This document discusses thyroid hormone tests (T3, T4, TSH, fT4) and their principles, procedures, and clinical significance. It describes the hormones T3 and T4, how they are regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, and common thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It provides details on specific assays for the hormones, including radioimmunoassay, immunoradiometric assay, enzyme immunoassay, and electrochemiluminescent assay. Reference ranges and clinical implications of test results are also covered.
The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for normal body metabolism. Blood testing is now commonly available to determine the adequacy of the levels of thyroid hormones. These blood tests can define whether the thyroid gland's hormone production is normal, overactive, or underactive.
The document summarizes thyroid gland structure and function. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland produces the hormones T3, T4, and reverse T3. It weighs about 30g in adults.
- Thyroglobulin, secreted into follicles, binds iodine to produce the hormones. The thyroid is the only tissue that can absorb iodine from the blood.
- Blood tests are essential to diagnose thyroid disorders, as symptoms are often subtle. Tests include measuring radioactive iodine uptake by the gland, serum thyroid hormone levels like T4 and T3, and stimulating the gland with TSH or TRH to assess function.
The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which regulate metabolism. Thyroid function tests measure these hormones and antibodies to evaluate thyroid status and identify disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. There are four main categories of tests: tests that measure thyroid hormones themselves; tests that evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis by measuring TSH; tests of intrinsic thyroid function like radioactive iodine uptake; and tests for antibodies against thyroid tissue. Together these provide a comprehensive picture of thyroid function and any abnormalities.
Thyroid function test ( TFT) in simple waybinaya tamang
This document provides information about thyroid function tests. It discusses the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, and thyroid stimulating hormone. It covers the biological functions of thyroid hormones, their biochemistry and biosynthesis. It also describes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, classifications, and clinical presentations. The role of thyroid stimulating hormone is explained. Additionally, the document outlines objectives of thyroid function tests and different classifications of tests based on their function.
Thyroid Function Tests, NORMAL THYROID PHYSIOLOGY
, Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid AxisNegative Feedback Mechanism, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid AxisPhysiology, PITUITARY-THYROTROPE CELL
, THYROID HORMONES
, FORMATION & SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES , ION TRANSPORT BY THE THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL
, THYROGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN THE THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL
This document discusses thyroid function tests. It provides a classification of thyroid tests based on measuring hormone levels, thyroid function, metabolic effects, and detecting autoimmune diseases. Common tests described include TSH, free T4, T3, thyroid antibodies, radioactive iodine uptake, TRH stimulation, and thyroid scanning. Abnormalities in thyroid function testing can indicate hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The document outlines causes and clinical features of each, and how to evaluate results based on hormone levels. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid is also summarized.
Thyroid function tests are commonly done to diagnose hyper- and hypo-thyroidism. Older tests such as basal metabolic rate, serum cholesterol, and radioactive iodine uptake are non-specific and have been replaced by more sensitive assays of serum T3, T4, FT3, FT4 and TSH. Measurement of thyroperoxidase antibodies is also useful to diagnose autoimmune causes of hypothyroidism like Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The TRH stimulation test can help distinguish between thyroid disorders of hypothalamic or pituitary origin.
The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for normal body metabolism. Blood testing is now commonly available to determine the adequacy of the levels of thyroid hormones. These blood tests can define whether the thyroid gland's hormone production is normal, overactive, or underactive.
The document summarizes thyroid gland structure and function. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland produces the hormones T3, T4, and reverse T3. It weighs about 30g in adults.
- Thyroglobulin, secreted into follicles, binds iodine to produce the hormones. The thyroid is the only tissue that can absorb iodine from the blood.
- Blood tests are essential to diagnose thyroid disorders, as symptoms are often subtle. Tests include measuring radioactive iodine uptake by the gland, serum thyroid hormone levels like T4 and T3, and stimulating the gland with TSH or TRH to assess function.
The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which regulate metabolism. Thyroid function tests measure these hormones and antibodies to evaluate thyroid status and identify disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. There are four main categories of tests: tests that measure thyroid hormones themselves; tests that evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis by measuring TSH; tests of intrinsic thyroid function like radioactive iodine uptake; and tests for antibodies against thyroid tissue. Together these provide a comprehensive picture of thyroid function and any abnormalities.
Thyroid function test ( TFT) in simple waybinaya tamang
This document provides information about thyroid function tests. It discusses the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, and thyroid stimulating hormone. It covers the biological functions of thyroid hormones, their biochemistry and biosynthesis. It also describes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, classifications, and clinical presentations. The role of thyroid stimulating hormone is explained. Additionally, the document outlines objectives of thyroid function tests and different classifications of tests based on their function.
Thyroid Function Tests, NORMAL THYROID PHYSIOLOGY
, Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid AxisNegative Feedback Mechanism, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid AxisPhysiology, PITUITARY-THYROTROPE CELL
, THYROID HORMONES
, FORMATION & SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES , ION TRANSPORT BY THE THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL
, THYROGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN THE THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL
This document discusses thyroid function tests. It provides a classification of thyroid tests based on measuring hormone levels, thyroid function, metabolic effects, and detecting autoimmune diseases. Common tests described include TSH, free T4, T3, thyroid antibodies, radioactive iodine uptake, TRH stimulation, and thyroid scanning. Abnormalities in thyroid function testing can indicate hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The document outlines causes and clinical features of each, and how to evaluate results based on hormone levels. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid is also summarized.
