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TThhyyrrooiidd TTuummoouurrss 
Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS: 
MMMC; Malaysia
TThhyyrrooiidd TTuummoouurrss 
 CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn 
 EEttiioollooggyy 
 PPaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy 
 HHiissttoollooggyy 
 PPrreesseennttaattiioonn 
 CClliinniiccaall DDiiaaggnnoossiiss ooff CCaa 
 TTrreeaattmmeenntt
CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn 
 AAddeennoommaa 
 CCaarrcciinnoommaa 
 PPrriimmaarryy 
AA -- FFOOlllliicciillaarr eeppiitthheelliiuumm ddiiffffrreennttiiaatteedd –– 
11.. PPaappiillllaarryy 22..FFoolllliiccuullaarr 
BB -- FFOOlllliicciillaarr eeppiitthheelliiuumm UUnnddiiffffrreennttiiaatteedd-- 
AAnnaappllaassttiicc 
CC -- PPaarraaffoolllliiccuullaarr cceellllss -- 
MMeedduullllaarryy 
DD –– LLyymmpphhooiidd cceellll -- LLyymmpphhoommaa 
 SSeeccoonnddaarryy-- MMeellaannoommaa,, CCaa bbrreeaasstt,, RReennaall CCaa
EEttiioollooggyy 
 FFeemmaallee ggeennddeerr 
 HHiissttoorryy ooff rraaddiiaattiioonn aaddmmiinniisstteerreedd iinn iinnffaannccyy aanndd 
cchhiillddhhoooodd ,, [[ iinn ~~ 99 %%]] 
AAvvgg.. LLaatteenntt PPeerriioodd ~~ 1100 yyrrss.. PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa 
 EExxcceessssiivvee IIooddiinnee CCoonnssuummppttiioonn PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa 
 HHiissttoorryy ooff ggooiitteerr AAnnaappllaassttiicc / FFoolllliiccuullaarr CCaa 
 FFrraannkksshhiifftt MMuuttaattiioonn ooff RREETT ggeennee PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa 
 Point Mutation of RET gene MMeedduullllaarryy CCaa 
 PP553 ggeennee mmuuttaattiioonn AAnnaappllaassttiicc CCaa 
 LLoossss ooff GGeennee aatt 1111qq FFoolllliiccuullaarr CCaa
AAddeennoommaa 
 BBeenniiggnn lleessiioonn ddeerriivveedd ffrroomm FFoolllliiccuullaarr EEppii.. 
 UUssuuaallllyy ssiinnggllee,,wweellll eennccaappssuullaatteedd 
 DDiissccrreettee lleessiioonnss wwiitthh ggllaanndduullaarr / aacciinnaarr 
FFoolllliiccuullaarr ppaatttteerrnn.. 
 PPaappiillllaarryy cchhaannggee iiss nnoott ttyyppiiccaall bbuutt iiff ++ 
ssuuggggeessttss PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa
PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa 
MMoosstt ccoommmmoonn ttyyppee ooff TThhyyrrooiidd ccaa –– 7755 ttoo 
8800%%.. 
 FFeemmaallee :: MMaallee :::: 22 :: 11 .. 
MMeeaann aaggee aatt 
pprreesseennttaattiioonn –– 355 yyrrss.. 
MMoorree ccoommmmoonn iinn 
ppeerrssoonnss eexxppoosseedd 
ttoo rraaddiiaattiioonn.. 
MMaaccrroossccooppiicc –– 
HHaarrdd,, wwhhiittiisshh,, 
ccaallcciiffiieedd,,UUnnccaappssuullaatteedd
PPaappiillllaarryy TThhyyrrooiidd ttuummoouurr 
MMaaccrroossccooppiicc ccllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn 
IInnttrraatthhyyrrooiiddaall EExxttrraatthhyyrrooiiddaall 
< 1 cm with no 
Invasion through 
Thyroid capsule 
> 1 cm with no 
Invasion through 
Thyroid capsule 
Locally advanced 
withInvasion 
through 
Thyroid capsule 
MMiinniimmaall oorr 
OOccccuulltt
PPaappiillllaarryy TThhyyrrooiidd ttuummoouurr 
MMiiccrroossccooppiicc ffeeaattuurreess –– 
11.. CCuubbooiiddaall cceellllss wwiitthh aabbuunnddaanntt ccyyttooppllaassmm,, 
22.. IInnttrraannuucclleeaarr ccyyttooppllaassmmiicc iinncclluussiioonnss 
3.. ‘‘OORRPPHHAANN AANNNNIIEE CCEELLLL’’ .. 
