This document provides an overview of a course on how to reason and argue effectively. The course will teach students how to analyze, evaluate, and avoid logical fallacies in arguments. It will cover deductive and inductive reasoning. Students will learn how to identify the components of an argument, including premises and conclusions. They will also learn techniques for structuring arguments, dealing with skepticism, and carefully analyzing arguments. The goal is for students to learn practical skills for spotting and constructing good arguments.
The Science of Story: How Brands Can Use Storytelling To Get More CustomersDigital Surgeons
Storytelling is not only an entertaining source for information, but a way to engage and humanize our messages that helps them stick. Our brains are wired for stories. Like a drug, we seek them out. Good stories create lasting emotional connections that persuade, educate, entertain, and convert consumers into brand loyalists.
Here’s another good reason to believe in the power of stories: You don't have a goddamn choice. We spend a third of our waking hours crafting stories, and the rest of the time consuming them. Our brains are always searching for stories. You need stories. You live your life around stories. Your life itself is a story. So, now find out how you can use them to better understand how brands and businesses can use storytelling to increase engagement and sales.
WTF - Why the Future Is Up to Us - pptx versionTim O'Reilly
This is the talk I gave January 12, 2017 at the G20/OECD Conference on the Digital Future in Berlin. I talk about fitness landscapes as applied to technology and business, the role of unchecked financialization in the state of our politics and economy, and why technology really wants to create jobs, not destroy them. (There is a separate PDF version, but some readers said the notes were too fuzzy to read.)
To help the curious class stay relevant, we’ve assembled an A-Z glossary of what we predict to be the 100 must-know terms and concepts for 2017.
We hope this cultural crib sheet will help prepare you for the year ahead.
Enjoy!
Every software team writes code, but some teams produce fewer bugs than others. Every software team creates new features, but some teams develop them faster than others. What do high performance teams do differently, and why are team members more focused, satisfied and relaxed? They truly work together. No 10x rockstar programmer can achieve what a well rounded, enthusiastic team can.
Sven examines how the best software teams set and follow goals, integrate new members fast, ensure diversity, monitor and continually improve team health, embrace transparency, use a playbook to guide them through every phase of development and much more. He shares techniques including: bugfix rotations, OKRs, feature buddies, open demos, focus days and many more that help teams and team members to work more effectively together, and produce awesome results.
The Science of Story: How Brands Can Use Storytelling To Get More CustomersDigital Surgeons
Storytelling is not only an entertaining source for information, but a way to engage and humanize our messages that helps them stick. Our brains are wired for stories. Like a drug, we seek them out. Good stories create lasting emotional connections that persuade, educate, entertain, and convert consumers into brand loyalists.
Here’s another good reason to believe in the power of stories: You don't have a goddamn choice. We spend a third of our waking hours crafting stories, and the rest of the time consuming them. Our brains are always searching for stories. You need stories. You live your life around stories. Your life itself is a story. So, now find out how you can use them to better understand how brands and businesses can use storytelling to increase engagement and sales.
WTF - Why the Future Is Up to Us - pptx versionTim O'Reilly
This is the talk I gave January 12, 2017 at the G20/OECD Conference on the Digital Future in Berlin. I talk about fitness landscapes as applied to technology and business, the role of unchecked financialization in the state of our politics and economy, and why technology really wants to create jobs, not destroy them. (There is a separate PDF version, but some readers said the notes were too fuzzy to read.)
To help the curious class stay relevant, we’ve assembled an A-Z glossary of what we predict to be the 100 must-know terms and concepts for 2017.
We hope this cultural crib sheet will help prepare you for the year ahead.
Enjoy!
Every software team writes code, but some teams produce fewer bugs than others. Every software team creates new features, but some teams develop them faster than others. What do high performance teams do differently, and why are team members more focused, satisfied and relaxed? They truly work together. No 10x rockstar programmer can achieve what a well rounded, enthusiastic team can.
Sven examines how the best software teams set and follow goals, integrate new members fast, ensure diversity, monitor and continually improve team health, embrace transparency, use a playbook to guide them through every phase of development and much more. He shares techniques including: bugfix rotations, OKRs, feature buddies, open demos, focus days and many more that help teams and team members to work more effectively together, and produce awesome results.
It is possible to have good relationship in marriage. Always look for the positive in your spouse. Build trust in the relationship. Look for the good and not the bad. Your spouse is the greatest gift in your life.
[Eng] The use of consumer insight in Advertising: from classic Advertising to...giulio bonini
This is the English version of my thesis in Advertising.
I point out the role of consumer research in creating advertising and marketing communication.
I give a definition of consumer insight, its 4 properties and applications in many media.
Top 10 Learnings Growing to (Almost) $10 Million ARR: Leo's presentation at S...Buffer
Our COO Leo Widrich spoke at the SaaStr Annual conference on February 9, 2016 and shared some lessons that have helped Buffer grow. The tips range across product, marketing, and general work culture!
A compilation of proven distinctions on what makes a World-Class Presenter. Written by Eric Feng, Presentation Coach ( http://ericfeng.com ) and Designed by SlideComet ( http://slidecomet.com ). Enjoy!
This presentation includes science-based principles on how to attract an audience's attention, sustain it, and convert a presentation into memorable content.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
We’re all trying to find that idea or spark that will turn a good project into a great project. Creativity plays a huge role in the outcome of our work. Harnessing the power of collaboration and open source, we can make great strides towards excellence. Not just for designers, this talk can be applicable to many different roles – even development. In this talk, Seasoned Creative Director Sara Cannon is going to share some secrets about creative methodology, collaboration, and the strong role that open source can play in our work.
