This is prestigious Godrej S Karai Oration I delivered in the annual conference of IACVTS -Indian Association of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgons few years back.Thoracic Surgery is neglected cousin of Cardiac Surgery in India but it is equally important for patients and students.I hope this ppp will stimulate the minds of younger CVT Surgons .
O documento descreve a anatomia e biomecânica do complexo articular do ombro, incluindo suas articulações, ligamentos, músculos e funções. São descritas as articulações esternoclavicular, acromioclavicular e glenoumeral, assim como a articulação escápulotorácica. Vários músculos e seus papéis no movimento e estabilidade do ombro também são explicados. Por último, aspectos da avaliação clínica do complexo do ombro, como inspeção, palpação e testes especiais,
Programa de Capacitación sobre Escena del Crimen Técnicas de Investigación Criminal y Rol del Investigador en el Marco del Sistema Acusatorio
Módulo desarrollado en el marco del Programa del NEA, de la JUFEJUS, en Chaco
17 y 18 de octubre de 2014
Superior Tribunal de Justicia del Chaco
Dr. Miguel Kessler
Lic. Roberto Foyó
This lecture (Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension) was delivered by me in the conference which was held in Palestine-Meridian Hotel in Baghdad under-care of Iraqi Hypertension Society on Friday 31ist, Oct.1914
Malignant thyroid tumors is not as common as benign swellings of thyroid. However, you have to rule out the possibility of malignancy in all thyroid swellings.
Skill development for assessing cognitive impairment in elderly 24 nov15Dr. Rakesh Tripathi
Skills required for cognitive assessment of an elderly is highlighted with some cognitive screening and detailed assessment tool. It may be useful for Psychologist, clinical Psychologist, psychiatrist and for trained professional in the field.
This is prestigious Godrej S Karai Oration I delivered in the annual conference of IACVTS -Indian Association of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgons few years back.Thoracic Surgery is neglected cousin of Cardiac Surgery in India but it is equally important for patients and students.I hope this ppp will stimulate the minds of younger CVT Surgons .
O documento descreve a anatomia e biomecânica do complexo articular do ombro, incluindo suas articulações, ligamentos, músculos e funções. São descritas as articulações esternoclavicular, acromioclavicular e glenoumeral, assim como a articulação escápulotorácica. Vários músculos e seus papéis no movimento e estabilidade do ombro também são explicados. Por último, aspectos da avaliação clínica do complexo do ombro, como inspeção, palpação e testes especiais,
Programa de Capacitación sobre Escena del Crimen Técnicas de Investigación Criminal y Rol del Investigador en el Marco del Sistema Acusatorio
Módulo desarrollado en el marco del Programa del NEA, de la JUFEJUS, en Chaco
17 y 18 de octubre de 2014
Superior Tribunal de Justicia del Chaco
Dr. Miguel Kessler
Lic. Roberto Foyó
This lecture (Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension) was delivered by me in the conference which was held in Palestine-Meridian Hotel in Baghdad under-care of Iraqi Hypertension Society on Friday 31ist, Oct.1914
Malignant thyroid tumors is not as common as benign swellings of thyroid. However, you have to rule out the possibility of malignancy in all thyroid swellings.
Skill development for assessing cognitive impairment in elderly 24 nov15Dr. Rakesh Tripathi
Skills required for cognitive assessment of an elderly is highlighted with some cognitive screening and detailed assessment tool. It may be useful for Psychologist, clinical Psychologist, psychiatrist and for trained professional in the field.
Care of the hospitalized geriatric patientBBrauer25
1. Use simple screening tools for cognitive impairment, delirium, and fall risk.
2. Recognize steps the individual clinician and system can take to reduce hazards of hospitalization.
3. Apply new updates to inappropriate therapy for the elderly
12. Re-Exploring tthhee RRoollee ooff BBeettaa
BBlloocckkeerrss iinn sseeccoonnddaarryy pprreevveennttiioonn
• Background
• Tachycardia as an independent risk factor
• Beta blocker therapy (angina, post- infarction, heart failure,
hypertension, diabetes)
• Are all beta blockers alike?