44.. FFiibbrroovvaassccuullaarr ssttrroommaa wwiitthh 
ccaallcciiuumm ddeeppoossiittss ‘‘PPSSAAMMOOMMMMAA 
BBOODDIIEESS’’.. 
 LLyymmpphhaattiicc sspprreeaadd –– IInnttrraatthhyyrrooiiddaall ~~9900%% 
aanndd ttoo PPaarraattrraacchheeaall aanndd cceerrvviiccaall LLNN ~~5500%%
HHiissttoollooggyy 
Sheath of normal thyroid epithelium
PPaappiillllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa 
Histologic preparation showing 
typical papillary configurations. 
(Hematoxylin-eosin; x50.)
PPaappiillllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa 
Follicular cells with large 
irregular nuclei, 
nuclear grooving, and pale chromatin. 
(Papanicolaou; x400.)
PPaappiillllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa--77PPss
Follicular cancer 
 Female :: MMaallee :::: 33 :: 11 .. 
 AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr 1155 ttoo 2200 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa 
 MMeeaann aaggee aatt pprreesseennttaattiioonn –– 5500 yyrrss.. 
 MMoorree ffrreeqquueenntt iinn 
IIOODDIINNEE DDEEFFIICCIIEENNTT AARREEAASS.. 
 HHiissttoorryy ooff lloonngg ssttaannddiinngg 
ggooiittrree .. 
 PPAATTHHOOLLOOGGYY -- 
 UUssuuaallllyy EENNCCAAPPSSUULLAATTEEDD 
&& SSOOLLIITTAARRYY.. 
 SSpprreeaaddss uussuuaallllyy BByy BBlloooodd ,,MMoosstt ccoommmmoonnllyy ttoo 
LLuunnggss,, BBrraaiinn && BBoonnee.. 
 LLyymmpphh nnooddee mmeettaassttaasseess iinn ~~ 1100 %% ccaasseess..
Follicular cancer 
MMIINNIIMMAALLLLYY IINNVVAASSIIVVEE 
IInnvvaassiioonn 
iinnttoo bbuutt nnoott tthhrroouugghh 
tthhee CCaappssuullee 
aatt oonnee oorr ttwwoo ssiitteess.. 
FFRRAANNKKLLYY IINNVVAASSIIVVEE 
EEvviiddeennccee ooff VVAASSCCUULLAARR 
IINNVVAASSIIOONN 
OORR 
IInnvvaassiioonn tthhrroouugghh tthhyyrrooiidd 
ccaappssuullee..
Follicular cancer 
Mitoses. 
Follicular Carcinoma 
showing mitoses.
FFoolllliiccuullaarr tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa--44FFss
HHuurrtthhllee CCeellll TTuummoouurr 
 TTyyppee ooff FFOOLLLLIICCUULLAARR CCEELLLL CCaa.. 
 DDeerriivveedd ffrroomm ‘‘OOXXYYPPHHIILL CCEELLLLSS’’ ooff tthhyyrrooiidd.. 
FFuunnccttiioonn ooff tthheessee cceellllss iiss nnoott kknnoowwnn.. 
 CCeellllss aarree ssttuuffffeedd wwiitthh mmiittoocchhoonnddrriiaa && 
ppoosssseessss tthhee TTSSHH rreecceeppttoorrss aanndd pprroodduuccee 
tthhyyrroogglloobbuulliinn.. 
 AAss ccoommppaarreedd ttoo ffoolllliiccuullaarr ttyyppee –– uussuuaallllyy 
mmuullttiiffooccaall && bbiillaatteerraall aanndd mmoorree lliikkeellyy ttoo 
mmeettaassttaattiissee ttoo LLNN [[ ~~255%%]]..
MMeedduullllaarryy CCaa 
 Female : Male :: 1.5 : 1 . 
 AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr 1155 ttoo 200 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa 
 Mean age at presentation – 50 to 60 yrs. 
 Can occur in four clinical settings: 
1. Sporadic - ~ 70 % cases,usually unilateral 
2. Familial - ~ 30 % ,cases,usually Bilateral 
As Familial 
medullary 
thyroid cancer 
As part of 
Multiple endocrine 
neoplasia 
type IIa 
As part of 
Multiple endocrine 
neoplasia 
type IIb
MMeedduullllaarryy CCaa 
 Pathology – 
1. 
Usually occurs in upper poles, 
2. Originates 
from Parafollicular  C cells.. 
 Microscopic – Why called Medullary ? 
 Sheets of Spindle shaped neoplastic cells 
with AMYLOID [Altered Calcitonin] in 
between. Cells Stains for 
Calcitonin,CEA,Serotonin,VIP 
Spreads to LN Initially ~ 75 %. 
++
MMeedduullllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa 
A, Cellular specimen staining positively 
for calcitonin with immunoperoxidase. 
(x100.) 
B, Loosely cohesive fragments of 
spindle-shaped cells; 
amyloid is present 
as amorphous blue material intimately 
associated with neoplastic cells. 
(Papanicolaou; x400.)
MMeedduullllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa--44MMss
AAnnaappllaassttiicc CCaa 
 AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr ~~ 88 ttoo 1100 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa 
 FFeemmaallee :: MMaallee :::: 11..55 :: 11 .. 
 MMeeaann aaggee aatt pprreesseennttaattiioonn –– 7700 ttoo 8800 yyrrss.. 
 MMoosstt aaggggrreessssiivvee tthhyyrrooiidd mmaalliiggnnaannccyy,,wwiitthh 
mmeeddiiaann ssuurrvviiaall oonnllyy ~~ 33 mmoonntthhss.. 
 IIooddiinnee ddeeffiicciieennccyy ggooiittrree iiss pprreeccuurrssoorr .. 
 AAllll ppaattiieennttss aarree ccoonnssiiddeerreedd ttoo hhaavvee ssttaaggee IIVV 
ddiisseeaassee..
AAnnaappllaassttiicc CCaa 
Highly pleomorphic 
Multinucleated giant cells 
compose this tumor
TThhyyrrooiidd LLyymmpphhoommaa 
 AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr ~~ 88 ttoo 1100 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa 
WWoommeenn >> 7700 yyrrss aarree uussuuaallllyy aaffffeecctteedd.. 
 IInn 7700 ttoo 8800 %%,, iitt aarriisseess iinn PPrreeeexxiissttiinngg 
CChhrroonniicc LLyymmpphhoocciittiicc tthhyyrrooddiittiiss wwiitthh 
SSuubbcclliinniiccaall oorr oovveerrtt HHyyppootthhyyrrooiiddiissmm,, iinn 
aassssoocciiaattiioonn wwiitthh HHaasshhiimmoottoo’’ss tthhyyrrooiiddiittiiss.. 
 AAllmmoosstt aallwwaayyss NNoonn--HHooddggkkiinn BB--cceellll 
llyymmpphhoommaa 
 UUssuuaallllyy pprreesseennttss aass RRaappiiddllyy ggrroowwiinngg 
mmaassss,,wwiitthh oobbssttrruuccttiivvee ssyymmppttoommss aass 
ddyyssppnneeaa aanndd ddyysspphhaaggiiaa..
TThhyyrrooiidd MMeettaassttaatteess 
 UUssuuaallllyy RRaarree 
 CCoommmmoonn PPrriimmaarryy ssiitteess aarree -- 
11.. SSkkiinn –– MMeellaannoommaa ~~3399 %% 
22.. BBrreeaasstt ~~ 2211%% 
33.. RReennaall cceellll CCaa ~~ 1100 %% 
 UUssuuaallllyy PPrreesseennttss aass PPaaiinnlleessss LLuummpp wwiitthh 
ssiiggnnss // ssyymmppttoommss ooff PPrriimmaarryy.. 
 FFNNAACC iiss DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc
RReeccuurrrreenntt TThhyyrrooiidd CCaanncceerr 
 Approximately 10% to 30% of patients after initial 
treatment 
 80% recur with disease in the neck 
 20% with Distant RReeccuurrrreennnnccee. 