Thyroid function tests are commonly done to diagnose hyper- and hypo-thyroidism. Older tests such as basal metabolic rate, serum cholesterol, and radioactive iodine uptake are non-specific and have been replaced by more sensitive assays of serum T3, T4, FT3, FT4 and TSH. Measurement of thyroperoxidase antibodies is also useful to diagnose autoimmune causes of hypothyroidism like Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The TRH stimulation test can help distinguish between thyroid disorders of hypothalamic or pituitary origin.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) adalah intoleransi glukosa yang dimulai selama kehamilan dan dapat memberikan efek buruk terhadap janin dan ibu. Pada kehamilan, terjadi perubahan metabolisme yang menyebabkan resistensi insulin akibat hormon plasenta, sehingga glukosa darah ibu meningkat. GDM dapat menyebabkan komplikasi seperti makrosomia pada janin dan preeklamsia pada ibu. Diagnosis GDM didasarkan pada has
The document discusses the results of a beta test of a new FFF filament material. A 50mm square part was printed with a 0.5mm nozzle, 0.2mm layer height, and 2 perimeters with 0% infill to a height of 150mm. The test found that prints of PBT and PC compounds using the new filament exhibited no delamination at higher melt temperatures over 250C and different layer printing parameters.
Il trattamento è stato effettuato su 5 viti Verdicchio affette con vari sintomi cronici ed acuti di Mal dell'Esca situate nel territorio del Comune di Morro d'Alba.
L'analisi finale viene effettuata visionando le viti trattate durante la vendemmia 2013 e vendemmia 2014.
I risultati riepilogativi ottenuti alla vendemmia 2013 sono:
- Tutte e 5 le viti non hanno sintomi
- Le viti con colpo apoplettico (vite Nr. 1 e vite Nr. 5) non hanno sintomi
I risultati riepilogativi ottenuti alla vendemmia 2014 sono:
- Tutte e 5 le viti non hanno sintomi
- Le viti con colpo apoplettico (vite Nr. 1 e vite Nr. 5) non hanno sintomi
Nello stesso periodo all'interno dell'appezzamento dove sono state trattate le 5 viti sopra descritte, si sono riscontrate nuove viti affette da sintomi di mal dell'esca, sintomi cronici che acuti.
Di seguito si riportano le foto allo stato vegetativo del trattamento endoterapico e le foto alla vendemmia 2013 e vendemmia 2014.
Con i cerchi rossi si evidenziano l’incremento della vegetazione rispetto allo stato vegetativo di inizio trattamento.
In alto foto viti a Ottobre 2012 in basso foto viti alle due vendemmie.
The document discusses the concept of thixotropy, which is a property of certain fluids and gels to become less viscous and more fluid when agitated or under stress over time. It explains that adding 2% PolyPlus to polymers increases their thixotropy, allowing them to have similar rheological properties at lower temperatures. The increased thixotropy also helps the material flow more easily through the extruder screw barrel and hopper during plastic extrusion.
ABS chromium 3D printing filament allows for the creation of printed parts with a chrome finish. The document discusses a new type of 3D printing filament that results in parts with a chromated or chrome-like appearance and properties when printed. The document is confidential and copyrighted by Keytech S.r.l. from September 25, 2015.
Processing of Hydrogen Sulfide & Carbon Dioxide From Natural Gas StreamsMohamed Almoalem
This poster was presented in GPA (Gas Processors Association) 23rd technical conference in November 2015. It is the outcome of an individual research that was done voluntarily by me during my internship in Tatweer Petroleum.
The document describes a chaotic scene involving various noises and actions like shouting, arguing, honking, leaking, bumping into things, and making a ruckus and fuss. Different vehicles and locations are referenced without much context.
The document discusses confidential testing done by Keytech S.r.l. on July 29, 2016 regarding the sintering effect of polyamide when using PLA Renegade material in 3D printing. Unauthorized copying of the confidential document is not permitted.
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
This document discusses a smoothed DSF 3D printing filament and contains repeated warnings about confidentiality and unauthorized copying. It is copyrighted by Keytech S.r.l. as of September 8, 2016.
The document discusses liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and the process of gas sweetening to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas. It provides details on a typical amine sweetening process, which involves using an amine solution to absorb the acid gases in an absorber column, then stripping the gases out of the solution in a regenerator using heat. Key steps include absorption in the contactor, stripping in the stripper, condensing the acid gases, and regenerating the lean amine for reuse. Mercury is also typically removed through adsorption on activated carbon beds to prevent equipment corrosion.
The document discusses thyroid hormones and thyroid function tests. It states:
- The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolic rate. Iodine is essential for their synthesis.
- TSH secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones inhibit TSH release.
- Thyroid function tests measure thyroid hormones, binding proteins, antibodies, and other markers. Direct and indirect methods estimate free thyroid hormones.
- Abnormal test results can indicate primary or secondary hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disease, or other conditions. Serial testing
This document discusses thyroid function tests (TFTs) which are important for evaluating thyroid function and detecting thyroid disorders. It provides details on:
1) The key hormones measured in TFTs including TSH, T3, T4, free T3, free T4, thyroglobulin, and thyroid antibodies.
2) The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and how thyroid hormones are produced and transported.