• Adverse effects (fatigue, CHF, cold feet, diabetes)
• What do the guidelines say?
13. PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS OOFF b--BBLLOOCCKKEERRSS
Name b-1
Selective
a-
blockade
Lipophilic Increases
ISA
Other ancillary
properties
Atenolol Yes No No No No
Acebutolol Disputed No No yes No
Bisoprolol Yes No Weak No No
Bucindolol No No Yes Disputed Vasodilator action
Carvedilol No Yes Yes No Antioxidant, effects
on endothelial
function
Celiprolol Yes No No b-2 only No
Metoprolol Yes No Yes No No
Nebivolol Yes No ? No Vasodilation through
nitric oxide
Propranolol No No Yes No Membrane stabilizing
Effect
Timolol No No Weak No Anti-platelet effects
19. Re-Exploring tthhee RRoollee ooff BBeettaa
BBlloocckkeerrss iinn sseeccoonnddaarryy pprreevveennttiioonn
• Background
• Tachycardia as an independent risk factor
• Beta blocker therapy (angina, post- infarction, heart failure,
hypertension, diabetes)
• Are all beta blockers alike?
• Adverse effects (fatigue, CHF, cold feet, diabetes)
• What do the guidelines say?
20. Determinants of rreessttiinngg hheeaarrtt rraattee
• Circulating hormones
• Level of physical fitness
• The autonomic nervous system
sympathetic- vagal balance
21. o Determinants off mmyyooccaarrddiiaall ooxxyyggeenn rreeqquuiirreemmeenntt
Neurohormonal
activation
Image is used only for academic purpose
22.
23. Resting heart rraattee aanndd mmoorrttaalliittyy
TThhee CCooppeennhhaaggeenn MMaallee SSttuuddyy
• A low heart rate is associated with a high level of physical fitness
• Resting heart rate is a risk marker for mortality independent of
physical fitness
• Resting heart rate above 90 bpm confers a 3 fold increase in
mortality compared to men with heart rate ≤50 beats per minute
(bpm)
• Elevated resting heart rate is associated with an increased risk
•
• 16% increase in mortality per 10 bpm increase in resting heart
rate
Jensen MT Heart 2013; 99:882
24. Tachycardia iiss aa rriisskk ffaaccttoorr
Heart rate impacts:
-Myocardial oxygen requirement
- Myocardial ischemia
-Cardiac function
-Coronary plaque stability
-Infarct size
-Sudden death
43. Conclusions
In Killip-I-II anterior STEMI patients reperfused by pPCI within 6
hours from symptoms onset, the early pre-reperfusion i.v.
metoprolol administration results in:
•Reduced infarct size slightly increased LVEF at one
week.
•Increased long term LVEF (6 months MRI).
•Reduced cases of severely depressed.
•Trend for reduced long-term hard endpoints (driven by
reduction of heart failure readmission)..
These results set the basis for a large RCT powered to detect
differences in clinical endpoints (MOVE ON! trial).