 Most common site of distant metastasis is the 
lung. 
 Median time of Recurrence ~ 2.6 yrs 
 Prognosis for clinically detectable recurrences is 
generally poor, regardless of cell type. 
 Local and regional recurrences detected by I131 
scan and not clinically apparent and have an 
excellent prognosis
RReeccuurrrreenntt TThhyyrrooiidd CCaanncceerr 
 CChhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff RReeccuurrrreenntt TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa 
 PPrriimmaarryy TTuummoouurr SSttaaggee [[ AAJJCCCC]] 
II 1177 %% 
IIII 55%% 
IIIIII 3333 %% 
 AAggee aatt RReeccuurrrreennccee 
<< 4455 yyrrss.. 1122%% 
>>4455 yyrrss.. 4455 %% 
 HHiissttoollooggyy 
PPaappiillllaarryy 3388 %% 
FFoolllliiccuullaarr 99 %% 
HHuurrtthhllee 1100 %%
CClliinniiccaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn 
 UUssuuaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn 
-- AA lluummpp iinn tthhee nneecckk 
-- PPaaiinn iinn tthhee nneecckk 
-- HHooaarrsseenneessss 
-- TTrroouubbllee sswwaalllloowwiinngg 
-- BBrreeaatthhiinngg pprroobblleemmss 
 UUssuuaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn 
- Follicular Ca - ~1 % as Hyperthyroidism 
- Medullary Ca - ~ 2 – 4 % as Cushing Syn 
. Hypertension, Diarrhea 
- Papillary – as LATERAL ABERRANT THYROID
CClliinniiccaall DDiiaaggnnoossiiss ooff CCaa 
> Symptoms of 
hyperthyroidism 
or hypothyroidism 
> Pain or tenderness 
associated with a 
nodule 
> Soft, smooth, 
mobile nodule 
> Multinodular 
> Age less than 20 
> Age greater than 70 
> Male gender 
> New onset of swallowing 
Difficulties or hoarseness 
> History of external neck 
irradiation during childhood 
> Firm, irregular and 
fixed nodule 
> Presence of cervical 
lymphadenopathy 
SSuussppiicciioonn ooff aa BBeenniiggnn nnoodduullee SSuussppiicciioonn ooff aa MMaalliiggnnaanntt nnoodduullee 
BBiiooppssyy iiss tthhee oonnllyy wwaayy ttoo ccoonnffiirrmm
Thyroid - Malignant tumors
Thyroid - Malignant tumors
Thyroid - Malignant tumors
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Thyroid - Malignant tumors

  • 1. TThhyyrrooiidd TTuummoouurrss Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS: MMMC; Malaysia
  • 2. TThhyyrrooiidd TTuummoouurrss  CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn  EEttiioollooggyy  PPaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy  HHiissttoollooggyy  PPrreesseennttaattiioonn  CClliinniiccaall DDiiaaggnnoossiiss ooff CCaa  TTrreeaattmmeenntt
  • 3. CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn  AAddeennoommaa  CCaarrcciinnoommaa  PPrriimmaarryy AA -- FFOOlllliicciillaarr eeppiitthheelliiuumm ddiiffffrreennttiiaatteedd –– 11.. PPaappiillllaarryy 22..FFoolllliiccuullaarr BB -- FFOOlllliicciillaarr eeppiitthheelliiuumm UUnnddiiffffrreennttiiaatteedd-- AAnnaappllaassttiicc CC -- PPaarraaffoolllliiccuullaarr cceellllss -- MMeedduullllaarryy DD –– LLyymmpphhooiidd cceellll -- LLyymmpphhoommaa  SSeeccoonnddaarryy-- MMeellaannoommaa,, CCaa bbrreeaasstt,, RReennaall CCaa