3) The indications, limitations, and interpretation of TFT results for evaluating hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and other thyroid conditions.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) adalah intoleransi glukosa yang dimulai selama kehamilan dan dapat memberikan efek buruk terhadap janin dan ibu. Pada kehamilan, terjadi perubahan metabolisme yang menyebabkan resistensi insulin akibat hormon plasenta, sehingga glukosa darah ibu meningkat. GDM dapat menyebabkan komplikasi seperti makrosomia pada janin dan preeklamsia pada ibu. Diagnosis GDM didasarkan pada has
The document discusses the results of a beta test of a new FFF filament material. A 50mm square part was printed with a 0.5mm nozzle, 0.2mm layer height, and 2 perimeters with 0% infill to a height of 150mm. The test found that prints of PBT and PC compounds using the new filament exhibited no delamination at higher melt temperatures over 250C and different layer printing parameters.
Il trattamento è stato effettuato su 5 viti Verdicchio affette con vari sintomi cronici ed acuti di Mal dell'Esca situate nel territorio del Comune di Morro d'Alba.
L'analisi finale viene effettuata visionando le viti trattate durante la vendemmia 2013 e vendemmia 2014.
I risultati riepilogativi ottenuti alla vendemmia 2013 sono:
- Tutte e 5 le viti non hanno sintomi
- Le viti con colpo apoplettico (vite Nr. 1 e vite Nr. 5) non hanno sintomi
I risultati riepilogativi ottenuti alla vendemmia 2014 sono:
- Tutte e 5 le viti non hanno sintomi
- Le viti con colpo apoplettico (vite Nr. 1 e vite Nr. 5) non hanno sintomi
Nello stesso periodo all'interno dell'appezzamento dove sono state trattate le 5 viti sopra descritte, si sono riscontrate nuove viti affette da sintomi di mal dell'esca, sintomi cronici che acuti.
Di seguito si riportano le foto allo stato vegetativo del trattamento endoterapico e le foto alla vendemmia 2013 e vendemmia 2014.
Con i cerchi rossi si evidenziano l’incremento della vegetazione rispetto allo stato vegetativo di inizio trattamento.
In alto foto viti a Ottobre 2012 in basso foto viti alle due vendemmie.
The document discusses the concept of thixotropy, which is a property of certain fluids and gels to become less viscous and more fluid when agitated or under stress over time. It explains that adding 2% PolyPlus to polymers increases their thixotropy, allowing them to have similar rheological properties at lower temperatures. The increased thixotropy also helps the material flow more easily through the extruder screw barrel and hopper during plastic extrusion.
ABS chromium 3D printing filament allows for the creation of printed parts with a chrome finish. The document discusses a new type of 3D printing filament that results in parts with a chromated or chrome-like appearance and properties when printed. The document is confidential and copyrighted by Keytech S.r.l. from September 25, 2015.
Processing of Hydrogen Sulfide & Carbon Dioxide From Natural Gas StreamsMohamed Almoalem
This poster was presented in GPA (Gas Processors Association) 23rd technical conference in November 2015. It is the outcome of an individual research that was done voluntarily by me during my internship in Tatweer Petroleum.
The document describes a chaotic scene involving various noises and actions like shouting, arguing, honking, leaking, bumping into things, and making a ruckus and fuss. Different vehicles and locations are referenced without much context.
The document discusses confidential testing done by Keytech S.r.l. on July 29, 2016 regarding the sintering effect of polyamide when using PLA Renegade material in 3D printing. Unauthorized copying of the confidential document is not permitted.
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
This document discusses a smoothed DSF 3D printing filament and contains repeated warnings about confidentiality and unauthorized copying. It is copyrighted by Keytech S.r.l. as of September 8, 2016.
The document discusses liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and the process of gas sweetening to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas. It provides details on a typical amine sweetening process, which involves using an amine solution to absorb the acid gases in an absorber column, then stripping the gases out of the solution in a regenerator using heat. Key steps include absorption in the contactor, stripping in the stripper, condensing the acid gases, and regenerating the lean amine for reuse. Mercury is also typically removed through adsorption on activated carbon beds to prevent equipment corrosion.
The document discusses thyroid hormones and thyroid function tests. It states:
- The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolic rate. Iodine is essential for their synthesis.
- TSH secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones inhibit TSH release.
- Thyroid function tests measure thyroid hormones, binding proteins, antibodies, and other markers. Direct and indirect methods estimate free thyroid hormones.
- Abnormal test results can indicate primary or secondary hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disease, or other conditions. Serial testing
This document discusses thyroid function tests (TFTs) which are important for evaluating thyroid function and detecting thyroid disorders. It provides details on:
1) The key hormones measured in TFTs including TSH, T3, T4, free T3, free T4, thyroglobulin, and thyroid antibodies.
2) The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and how thyroid hormones are produced and transported.
3) The indications, limitations, and interpretation of TFT results for evaluating hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and other thyroid conditions.
This document discusses thyroid function tests (TFTs), including:
1. TFTs are important for identifying thyroid disorders which affect 5% of the world's population. TFTs evaluate thyroid hormone production and regulation.
2. The thyroid produces T3 and T4 hormones which are regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland. TFTs measure levels of T3, T4, TSH, and antibodies to assess thyroid function and identify disorders.
3. TFT interpretation depends on the clinical context but TSH is the most sensitive test. Combining TSH with FT4 or T3 can help diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism and their causes.
