battery voltage.
5. Multiply the answer obtained in step 3.4 with days of autonomy to get
the required battery sizing.
•Days of autonomy: the number of days that you need the system to
operate when there is no power produced by the panels
10. Step 3: Battery Sizing
Example
•Total appliances use
= (18 W × 4 hours)+(60 W ×2 hours)+(75 W ×12 hours)
•Nominal voltage of the battery = 12 V.
•Days of Autonomy = 3 Days
•𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴ℎ =
(18 W × 4 hours)+(60 W ×2 hours)+(75 W ×12 hours)
0.85×0.6×12
× 3
• Total Ampere-hours required=535.29 Ah
• Therefore, the battery should be rated :12 V, 600 Ah for 3 Day
Autonomy
11. Step 4: Solar PV Sizing
=
• Solar radiation unit=kWh/m2/day
• At given location=5.5 kWh/m2/day
• Divide it by 1000 W/m2 (under STC)
• Hours of solar radiation=5.5 hours per day
• Power of solar panel
Total energy by solar panel per day
Hours of solar radiation per day
12. Step 5:Solar C harge Controller
• Its function is to regulate the voltage and current from the solar arrays
to the battery in order to prevent over charging and
also over discharging.
• The solar charge controller is typically rated against Ampere and Voltage capacities.
• Select the solar charge controller to match the PV array and batteries.
• Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current
from PV array.
14. Load Considered for our Example
Name of
Appliance
Number of
Appliances
Power Rating
(W)
Per day
usage
(hr)
Per day
Electricity
used (Whr)
Air Conditioner 1 2500 8 20,000
Lamps 5 60 12 3,600
Refrigerator 1 200 24 4,800
TV 1 200 2 400
Total Power 3,200 W
Or
3.2 kW
Total energy consumed 28,800 Wh
Or
28.8 kWh
15. Inverter Sizing
• Inverter size should be greater by 25 to 30% of load
• Therefore, minimum inverter sizing= 1.25 ×3.2=4 kW
• Considered efficiency =97%
• The inverter minimum input=96V
• As efficiency = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
0.97
• 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
= 28.8
= 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑾𝒉
16. Battery Sizing
• Consider the efficiency of battery with charge controller combined= 85%
• So input energy to charger and battery = 30 𝑘𝑊ℎ
= 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑾𝒉
0.85
• We need to consider days of autonomy where sun is not available
• Assume 1 day of autonomy
• 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴ℎ = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠×𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦
0.85×0.6×𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
• DoD of battery=60%, each battery 200 Ah
• So Ah required= 3.67 kAh
12
• Number of series batteries=96
= 𝟖
8×200
• Number of parallel strings= 3670
= 2.29 = 𝟐
17. PV Module Sizing
• At given location=5 kWh/m2/day
• Divide it by 1000 W/m2 (under STC)
• Hours of solar radiation=5 hours per day
• Power of solar panel= Total energy by solar panel per day
Hours of solar radiation per day
= 𝟑𝟓.𝟐𝟗
= 𝟕 𝒌𝑾
𝟓
•PV panel available in the market: Pm=250 W, Voc=30V, Isc=8.3 A
𝟐𝟓𝟎
• Therefore number of PV panels = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
=28 panels
18. Solar Charge Controller Sizing
• Solar charge controller available in the market:3.8 kW
• With specifications of 96 V and 40 A
• Two solar charge controllers gives: 7.6 kW
• First group: 4 series and 4 parallel which gives 16 panels
• Total current=4 ×8.3=33.2 A
• Total voltage=4 ×30=120 V
• Second group: 4 series and 3 parallel which gives 12 panels
• Total current=3 ×8.3=25 A
• Total voltage=4 ×30=120 V
19. 4 series and 4 parallel 4 series and 3 parallel
Battery bank Inverter Loads