  • 4. EEttiioollooggyy  FFeemmaallee ggeennddeerr  HHiissttoorryy ooff rraaddiiaattiioonn aaddmmiinniisstteerreedd iinn iinnffaannccyy aanndd cchhiillddhhoooodd ,, [[ iinn ~~ 99 %%]] AAvvgg.. LLaatteenntt PPeerriioodd ~~ 1100 yyrrss.. PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa  EExxcceessssiivvee IIooddiinnee CCoonnssuummppttiioonn PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa  HHiissttoorryy ooff ggooiitteerr AAnnaappllaassttiicc / FFoolllliiccuullaarr CCaa  FFrraannkksshhiifftt MMuuttaattiioonn ooff RREETT ggeennee PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa  Point Mutation of RET gene MMeedduullllaarryy CCaa  PP553 ggeennee mmuuttaattiioonn AAnnaappllaassttiicc CCaa  LLoossss ooff GGeennee aatt 1111qq FFoolllliiccuullaarr CCaa
  • 5. AAddeennoommaa  BBeenniiggnn lleessiioonn ddeerriivveedd ffrroomm FFoolllliiccuullaarr EEppii..  UUssuuaallllyy ssiinnggllee,,wweellll eennccaappssuullaatteedd  DDiissccrreettee lleessiioonnss wwiitthh ggllaanndduullaarr / aacciinnaarr FFoolllliiccuullaarr ppaatttteerrnn..  PPaappiillllaarryy cchhaannggee iiss nnoott ttyyppiiccaall bbuutt iiff ++ ssuuggggeessttss PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa
  • 6. PPaappiillllaarryy CCaa MMoosstt ccoommmmoonn ttyyppee ooff TThhyyrrooiidd ccaa –– 7755 ttoo 8800%%..  FFeemmaallee :: MMaallee :::: 22 :: 11 .. MMeeaann aaggee aatt pprreesseennttaattiioonn –– 355 yyrrss.. MMoorree ccoommmmoonn iinn ppeerrssoonnss eexxppoosseedd ttoo rraaddiiaattiioonn.. MMaaccrroossccooppiicc –– HHaarrdd,, wwhhiittiisshh,, ccaallcciiffiieedd,,UUnnccaappssuullaatteedd
  • 7. PPaappiillllaarryy TThhyyrrooiidd ttuummoouurr MMaaccrroossccooppiicc ccllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn IInnttrraatthhyyrrooiiddaall EExxttrraatthhyyrrooiiddaall < 1 cm with no Invasion through Thyroid capsule > 1 cm with no Invasion through Thyroid capsule Locally advanced withInvasion through Thyroid capsule MMiinniimmaall oorr OOccccuulltt
  • 8. PPaappiillllaarryy TThhyyrrooiidd ttuummoouurr MMiiccrroossccooppiicc ffeeaattuurreess –– 11.. CCuubbooiiddaall cceellllss wwiitthh aabbuunnddaanntt ccyyttooppllaassmm,, 22.. IInnttrraannuucclleeaarr ccyyttooppllaassmmiicc iinncclluussiioonnss 3.. ‘‘OORRPPHHAANN AANNNNIIEE CCEELLLL’’ .. 44.. FFiibbrroovvaassccuullaarr ssttrroommaa wwiitthh ccaallcciiuumm ddeeppoossiittss ‘‘PPSSAAMMOOMMMMAA BBOODDIIEESS’’..  LLyymmpphhaattiicc sspprreeaadd –– IInnttrraatthhyyrrooiiddaall ~~9900%% aanndd ttoo PPaarraattrraacchheeaall aanndd cceerrvviiccaall LLNN ~~5500%%
  • 9. HHiissttoollooggyy Sheath of normal thyroid epithelium
  • 10. PPaappiillllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa Histologic preparation showing typical papillary configurations. (Hematoxylin-eosin; x50.)
  • 11. PPaappiillllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa Follicular cells with large irregular nuclei, nuclear grooving, and pale chromatin. (Papanicolaou; x400.)
  • 13. Follicular cancer  Female :: MMaallee :::: 33 :: 11 ..  AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr 1155 ttoo 2200 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa  MMeeaann aaggee aatt pprreesseennttaattiioonn –– 5500 yyrrss..  MMoorree ffrreeqquueenntt iinn IIOODDIINNEE DDEEFFIICCIIEENNTT AARREEAASS..  HHiissttoorryy ooff lloonngg ssttaannddiinngg ggooiittrree ..  PPAATTHHOOLLOOGGYY --  UUssuuaallllyy EENNCCAAPPSSUULLAATTEEDD && SSOOLLIITTAARRYY..  SSpprreeaaddss uussuuaallllyy BByy BBlloooodd ,,MMoosstt ccoommmmoonnllyy ttoo LLuunnggss,, BBrraaiinn && BBoonnee..  LLyymmpphh nnooddee mmeettaassttaasseess iinn ~~ 1100 %% ccaasseess..