DIFFICULTIES IN LAB. DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID DISEASEMoustafa Rezk
The document discusses common thyroid diseases and laboratory tests used in their diagnosis. It describes the main thyroid diseases as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiters, thyroiditis, solitary thyroid nodules, and cancer. For each disease, it discusses causes, symptoms, and diagnostic tests. It emphasizes that no single test can diagnose thyroid disease and that a combination of tests is needed. It also notes that subtle thyroid abnormalities may be missed by standard lab ranges and that patient symptoms should be considered.
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck below the thyroid cartilage. The main thyroid hormones are T3 and T4, which are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine. Hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary and TRH from the hypothalamus. Common thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism, in which hormone production is deficient, and hyperthyroidism, in which hormones are in excess. Blood tests can measure thyroid hormones and TSH/TRH to evaluate thyroid function and diagnose disorders.
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. Disorders include hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function tests measure levels of thyroid hormones like T4 and T3, as well as thyroid stimulating hormone, to help diagnose thyroid disorders. Abnormal levels can indicate hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and different tests are used together to evaluate thyroid function.
1. The serum TSH test is the best initial test for evaluating thyroid function, with a high TSH indicating hypothyroidism and a low TSH indicating hyperthyroidism.
2. Additional tests like T4, T3, thyroid antibodies, and radioactive iodine uptake can help diagnose specific thyroid disorders like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease.
3. Examining TSH, T4, T3 levels together can differentiate between primary thyroid disorders and secondary disorders originating from the pituitary or hypothalamus.
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a suite of blood tests designed to assess the health and performance of the thyroid gland, a crucial organ with a central role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and overall bodily function. Understanding these tests is vital for diagnosing and managing thyroid disorders effectively.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
Elevated TSH levels typically indicate an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), suggesting insufficient production of thyroid hormones.
Free T3 and Free T4:
Free T3 and Free T4 are the active forms of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
Abnormal levels of these hormones can signify thyroid dysfunction. Low levels may suggest hypothyroidism, while high levels could indicate hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid Antibodies:
Thyroid antibodies, including thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin antibodies, are markers of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
Elevated antibody levels may indicate conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis (where the immune system attacks the thyroid) or Graves' disease (causing overproduction of thyroid hormones).
Thyroid Ultrasound:
While not a blood test, thyroid ultrasound provides imaging of the thyroid gland's structure, helping to detect nodules, evaluate size, and identify potential abnormalities.
Ultrasound is particularly useful in assessing the thyroid's physical characteristics.
Interpreting TFT results involves understanding the dynamic relationship between TSH, Free T3, and Free T4. In cases of primary hypothyroidism, TSH is often elevated, indicating an underactive thyroid, with Free T3 and Free T4 possibly being low. Conversely, in hyperthyroidism, TSH is typically low, accompanied by elevated Free T3 and Free T4.
Regular monitoring of TFTs is essential for managing thyroid disorders. Medication adjustments, lifestyle changes, and ongoing collaboration with healthcare professionals are often necessary to optimize thyroid function. Periodic thyroid ultrasounds and antibody tests aid in tracking disease progression and treatment efficacy.
Individuals with thyroid conditions should work closely with their healthcare providers to develop personalized treatment plans. This collaborative approach ensures that interventions are tailored to specific needs, leading to effective management of thyroid disorders and overall well-being. Always consult with a healthcare professional for accurate interpretation of test results and personalized medical advice
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a suite of blood tests designed to assess the health and performance of the thyroid gland, a crucial organ with a central role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and overall bodily function. Understanding these tests is vital for diagnosing and managing thyroid disorders effectively.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
TSH is a hormone produced by th
The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. Thyroid function tests measure levels of thyroid hormones like TSH, T3, and T4 to determine if the thyroid is functioning properly. Abnormal thyroid function can cause disorders like hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Common thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, nodules, and cancer.
This document summarizes anatomy, physiology, and investigations related to the thyroid gland. It covers the following key points:
- The thyroid gland normally weighs 20-25g and contains follicles that store thyroglobulin and synthesize thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
- Thyroid hormone production is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis through thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Tests like serum TSH, T3, and T4 are used to evaluate thyroid function.
- Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the investigation of choice for discrete thyroid swellings and provides a standardized classification
This document provides information about thyroid function tests. It discusses the thyroid gland and its role in producing thyroid hormones like T4 and T3. It describes the physiology of thyroid hormone production and regulation via the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The document outlines the common blood tests used to evaluate thyroid function, including TSH, T4, T3, and thyroid antibodies. It provides the normal ranges for these tests and discusses how they are used to diagnose hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Non-blood tests like radioactive iodine uptake are also summarized.
This document provides information about thyroid function tests. It begins with an introduction to the thyroid gland and its role in producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It then discusses disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The bulk of the document describes various diagnostic tests used to evaluate thyroid function, including TSH, total and free T4 and T3, thyroid hormone uptake, and secretory capacity. Each test is explained in terms of its clinical significance and normal reference ranges. The document concludes with references.