46. Effects of SNS Activation in Heart
Failure
Dysfunction/death of cardiac myocytes
Provokes myocardial ischemia
Provokes arrhythmias
Impairs cardiac performance
These effects are mediated via stimulation
of b and a1 receptors
Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 23S-37S
48. Properties of Beta-bblloocckkeerrss ttrriiaallss
STUDY Betablocker NYHA class EF % AGE
MERIT-HF Metroprolol II/IV ≤ 35 40-80
succinate
COPERNICUS Carvedilol III/IV ≤25 No limits
CIBIS II Bisoprolol III/IV ≤ 35 18-80
SENIORS Nebivolol I-IV ≤ 35 ≥70yrs
MERIT-HF : Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure
COPERNICUS: Effect of Carvedilol on Survival in Severe Chronic Heart Failure
CIBIS: The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study
SENIORS: Study of the Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalisation in Seniors with Heart Failure
MERIT-HF Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:2001-2007
Packer M et al. NEJM 2001;344:1651-8
CIBIS II Investigators. Lancet 1999;353:9-13
Flather MD et al. Eur Heart J 2005;26:215-225
51. Survival among patients wwiitthh aanndd wwiitthhoouutt ddiiaabbeetteess
aanndd cchhrroonniicc hheeaarrtt ffaaiilluurree:: TThhee MMEERRIITT--HHFF ttrriiaall
Deedwania PC Am Heart J 2005;149: 159
52. C Efficacy of metoprolol CRR//XXLL iinn ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh
cchhrroonniicc HHFF,, wwiitthh aanndd wwiitthhoouutt ddiiaabbeetteess :: TThhee
Deedwania PC Am Heart J 2005;149: 159
MMEERRIITT--HHFF ttrriiaall
NYHA: New York heart association
54. c Survival cuurrvveess ffoorr hheeaarrtt ffaaiilluurree ppaattiieennttss
Comparison between carvedilol metoprolol
succinate in ischemic heart failure
Pool Wilson P Lancet 2003;362:7 Shore S J Card Failure 2012;18: 919
55. Carvedilol Prospective Randomized
Cumulative Survival Trial
(COPERNICUS)
• Enrolled 2289 patients with severe HF (LVEF 25%)
• Randomized to carvedilol in a target dose of 25 mg bid for up to
29 months
38% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality among
patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) treated
with carvedilol compared to placebo
57. Annual risk and risk reduction for all-cause
mortality in CIBIS-II, COPERNICUS and
SENIORS-SHF compared with stratified subsets
All Patients in NYHA III or IV with EF 0.35
13,2
14,8
8,8 8,6
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
N o ./ p a t. y r s (% )
-34%
p 0.0001
-42%
p 0.0001
Total Mortality
CIBIS II
Placebo vs. Bisoprolol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 228 156 142 87
All Patients in NYHA III or IV with EF 0.25
19,7 19,1
12,8 11,7
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
N o . / p a t . y r s (% )
-35%
p= 0.0014
-39%
p= 0.0086
Total Mortality
COPERNICUS
Placebo vs. Carvedilol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 190 130 72 45
All Patients 70 years with EF 0.35
11,3
14,8
9,7 10,1
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
N o . / p a t. y r s ( % )
-16%
ns
-32%
p=0.038
Total Mortality
SENIORS
Placebo vs. Nebivolol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 135 115 68 49
from MERIT-HF
CIBIS-II
sMERIT COPERNICUS sMERIT SENIORS sMERIT
CIBIS II Lancet 1999; 353:9-13 Packer M Circulation 2002;106:2194 Flather MD Eur Heart J 2005;26:215 MERIT-HF Lancet 1999;353:2001
58. Annual risk and risk rreedduuccttiioonn ffoorr aallll--
ccaauussee mmoorrttaalliittyy aanndd hhoossppiittaalliizzaattiioonn ffoorr CCVV
rreeaassoonnss iinn CCIIBBIISS--IIII,, CCOOPPEERRNNIICCUUSS aanndd
SSEENNIIOORRSS--SSHHFF ccoommppaarreedd wwiitthh
ssttrraattiiffiieedd ssuubbsseettss ffrroomm MMEERRIITT--HHFF
CIBIS-II sMERIT COPERNICUS sMERIT SENIORS sMERIT
Total Mortality/CV hospitalization
All Patients in NYHA III or IV with EF 0.35
36,4
27,1
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
N o ./ p a t. y rs (% )
-25%
p 0.0001
45,3
33,1
-27%
p0.0001
CIBIS II
Placebo vs. Bisoprolol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 510 408 365 285
Total Mortality/CV hospitalization
All Patients in NYHA III or IV with EF 0.25