  • 14. Follicular cancer MMIINNIIMMAALLLLYY IINNVVAASSIIVVEE IInnvvaassiioonn iinnttoo bbuutt nnoott tthhrroouugghh tthhee CCaappssuullee aatt oonnee oorr ttwwoo ssiitteess.. FFRRAANNKKLLYY IINNVVAASSIIVVEE EEvviiddeennccee ooff VVAASSCCUULLAARR IINNVVAASSIIOONN OORR IInnvvaassiioonn tthhrroouugghh tthhyyrrooiidd ccaappssuullee..
  • 15. Follicular cancer Mitoses. Follicular Carcinoma showing mitoses.
  • 17. HHuurrtthhllee CCeellll TTuummoouurr  TTyyppee ooff FFOOLLLLIICCUULLAARR CCEELLLL CCaa..  DDeerriivveedd ffrroomm ‘‘OOXXYYPPHHIILL CCEELLLLSS’’ ooff tthhyyrrooiidd.. FFuunnccttiioonn ooff tthheessee cceellllss iiss nnoott kknnoowwnn..  CCeellllss aarree ssttuuffffeedd wwiitthh mmiittoocchhoonnddrriiaa && ppoosssseessss tthhee TTSSHH rreecceeppttoorrss aanndd pprroodduuccee tthhyyrroogglloobbuulliinn..  AAss ccoommppaarreedd ttoo ffoolllliiccuullaarr ttyyppee –– uussuuaallllyy mmuullttiiffooccaall && bbiillaatteerraall aanndd mmoorree lliikkeellyy ttoo mmeettaassttaattiissee ttoo LLNN [[ ~~255%%]]..
  • 18. MMeedduullllaarryy CCaa  Female : Male :: 1.5 : 1 .  AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr 1155 ttoo 200 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa  Mean age at presentation – 50 to 60 yrs.  Can occur in four clinical settings: 1. Sporadic - ~ 70 % cases,usually unilateral 2. Familial - ~ 30 % ,cases,usually Bilateral As Familial medullary thyroid cancer As part of Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa As part of Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb
  • 19. MMeedduullllaarryy CCaa  Pathology – 1. Usually occurs in upper poles, 2. Originates from Parafollicular C cells..  Microscopic – Why called Medullary ?  Sheets of Spindle shaped neoplastic cells with AMYLOID [Altered Calcitonin] in between. Cells Stains for Calcitonin,CEA,Serotonin,VIP Spreads to LN Initially ~ 75 %. ++
  • 20. MMeedduullllaarryy tthhyyrrooiidd ccaarrcciinnoommaa A, Cellular specimen staining positively for calcitonin with immunoperoxidase. (x100.) B, Loosely cohesive fragments of spindle-shaped cells; amyloid is present as amorphous blue material intimately associated with neoplastic cells. (Papanicolaou; x400.)
  • 22. AAnnaappllaassttiicc CCaa  AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr ~~ 88 ttoo 1100 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa  FFeemmaallee :: MMaallee :::: 11..55 :: 11 ..  MMeeaann aaggee aatt pprreesseennttaattiioonn –– 7700 ttoo 8800 yyrrss..  MMoosstt aaggggrreessssiivvee tthhyyrrooiidd mmaalliiggnnaannccyy,,wwiitthh mmeeddiiaann ssuurrvviiaall oonnllyy ~~ 33 mmoonntthhss..  IIooddiinnee ddeeffiicciieennccyy ggooiittrree iiss pprreeccuurrssoorr ..  AAllll ppaattiieennttss aarree ccoonnssiiddeerreedd ttoo hhaavvee ssttaaggee IIVV ddiisseeaassee..