The document summarizes thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation. Iodine is incorporated into thyroglobulin to form the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 is formed by coupling of two diiodotyrosine molecules, while T3 results from coupling a diiodotyrosine and a monoiodotyrosine. Only a small fraction of T4 and T3 circulate freely in the blood; the majority are bound to proteins. The free forms, free T4 and free T3, are biologically active. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production through negative feedback. Laboratory tests of TSH, total T4, total T3,
Thyroid hormones parameters of patients with thyroid disorders attending spe...Premier Publishers
Thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4), affect almost all metabolic activities of tissues and are produced under influence of the interior pituitary hormone, the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates secretion of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH). The present study was conducted to observe the effect of non-detectable levels of TSH on thyroid hormones, on the basis of gender and age. A total of 88 patients (50 patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and 33 healthy people as control) attending special out-patient clinic were involved in the study. Serums T3, T4 and TSH were measured using the commercially available kits (Abbot Laboratories) through Enzyme Immune Assay (EIA) technique (Roche Diagnostics GmbH). Analysis of data using SPSS software version 15.0 revealed that prevalence of thyroid disorders in the studied group was more among female population. However, the disorders were not age dependent. Most common conditions associated with sub-clinical hyperthyroidism. As males are equally exposed to these environmental factors, hence further investigations are required to know why these factors affect females more than the males. In our opinion, TSH and FT4 are the most valuable indicators in assessing thyroid function in a healthy population and TSH and TT4 are the most meaningful in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
The document discusses thyroid function testing. It describes the thyroid gland and the hormones it secretes. It then covers the different types of thyroid function tests, including measurements of circulating hormone levels, tests of thyroid gland function and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, tests of autoimmunity, and miscellaneous tests. It discusses the indications, abnormalities, and clinical features associated with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
The document discusses thyroid function tests (TFTs), which measure how well the thyroid gland is working. Major TFTs include serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), total T4 and T3, and tests for autoimmune thyroid diseases. TSH is the most sensitive and reliable test, with high levels indicating hypothyroidism and low levels indicating hyperthyroidism. Elevated or low T4 and T3 also help diagnose hypo- or hyperthyroidism. The tests help diagnose thyroid disorders, screen newborns, and monitor thyroid replacement therapy.
Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests and Scan.pptxsauravshishir
This document discusses the interpretation of thyroid function tests and scan reports. It begins by describing the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and how TSH, T4, and T3 levels are regulated. It then discusses various thyroid function tests including total T4 and T3, free T4 and T3, and conditions where measuring TSH alone may be misleading. It provides examples of interpreting test results in different clinical cases. It also discusses potential pitfalls in interpretation including non-thyroidal illness, pregnancy, biotin supplementation, and isolated hypothyroxinemia. Finally, it covers thyroid radionuclide uptake scans and what various uptake patterns may indicate such as Graves' disease, sub
The thyroid gland secretes the hormones T3 and T4, which are derived from tyrosine and necessary for proper functioning of cells and biological processes. Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate, promote growth and development, and stimulate RNA and protein synthesis. T4 and T3 are transported bound to thyroxine binding globulin in the blood, with the free forms being biologically active. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis feedback controls TSH secretion and thyroid hormone levels. Laboratory tests can measure thyroid hormones, TSH, antibodies, and imaging can identify thyroid abnormalities.
diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism Balqees Majali
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism. It begins by describing how TSH, T4, and T3 levels are used to diagnose different types of hypothyroidism such as primary, central, and subclinical hypothyroidism. It then discusses the treatment of primary hypothyroidism, including causes like transient or iatrogenic hypothyroidism. It provides details on standard levothyroxine replacement therapy including dosing, monitoring, and situations that require dose adjustments. The document concludes by covering special topics like levothyroxine use in pregnancy and management of myxedema coma.
This presentation contains the hormones related to the thyroid gland. Their Biochemistry, structure, synthesis. How they are measure in modern laboratories and the clinical correlations. It'll come handy for all UG and PG medical students in this domain.
Teks ini membahas tentang pengujian antibodi antinuklir (ANA) pada penyakit sistemik lupus eritematosus (SLE). Metode pengujian ANA meliputi pemeriksaan imunofluoresensi pada sel Hep-2, tes ELISA, dan tes strip Euroline. Pemeriksaan ini digunakan untuk mendiagnosis dan memantau SLE karena keberadaan ANA dapat menunjukkan aktivitas penyakit.
The document discusses flow cytometry and its clinical application in monitoring CD4 T lymphocyte counts. Flow cytometry works by passing fluorescent-labeled cells in a fluid stream through a laser which causes fluorescence. Detectors then measure the cells' light scattering and fluorescence properties to characterize the cells and identify subsets. The document provides details on using the BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer to measure CD4 counts via two-color staining and gating on T lymphocyte populations. Normal CD4 values in adults and children are listed.
The document discusses viral load testing using NASBA (Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification) technology. It describes the NASBA process which uses 3 enzymes to amplify viral RNA or DNA in one temperature. The document provides examples of using NASBA to test viral load in HIV samples and discusses the benefits of NASBA including its high throughput, minimal hands-on time, and ability to detect down to 10-10^7 copies/ml.
This document summarizes methods for quantitatively determining serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration, including radial immunodiffusion (RID), nephelometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RID involves measuring the diameter of precipitation rings formed between serum IgA and antibody-containing agar. Nephelometry measures light scatter from immune complexes formed between serum IgA and anti-IgA antiserum. ELISA uses a capture antibody to bind serum IgA and a labeled secondary antibody for detection. ELISA provides the best sensitivity while nephelometry is most commonly used in clinical labs due to its rapid automation capabilities. Normal IgA levels, deficiencies, and causes of high values are also
Teks ini membahas tentang elektroforesis kapiler menggunakan alat Minicap untuk memisahkan molekul seperti protein, lipoprotein, isoenzim, dan hemoglobin. Metode ini bekerja dengan memisahkan molekul berdasarkan kecepatan elektroforesisnya dalam tabung kapiler dengan diameter 100 μm yang dipengaruhi pH elektrolit dan aliran elektroosmosis. Teks ini juga menjelaskan prosedur dan komponen elektroforesis protein, hemoglobin, dan immunotyping
1. Western Blot dan RIBA merupakan tes konfirmasi untuk infeksi HIV yang mendeteksi antibodi terhadap protein inti, polimerase, dan envelope virus HIV.