41,6
58,1
30,2 35,7
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
N o ./ p a t. y rs (% )
-27%
p 0.0001
-39%
p 0.0001
COPERNICUS
Placebo vs. Carvedilol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 395 314 175 118
Total Mortality/CV hospitalization
All Patients 70 years with EF 0.35
24,1
44,0
21,4
34,1
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
N o ./ p a t. y rs (% )
-14%
ns
-22%
p=0.026
SENIORS
Placebo vs. Nebivolol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 247 218 173 143
CIBIS II Lancet 1999; 353:9-13 Packer M Circulation 2002;106:2194 Flather MD Eur Heart J 2005;26:215 MERIT-HF Lancet 1999;353:2001
59. Annual risk and risk rreedduuccttiioonn ffoorr aallll--
ccaauussee mmoorrttaalliittyy aanndd hhoossppiittaalliizzaattiioonn ffoorr
wwoorrsseenniinngg hheeaarrtt ffaaiilluurree iinn CCIIBBIISS--IIII,,
CCOOPPEERRNNIICCUUSS aanndd SSEENNIIOORRSS--SSHHFF
ccoommppaarreedd wwiitthh
ssttrraattiiffiieedd ssuubbsseettss ffrroomm MMEERRIITT--HHFF
CIBIS-II sMERIT COPERNICUS sMERIT SENIORS sMERIT
Total Mortality/CHF hospitalization
All Patients in NYHA III or IV with EF 0.35
28,6
33,2
18,2
21,8
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
No./ pat. yrs (%)
-36%
p 0.0001
-34%
p0.0001
CIBIS II
Placebo vs. Bisoprolol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 383 264 285 202
Total Mortality/CHF hospitalization
All Patients in NYHA III or IV with EF 0.25
37,9
44,6
25,5 24,9
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
No./ pat. yrs (%)
-31%
p 0.0001
-44%
p 0.0001
COPERNICUS
Placebo vs. Carvedilol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 357 271 144 88
Total Mortality/CHF hospitalization
All Patients 70 years with EF 0.35
16,5
31,4
15,6
22,4
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
No./ pat. yrs (%)
-6%
ns
-28%
p=0.012
SENIORS
Placebo vs. Nebivolol
MERIT-HF
Placebo vs. Meto CR/XL
No of
Events: 181 170 132 101
CIBIS II Lancet 1999; 353:9-13 Packer M Circulation 2002;106:2194 Flather MD Eur Heart J 2005;26:215 MERIT-HF Lancet 1999;353:2001
60. Betablocker studies iinn hheeaarrtt ffaaiilluurree
Bucindolol BEST
P=0.1
MERIT-HF Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:2001-2007
Metoprolol tarXtrat/carvedilol COMET
X
NeXbivolol SENIORS
Pl refer to note pages for
abbreviations
Packer M et al. NEJM 2001;344:1651-8
BEST Investigators. NEJM 2001;344:1659-1667
Torp-Pederson C et al. Am Heart J 2005;149:370-
376
Flather MD et al. Eur Heart J 2005;26:215-225
CIBIS-II Investigators. Lancet 1999;353:9-13
61. Changes in ejection ffrraaccttiioonn ffrroomm
bbaasseelliinnee ttoo
ddaayy 11,, mmoonntthh 11,, aanndd mmoonntthh 33 iinn tthhee
mmeettoopprroollooll ggrroouupp aanndd tthhee ppllaacceebboo ggrroouupp
Hall SAJ Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1154–61
62. CCoonncclluussiioonn
ββ--bblloocckkeerrss iinn cclliinniiccaall ttrriiaallss
· When adjustments are made for differences between
trials the efficacy and tolerability of bisoprolol, carvedilol
and metoprolol succinate are similar in patients with
systolic heart failure
· Irrespective of NYHA class, ejection fraction and age
· 24 hours β- blockade is important
63. CCoonncclluussiioonn
ββ--bblloocckkeerrss iinn cclliinniiccaall ttrriiaallss
The magnitude of heart rate reduction is statistically associated
with survival benefit (sudden death) of β-blockers in patients
with:
-Hypertension
-Post-AMI
-Heart failure
-Diabetes mellitus
-The effect is independent of β-blocker dose
D e e d w a n ia P C A m H e a r t J 2 0 0 5 ; 1 4 9 : 1 5 9 ; O l s so n G A m J H y p e rt e n s 1 9 9 1 ;
Wikstrand J et al, JACC 2002;40:491-8; Cucherat M: Eur Heart J
2007;28:3012-3019 ; McAllister FA Ann Int Med 2009;150:784-794
AMI: acute myocardial infarction
64. Re-Exploring tthhee RRoollee ooff BBeettaa
BBlloocckkeerrss iinn sseeccoonnddaarryy pprreevveennttiioonn
• Background
• Tachycardia as an independent risk factor
• Beta blocker therapy (angina, post- infarction, heart failure,
hypertension, diabetes)
• Are all beta blockers alike?