  • 23. AAnnaappllaassttiicc CCaa Highly pleomorphic Multinucleated giant cells compose this tumor
  • 24. TThhyyrrooiidd LLyymmpphhoommaa  AAccccoouunnttss ffoorr ~~ 88 ttoo 1100 %% ooff aallll TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa WWoommeenn >> 7700 yyrrss aarree uussuuaallllyy aaffffeecctteedd..  IInn 7700 ttoo 8800 %%,, iitt aarriisseess iinn PPrreeeexxiissttiinngg CChhrroonniicc LLyymmpphhoocciittiicc tthhyyrrooddiittiiss wwiitthh SSuubbcclliinniiccaall oorr oovveerrtt HHyyppootthhyyrrooiiddiissmm,, iinn aassssoocciiaattiioonn wwiitthh HHaasshhiimmoottoo’’ss tthhyyrrooiiddiittiiss..  AAllmmoosstt aallwwaayyss NNoonn--HHooddggkkiinn BB--cceellll llyymmpphhoommaa  UUssuuaallllyy pprreesseennttss aass RRaappiiddllyy ggrroowwiinngg mmaassss,,wwiitthh oobbssttrruuccttiivvee ssyymmppttoommss aass ddyyssppnneeaa aanndd ddyysspphhaaggiiaa..
  • 25. TThhyyrrooiidd MMeettaassttaatteess  UUssuuaallllyy RRaarree  CCoommmmoonn PPrriimmaarryy ssiitteess aarree -- 11.. SSkkiinn –– MMeellaannoommaa ~~3399 %% 22.. BBrreeaasstt ~~ 2211%% 33.. RReennaall cceellll CCaa ~~ 1100 %%  UUssuuaallllyy PPrreesseennttss aass PPaaiinnlleessss LLuummpp wwiitthh ssiiggnnss // ssyymmppttoommss ooff PPrriimmaarryy..  FFNNAACC iiss DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc
  • 26. RReeccuurrrreenntt TThhyyrrooiidd CCaanncceerr  Approximately 10% to 30% of patients after initial treatment  80% recur with disease in the neck  20% with Distant RReeccuurrrreennnnccee.  Most common site of distant metastasis is the lung.  Median time of Recurrence ~ 2.6 yrs  Prognosis for clinically detectable recurrences is generally poor, regardless of cell type.  Local and regional recurrences detected by I131 scan and not clinically apparent and have an excellent prognosis
  • 27. RReeccuurrrreenntt TThhyyrrooiidd CCaanncceerr  CChhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff RReeccuurrrreenntt TThhyyrrooiidd CCaa  PPrriimmaarryy TTuummoouurr SSttaaggee [[ AAJJCCCC]] II 1177 %% IIII 55%% IIIIII 3333 %%  AAggee aatt RReeccuurrrreennccee << 4455 yyrrss.. 1122%% >>4455 yyrrss.. 4455 %%  HHiissttoollooggyy PPaappiillllaarryy 3388 %% FFoolllliiccuullaarr 99 %% HHuurrtthhllee 1100 %%
  • 28. CClliinniiccaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn  UUssuuaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn -- AA lluummpp iinn tthhee nneecckk -- PPaaiinn iinn tthhee nneecckk -- HHooaarrsseenneessss -- TTrroouubbllee sswwaalllloowwiinngg -- BBrreeaatthhiinngg pprroobblleemmss  UUssuuaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn - Follicular Ca - ~1 % as Hyperthyroidism - Medullary Ca - ~ 2 – 4 % as Cushing Syn . Hypertension, Diarrhea - Papillary – as LATERAL ABERRANT THYROID
  • 29. CClliinniiccaall DDiiaaggnnoossiiss ooff CCaa > Symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism > Pain or tenderness associated with a nodule > Soft, smooth, mobile nodule > Multinodular > Age less than 20 > Age greater than 70 > Male gender > New onset of swallowing Difficulties or hoarseness > History of external neck irradiation during childhood > Firm, irregular and fixed nodule > Presence of cervical lymphadenopathy SSuussppiicciioonn ooff aa BBeenniiggnn nnoodduullee SSuussppiicciioonn ooff aa MMaalliiggnnaanntt nnoodduullee BBiiooppssyy iiss tthhee oonnllyy wwaayy ttoo ccoonnffiirrmm