2. Terdapat perbedaan antara Western Blot dan RIBA dalam hal protein yang digunakan sebagai antigen.
3. Hasil tes dapat negatif palsu, indeterminate, atau positif tergantung pola protein HIV yang terdeteksi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pemeriksaan kadar antigen CA 125 dengan metode ELISA untuk skrining, diagnosis, pemantauan terapi, dan prognosis kanker ovarium. Metode ELISA digunakan karena ekonomis dan sensitivitas yang tinggi. Kadar CA 125 yang meningkat dapat menandakan adanya kanker ovarium.
Tinjauan pustaka mengenai trombositopenia pada demam berdarah dengue membahas mekanisme penyebabnya yaitu supresi sumsum tulang, aktivasi dan destruksi trombosit oleh virus, serta disfungsi trombosit. Pemeriksaan jumlah trombosit penting untuk diagnosis dan pemantauan, dapat dilakukan secara manual maupun otomatis. Terapi trombositopenia meliputi transfusi trombosit dalam kondisi tertentu.
Thrombelastography (TEG) adalah tes koagulasi yang dilakukan di samping pasien untuk mengukur berbagai parameter koagulasi dalam 30 menit. TEG dapat digunakan untuk memantau koagulasi pada operasi jantung dan transplantasi hati serta mendeteksi gangguan koagulasi pada pasien trauma.
Tinjauan pustaka ini membahas patogenesis, diagnosis, dan klasifikasi paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). PNH disebabkan oleh mutasi gen PIG-A yang mengakibatkan defisiensi protein yang terikat pada permukaan sel seperti DAF dan CD59. Ini menyebabkan aktivasi komplemen yang berlebihan dan hemolisis. Diagnosis didasarkan pada tes komplemen seperti sucrose lysis test dan flow sitometri untuk mengukur defisiensi CD55 dan CD59. PNH dik
Dokumen tersebut membahas sindrom mielodisplastik yang merupakan kelompok penyakit neoplastik pada sel induk hemopoietik yang ditandai oleh kegagalan sumsum tulang dan kelainan sel darah. Dibahas pula patogenesis, diagnosis, klasifikasi, dan prognosis sindrom mielodisplastik menurut WHO dan terapi yang diberikan.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai prosedur hitung jenis lekosit secara manual dan otomatis. Secara manual melibatkan pembuatan hapusan darah, pewarnaan, dan perhitungan secara visual di bawah mikroskop. Secara otomatis menggunakan berbagai metode seperti impedansi, scatter cahaya, dan fluoresensi untuk menghitung dan membedakan jenis lekosit dengan lebih cepat dan akurat. Kedua metode memiliki kelebi
Dokumen tersebut memberikan ringkasan singkat tentang pemeriksaan Prothrombin Time (PTT) dan Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) secara otomatis. Pemeriksaan ini digunakan untuk menilai fungsi koagulasi melalui jalur ekstrinsik, intrinsik, dan bersama dengan mengukur waktu pembekuan plasma menggunakan metode cahaya tersebar.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan penjelasan singkat tentang penggunaan alat otomatis Sysmex XE-2100 untuk pemeriksaan darah lengkap (CBC). Alat ini menggunakan teknologi kombinasi impedansi listrik dan aliran sitometri untuk menghitung parameter darah seperti eritrosit, leukosit, trombosit, hemoglobin, dan lainnya. Dokumen juga menjelaskan prinsip kerja, komponen utama, dan interferensi sampel yang dapat mempengaruhi
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
14. Prinsipkompetitif : analit yang dideteksiberkompetisidengananalit yang berlabelradioaktifuntukberikatandenganantibodiAntibodipada fasepadat Ag berlabelradioaktif Ag takberlabel (sampel) Ikatan Ag-Abspesifik
15. IMMUNORADIOMETRIC ASSAY (IRMA) TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 10 Prinsip : ikatan non-kovalenreversibelantara antigen danantibodispesifik yang dilabeldenganradioaktif Antibodipadafasepadat Antibodiberlabelradioaktif Ikatan Ag-Abspesifik Sampel
27. PEMERIKSAAN T3 TUTOR IMUNOLOGI Varian tirotoksik : kadar T3 ↑, T4 normal (T3 tirotoksikosis) Peningkatan T3 tanpapeningkatan T4 : gejalaawaltirotoksikosisrekurenpada pasien yang mendapatterapi 16 T4 dan T3 sebagianbesar terikatpada Thyroxine Binding Globuline (TBG) Konsentrasi T3 <<< T4 Potensimetabolik T3 >>>
28. Prinsippemeriksaan T3 TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 1 17 EIA Kompetitif Goat anti-mouse IgG T3 conjugate Mouse Ab anti-T3 Sampel
29. Prosedurpemeriksaan T3 TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 18 50 µL Standar/ Sampel/ Kontrol Campur rata 30 ‘’ Campur Rata 30 ‘’ Microwells 100 µL Working conjugate reagen 50 µL ReagenAntibodi Inkubasi Suhukamar 60’ Campur rata 30 ‘’ Inkubasi Suhukamar 20’ Buang Cuci-bilas 5 x Hilangkansisa air dg absorbent paper Baca OD pada 450 nm dalam 15’ 100 µL Substrate solution 100 µL Stop solution
30. Penghitunganhasil TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 19 Absorbans Dihitung rata-rata absorbansuntuktiap set standar, kontrol, sampel Konsentrasi (ng/mL) Konsentrasi T3 ditentukandenganmemasukkannilaiabsorbanstiapsampelkedalamkurvastandar.
31. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 20 Range normal : 0,6-1,85 ng/mL. Kadar T3 total dalam serum parareldengan TBG Peningkatankadar T3 dapatterjadipada penderitahipotiroid yang sedangmendapatkanterapi Konsentrasi minimal yang dapatterdeteksi : 0,2 ng/mL.
32. Keterbatasanprosedur 21 Hasil yang benar&akuratdiperolehjikaprosedurpemeriksaandilakukansesuaiinstruksi Prosedurpencuciansangatpenting. Pencucian yang tidakbenarakanmenghasilkanpresisi yang burukdanpembacaanabsorbans yang tinggipalsu. Sampel serum yang lipemik, hemolisisataukeruhtidakdapatdiperiksa. Hasil yang diperolehharusdigunakanbersamadenganprosedur diagnosis daninformasilainnya TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
37. Prosedurpemeriksaan T4 TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 24 25 µL Standar/ Sampel/ Kontrol Campur Rata 30 ‘’ Inkubasi Suhukamar 60’ Microwells 100 µL Working conjugate reagen Campur rata 30 ‘’ Buang Cuci-bilas 5 x 100 µL Substrate solution Hilangkansisa air dg absorbent paper Inkubasi Suhukamar 20’ 100 µL Stop solution Baca OD 450 nm, 15’
38. 25 Kadar T4 normal : 5,0 -13,0 ng/mL Sebaiknyasetiaplaboratoriummenentukankadarnyasendiridisesuaikandengangeografisdanpopulasi yang ada Konsentrasi minimal yang dapatterdeteksiadalah 0,4 ng/mL. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
39. PEMERIKSAAN TSH TUTOR IMUNOLOGI B A C D E 26 disekresiolehlobus anterior kelenjarhipofisis(pituitary) mempengaruhiproduksidanpelepasan T3 dan T4 darikelenjartiroid sensitifuntukmendiagnosishipotiroidisme primer atausekunder TSH glikoprotein, BM ± 28.000 dalton terdiridari 2 subunit : alphadanbeta.
40. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 27 TSH, LH, FSH, danhCG, memilikirantaialpha yang identik. Rantaibetaberbedanamunmengandungregiodenganurutanasam amino yang identik. Regio yang homolog inidapatmenyebabkanreaksisilang(cross reaction) denganbeberapaantisera TSH poliklonal. Kadar TSH sangatrendah, namunsangatpentinguntukmengaturfungsitiroid yang normal. Pelepasan TSH diaturolehTSH-releasing hormone (TRH) yang diproduksiolehhipotalamus. Kadar TSH dan TRH berbandingterbalikdengankadarhormontiroid.
41. Prinsippemeriksaan TSH TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 28 ELISA SANDWICH Antibodi Anti-TSH (murine) Antibodi Anti TSH (goat) Sampel
42. Prosedurpemeriksaan TSH TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 29 100 µL Working conjugate reagen Campur rata 30 ‘’ Inkubasi Suhukamar 60’ 100 µL Standar/ Sampel/ Kontrol Microwells Inkubasi Suhukamar 20’ Campur rata 30 ‘’ Buang Cuci-bilas 5 x 100 µL TMB Substrate solution Hilangkansisa air dg absorbent paper 100 µL Stop solution Baca OD 450 nm, 15’
43. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 30 Kadar TSH normal : 0,4 -6,0 µIU/mL Kadar TSH >10 µIU/mL : hipotiroidisme primer Kadar TSH rendah/tidakterdeteksi/normal : indikatorhipotiroidismesekunder (kegagalansekresi TSH atau TRH) Kadar rendah : hipersekresi T3 dan T4 padaGrave’s diseaseatautiroiditis DD : memeriksakadar TSH dan fT4 dalam serum secarasimultan Konsentrasimin.yangterdeteksi : 0,2 µIU/mL.
44. PEMERIKSAAN FREE T4 TUTOR IMUNOLOGI 31 T4 berikatandengan protein serum Hanya 0,03% T4 yang bebas, disebutsebagaiFree T4 (fT4), merupakanmetabolikaktif Hipertiroidisme primer -> produksi T4 >> -> kadar fT4 >> Hipotiroidisme primer -> produksi T4 < -> kadar fT4 < Kadar T4 total tergantungkadar TBG Kadar TBG dipengaruhioleh : obat, hormon steroid, kehamilan, danpenyakit non tiroid. Pemeriksaan fT4 : untukmengetahuikeseimbangan antara T4 bebasdan T4 yang terikat TBG Metodeinidapatmenggambarkan status tiroidsecaraumumdengansatumacampemeriksaan.
56. T4 Neonatus > 6.5 ug/dL Dewasa 4.6-11.0 T3 Dewasa 20-50 tahun 70-204 ng/dL 50-90 tahun 40-181 T3 Dewasa 10-28 ng/dL FT4 Dewasa 0.8-2.0 ng/dL TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
57.