• Adverse effects (fatigue, CHF, cold feet, diabetes)
• What do the guidelines say?
65. Relative contraindications ttoo bbeettaa--
bblloocckkeerr ttrreeaattmmeenntt
• Heart rate 60 bpm
• Symptomatic hypotension
• Greater than minimal evidence of fluid retention
• Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion
• PR interval 0.24 sec
• Second- or third-degree atrioventricular block
• History of asthma or reactive airways
• Peripheral artery disease with resting limb ischemia
66. CCoonncclluussiioonn
AAddvveerrssee eeffffeeccttss ooff ββ--bblloocckkeerrss iinn
cclliinniiccaall ttrriiaallss
· HF patients are more sensitive to dose
· Individualized dose-titration is mandated over 3
weeks guided by patient tolerability and the heart rate
response
67. Metoprolol Succinate CR/XL
A Lipophilic Beta-blocker with a
High Clinical Cardioselectivity
• 24-hour even cardioselective beta-blockade and good
tolerabilty
from 25 mg to 200 mg once daily
• Anti-atherosclerotic effects
• Positive data published from
-Primary prevention in hypertension
-Secondary prevention post-MI
-Secondary prevention in systolic heart failure
68. Beta blockers in systolic heart failure
In patients with primarily severe systolic heart
failure(low ejection fraction) beta blockade has the
following long-term benefits which must be
balanced against the short-term risks
Long-term benefits s
• improved survival
• improved control of
heart failure
• reduced need for
hospitalisation
• improved quality of life
• improved left ventricular
ejection fraction
Short-term risks
• worsening heart failure
• bradyarrhythmias
• prolonged intraventricular
conduction
• hypotension
• worsening renal function
72. DDeeffiinniittiioonn ooff HHeeaarrtt FFaaiilluurree
Classification Ejection
Fraction
Description
I. Heart Failure with
Reduced Ejection Fraction
(HFrEF)
≤40% Also referred to as systolic HF. Randomized clinical trials have
mainly enrolled patients with HFrEF and it is only in these patients
that efficacious therapies have been demonstrated to date.
II. Heart Failure with
Preserved Ejection
Fraction (HFpEF)
≥50% Also referred to as diastolic HF. Several different criteria have been
used to further define HFpEF. The diagnosis of HFpEF is
challenging because it is largely one of excluding other potential
noncardiac causes of symptoms suggestive of HF. To date,
efficacious therapies have not been identified.
a. HFpEF, Borderline 41% to 49% These patients fall into a borderline or intermediate group. Their
characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes appear similar to
those of patient with HFpEF.
b. HFpEF, Improved 40% It has been recognized that a subset of patients with HFpEF
previously had HFrEF. These patients with improvement or
recovery in EF may be clinically distinct from those with
persistently preserved or reduced EF. Further research is needed to
better characterize these patients.
73. CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff HHeeaarrtt FFaaiilluurree
ACCF/AHA Stages of HF NYHA Functional Classification
A At high risk for HF but without structural
heart disease or symptoms of HF.
None
B Structural heart disease but without signs
or symptoms of HF.
I No limitation of physical activity.
Ordinary physical activity does not cause
symptoms of HF.
C Structural heart disease with prior or
current symptoms of HF.
I No limitation of physical activity.
Ordinary physical activity does not cause
symptoms of HF.
II Slight limitation of physical activity.
Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical
activity results in symptoms of HF.
III Marked limitation of physical activity.
Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary
activity causes symptoms of HF.