58. synthesized via the iodination and covalent bonding of the phenyl portions of tyrosine residues found in an initial peptide, thyroglobulin, which is secreted into thyroid granules.
59.
60. Efek T4 controlling the rate of metabolic processes in the body and influencing physical development, increase the concentration of nerve growth factor in the brains. Thyroxine is a prohormone and a reservoir for the active thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3), which is about four times more potent. T4 is converted in the tissues by deiodinases, including thyroid hormone iodine peroxidase (TPO), to T3. The "D" isomer is called "Dextrothyroxine" and is used as a lipid modifying agent. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
61. Thyroxine can be measured as free thyroxine, which is an indicator of thyroxine activity in the body. It can also be measured as total thyroxine, which also depends on the thyroxine that is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin. A related parameter is the free thyroxine index, which is total thyroxine multiplied by thyroid hormone uptake, which, in turn, is a measure of the unbound thyroxine binding globulins. The normal human adult range of T4 in blood is 4 - 11 mcg/dL TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
65. Triiodothyronine effects of T3 on target tissues are roughly four times more potent than those of T4. Of the thyroid hormone that is produced, just about 20% is T3, whereas 80% is produced as T4. Roughly 85% of the circulating T3 is later formed in the thyroid by removal of the iodine atom from the carbon atom number five of the outer ring of T4. In any case, the concentration of T3 in the human blood plasma is about one-fortieth of that of T4. This is observed in fact because of the short half-life of T3, which is only 2.5 days. This compares with the half-life of T4, which is about 6.5 days. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
66. T3 and T4 are carried in the blood - bound to plasma proteins There are three main proteins that the two hormones are bound to Thyronine-binding globulin (TBG) is a glycoprotein that has a higher affinity for T4 than for T3 Transthyretin is also a glycoprotein, but with a higher affinity for T3 than for T4. Albumin, low affinity, but, due to the large availability of albumin, it has a high capacity. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
67. Thyroidal Radioiodine Uptake This test does not reflect the patient's thyroid status, but determines the turnover of iodine in the gland. It measures 6 or 24 hours uptake of 131I or 123I after the oral administration of the iodine. Its main use is in the differential diagnosis of the etiology of hyperthyroidism (Table 7). It should be used only when the cause of hyperthyroidism is in doubt, such as in patients with hyperthyroid symptoms, small goiters and no evidence of exophthalmopathy. It is also indicated in the hyperthyroid phase in postpartum thyroiditis to differentiate Graves' disease from destructive thyroiditis. TUTOR IMUNOLOGI
68. Company name www.themegallery.com TBG and the thyroxine binding site. (a) Structure of TBG with thyroxine (space-filled). The upper half of the Aβ-sheet (blue) is opened, with initial insertion of the reactive loop (red) to P14 threonine, 14 residues before the reactive center P1. (b) Binding pocket showing thyroxine in stick form enclosed between strands 3–5 of the B-sheet and helices H and A and with iodine atoms, contoured at 5 times rms density in a log-likelihood gradient map for anomalous scattering
69. Company name www.themegallery.com Binding and triggered release of thyroxine. (a) Interactions with adjacent side chains anchor thyroxine within the pocket. Thyroxine release will be triggered on full insertion of P14 threonine (space-filled upper left) displacing Tyr-241 and disrupting the H-bonds that anchor thyroxine and the flanking peptide loop between s4B and s5B (blue). This network will be similarly disrupted by the common presence (19) in Australian aborigines of a Thr at 191 (circled red; see also Fig. 4). (b) The triggered movement of the flanking s4B–5B loop is shown in the homologous pocket in antichymotrypsin. The open pocket of TBG before loop insertion (blue) matches that of active antichymotrypsin (gray). Transition to the fully inserted loop (cyan) or to the partially inserted δ-form (green) in antichymotrypsin both result in a 4- to 5-Å shift of the loop with a contraction of the binding pocket.
70. TMB TMB (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine) is a chromogen that yields a blue color when oxidized, typically as a result of oxygen radicals produced by the hydrolysis of hydrogen peroxide by HRP. For kinetic or non-stopped ELISA assays, the TMB chromogen has maximal absorbances at 370nm and 652nm. The color then changes to yellow with the addition of sulfuric or phosphoric acid with maximum absorbance at 450nm. A green reaction product may result from partial conversion to the yellow product from the blue intermediate. TMB is very sensitive ELISA substrate and is more quickly oxidized than other HRP substrates, resulting in faster color development.
71. Free thyroxine index the amount of unbound, physiologically active thyroxine (T4) in serum. This amount is determined by direct assay or, more frequently, calculated on the basis of an in vitro uptake test. In this test the uptake (by resin or charcoal) of labeled triiodothyronine (T3) is measured; because T3 is less strongly bound by serum, it is used instead of T4. The free T4 index is then obtained by multiplying the T3 uptake by the total concentration of T4 in serum. www.themegallery.com Company name
72. FT4I, T7 assay, T12 assay Endocrinology A lab value for T3 uptake combined with total T4; FTI is a clinical parameter measured by RIA, used to evaluate thyroid function, calculated by T4 x %T3RU–resin uptake; the FTI is ↑ in hyperthyroidism and factitious hyperthyroidism and ↓ in hypothyroidism; it is falsely ↑ in heparin therapy and falsely ↓ in phenytoin and valproic acid therapy, and in the euthyroid sick syndrome TUTOR IMUNOLOGI