IV Unable to carry on any physical activity
without symptoms of HF, or symptoms of
HF at rest.
D Refractory HF requiring specialized
interventions.
75. SSttaaggee BB
IInn aallll ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh aa rreecceenntt oorr rreemmoottee hhiissttoorryy ooff MMII oorr AACCSS aanndd
rreedduucceedd EEFF,, AACCEE iinnhhiibbiittoorrss sshhoouulldd bbee uusseedd ttoo pprreevveenntt
ssyymmppttoommaattiicc HHFF aanndd rreedduuccee mmoorrttaalliittyy.. IInn ppaattiieennttss iinnttoolleerraanntt ooff
AACCEE iinnhhiibbiittoorrss,, AARRBBss aarree aapppprroopprriiaattee uunnlleessss ccoonnttrraaiinnddiiccaatteedd..
IInn aallll ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh aa rreecceenntt oorr rreemmoottee hhiissttoorryy ooff MMII oorr AACCSS aanndd
rreedduucceedd EEFF,, evidence-based beta blockers should be used to
reduce mortality.
Beta blockers should be used in all patients with a reduced
EF to prevent symptomatic HF, even if they do not have a
history of MI.
I IIa IIb III
I IIa IIb III
I IIa IIb III
77. DDrruuggss CCoommmmoonnllyy UUsseedd ffoorr HHFFrrEEFF
(SSttaaggee CC HHFF)
Drug Initial Daily Dose(s) Maximum Doses(s) Mean Doses Achieved in
Clinical Trials
ACE Inhibitors
Captopril 6.25 mg 3 times 50 mg 3 times 122.7 mg/d (421)
Enalapril 2.5 mg twice 10 to 20 mg twice 16.6 mg/d (412)
Fosinopril 5 to 10 mg once 40 mg once ---------
Lisinopril 2.5 to 5 mg once 20 to 40 mg once 32.5 to 35.0 mg/d (444)
Perindopril 2 mg once 8 to 16 mg once ---------
Quinapril 5 mg twice 20 mg twice ---------
Ramipril 1.25 to 2.5 mg once 10 mg once ---------
Trandolapril 1 mg once 4 mg once ---------
ARBs
Candesartan 4 to 8 mg once 32 mg once 24 mg/d (419)
Losartan 25 to 50 mg once 50 to 150 mg once 129 mg/d (420)
Valsartan 20 to 40 mg twice 160 mg twice 254 mg/d (109)
Aldosterone Antagonists
Spironolactone 12.5 to 25 mg once 25 mg once or twice 26 mg/d (424)
Eplerenone 25 mg once 50 mg once 42.6 mg/d (445)
78. DDrruuggss CCoommmmoonnllyy UUsseedd ffoorr HHFFrrEEFF
(SSttaaggee CC HHFF)
Drug Initial Daily Dose(s) Maximum Doses(s) Mean Doses Achieved in
Clinical Trials
Beta Blockers
Bisoprolol 1.25 mg once 10 mg once 8.6 mg/d (118)
Carvedilol 3.125 mg twice 50 mg twice 37 mg/d (446)
Carvedilol CR 10 mg once 80 mg once ---------
Metoprolol succinate
extended release
(metoprolol CR/XL)
12.5 to 25 mg once 200 mg once 159 mg/d (447)
Hydralazine Isosorbide Dinitrate
Fixed dose combination
(423)
37.5 mg hydralazine/
20 mg isosorbide
dinitrate 3 times daily
75 mg hydralazine/
40 mg isosorbide
dinitrate 3 times daily
~175 mg hydralazine/90 mg
isosorbide dinitrate daily
Hydralazine and isosorbide
dinitrate (448)
Hydralazine: 25 to 50
mg, 3 or 4 times daily
and isorsorbide
dinitrate:
20 to 30 mg
3 or 4 times daily
Hydralazine: 300 mg
daily in divided doses
and isosorbide
dinitrate 120 mg daily
in divided doses ---------
79. PPhhaarrmmaaccoollooggiiccaall TTrreeaattmmeenntt ffoorr
SSttaaggee CC HHFFrrEEFF (ccoonntt..)
RRoouuttiinnee ccoommbbiinneedd uussee ooff aann AACCEE iinnhhiibbiittoorr,, AARRBB,, aanndd
aallddoosstteerroonnee aannttaaggoonniisstt iiss ppootteennttiiaallllyy hhaarrmmffuull ffoorr ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh
HHFFrrEEFF..
Use of 1 of the 3 beta blockers proven to reduce mortality
(i.e., bisoprolol, carvedilol, and sustained-release metoprolol
succinate) is recommended for all patients with current or
prior symptoms of HFrEF, unless contraindicated, to reduce
morbidity and mortality.
I IIa IIb III
Harm
I IIa IIb III
80. PPhhaarrmmaaccoollooggiiccaall TTrreeaattmmeenntt ffoorr
SSttaaggee CC HHFFrrEEFF (ccoonntt..)
AAnnttiiccooaagguullaattiioonn iiss nnoott rreeccoommmmeennddeedd iinn ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh cchhrroonniicc
HHFFrrEEFF wwiitthhoouutt AAFF,, aa pprriioorr tthhrroommbbooeemmbboolliicc eevveenntt,, oorr aa
ccaarrddiiooeemmbboolliicc ssoouurrccee..
SSttaattiinnss aarree nnoott bbeenneeffiicciiaall aass aaddjjuunnccttiivvee tthheerraappyy wwhheenn pprreessccrriibbeedd
ssoolleellyy ffoorr tthhee ddiiaaggnnoossiiss ooff HHFF iinn tthhee aabbsseennccee ooff ootthheerr iinnddiiccaattiioonnss
ffoorr tthheeiirr uussee..
OOmmeeggaa--33 ppoollyyuunnssaattuurraatteedd ffaattttyy aacciidd ((PPUUFFAA)) ssuupppplleemmeennttaattiioonn iiss
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I IIa IIb III
No Benefit
I IIa IIb III
No Benefit
I IIa IIb III
FIGURE 54–8 Effects of beta blockade on the ischemic heart. Beta blockade has a beneficial effect on ischemic myocardium unless (1) the preload rises substantially, as in left-sided heart failure, or (2) vasospastic angina is present, in which case spasm may be promoted in some patients. Note the suggestion that beta blockade diminishes exercise-induced vasoconstriction. (Modified from Opie LH: Drugs for the Heart. 4th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1995, p 6.)
TABLE 23-12 Starting and Target Doses for Beta Blockers
TABLE 23-13 Beta Blocker Trials Conducted in Chronic Heart Failure, with 12-Month Mortality Rates Taken from Survival Curves When Data Not Directly Available in Published Material
Slide 27
The results of the MERIT-HF study indicate that treatment with TOPROL-XL added to standard heart failure therapy reduces the risk of mortality and morbidity.1,2
The combined endpoints of all-cause mortality plus all-cause hospitalization and of mortality plus heart failure hospitalization showed consistent effects in the overall study population and the subgroups, including women and the US population. However, in the US subgroup and women, overall mortality and cardiovascular mortality appeared less affected. Analyses of female and US patients were carried out because they each represented about 25% of the overall population.2
Slide and Notes References
1. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999:353:2001-2007.
2. TOPROL-XL Prescribing Information. AstraZeneca. Wayne, PA.
COPERNICUS: EFFECT OF CARVEDILOL ON SURVIVAL IN SEVERE CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
CIBIS: The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study
BEST: Beta-Blocker Evaluation in Survival Trial
COMET: carvedilol or metoprolol European trial
SENIORS: Study of the Effects of Nebivolol
Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalisation in
Seniors with Heart Failure
MERIT-HF : Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure
In Conclusion Metoprolol Succinate controlled release –Betaloc ZOK- once daily provides:
1. 24-hour efficacy
2. Anti-atherosclerotic effects both in mono-therapy and in combination with a statin
3. A reduced risk for sudden death in primary prevention in hypertension, in post-myocardial infarction patients, and in patients with heart failure.