Visual and Creative Thinking:What We Learned From Peter Pan and Willy WonkaKelsey Ruger
Presentation on Visual and Creative Thinking. The presentation explores how professional in all fields can apply creative and visual thinking skills to their work as well as why people ignore the talents that made them naturally creative as children. He will discuss the myths that people hold about creativity, why they exist and how you can overcome them.
This short PowerPoint presentation shows five great ways to get the attention of your audience during your speech or sales pitch.
Try them out in your next speech and you will see how you can engage your audience with these simple tips.
This presentation was created 100% in PowerPoint by my presentation design agency Slides. We are based in Spain (Europe) but have clients worldwide.
Drop me an email and we will discuss your project.
I happen to love podcasts and it seems like the I’m not alone, 20% of Americans are now listening to podcasts at least once a month, that’s a lot of hours directly attached to your target audience’s brain. According to the Washington Post, there were over 1 billion podcast downloads this past year and monthly podcast listeners have reached 75 million per month. Podcasts allow individual and traditional broadcasters alike to reach younger, and more varied audiences. “People under the age of 30 don’t own radios,” noted WNYC’s CEO and president Laura Walker.
What’s great about podcasts is there are no rules, you can target a niche as specific as you like, the listening habits are so varied and what you determine as ROI is all up to you. If done correctly it’s a forum to consistently share your expertise, build your credibility in a very intimate medium. When you have a direct relationship with your listener you can do really interesting things to build your brand. There’s nothing more intimate than being allowed to whisper in someones ear on a regular basis
Business Vs Creative Thinking, Abductive Reasoning and Design Strategy (Case ...Andreas Christofi
This presentation analyses the difference between Business thinking and Creative thinking. What is Abductive Reasoning and why is it important in Design Strategy. To validate the theories we did a basic case study on Mission Bicycle Company, a Silicon Valley startup that builds custom designed bicycles for a niche target market.
It is possible to have good relationship in marriage. Always look for the positive in your spouse. Build trust in the relationship. Look for the good and not the bad. Your spouse is the greatest gift in your life.
[Eng] The use of consumer insight in Advertising: from classic Advertising to...giulio bonini
This is the English version of my thesis in Advertising.
I point out the role of consumer research in creating advertising and marketing communication.
I give a definition of consumer insight, its 4 properties and applications in many media.
Top 10 Learnings Growing to (Almost) $10 Million ARR: Leo's presentation at S...Buffer
Our COO Leo Widrich spoke at the SaaStr Annual conference on February 9, 2016 and shared some lessons that have helped Buffer grow. The tips range across product, marketing, and general work culture!
A compilation of proven distinctions on what makes a World-Class Presenter. Written by Eric Feng, Presentation Coach ( http://ericfeng.com ) and Designed by SlideComet ( http://slidecomet.com ). Enjoy!
This presentation includes science-based principles on how to attract an audience's attention, sustain it, and convert a presentation into memorable content.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
We’re all trying to find that idea or spark that will turn a good project into a great project. Creativity plays a huge role in the outcome of our work. Harnessing the power of collaboration and open source, we can make great strides towards excellence. Not just for designers, this talk can be applicable to many different roles – even development. In this talk, Seasoned Creative Director Sara Cannon is going to share some secrets about creative methodology, collaboration, and the strong role that open source can play in our work.
Visual and Creative Thinking:What We Learned From Peter Pan and Willy WonkaKelsey Ruger
Presentation on Visual and Creative Thinking. The presentation explores how professional in all fields can apply creative and visual thinking skills to their work as well as why people ignore the talents that made them naturally creative as children. He will discuss the myths that people hold about creativity, why they exist and how you can overcome them.
This short PowerPoint presentation shows five great ways to get the attention of your audience during your speech or sales pitch.
Try them out in your next speech and you will see how you can engage your audience with these simple tips.
This presentation was created 100% in PowerPoint by my presentation design agency Slides. We are based in Spain (Europe) but have clients worldwide.
Drop me an email and we will discuss your project.
I happen to love podcasts and it seems like the I’m not alone, 20% of Americans are now listening to podcasts at least once a month, that’s a lot of hours directly attached to your target audience’s brain. According to the Washington Post, there were over 1 billion podcast downloads this past year and monthly podcast listeners have reached 75 million per month. Podcasts allow individual and traditional broadcasters alike to reach younger, and more varied audiences. “People under the age of 30 don’t own radios,” noted WNYC’s CEO and president Laura Walker.
What’s great about podcasts is there are no rules, you can target a niche as specific as you like, the listening habits are so varied and what you determine as ROI is all up to you. If done correctly it’s a forum to consistently share your expertise, build your credibility in a very intimate medium. When you have a direct relationship with your listener you can do really interesting things to build your brand. There’s nothing more intimate than being allowed to whisper in someones ear on a regular basis
Business Vs Creative Thinking, Abductive Reasoning and Design Strategy (Case ...Andreas Christofi
This presentation analyses the difference between Business thinking and Creative thinking. What is Abductive Reasoning and why is it important in Design Strategy. To validate the theories we did a basic case study on Mission Bicycle Company, a Silicon Valley startup that builds custom designed bicycles for a niche target market.
The elements of product success for business leadersNick Myers
All software, whether it's for consumers or workers, needs to meet the ever growing demands people have in today’s world. Greater user expectations and influence are forcing companies to create and deliver better products, but not every organization has a rich heritage in software creation like tech giants Apple and Google. Most companies need to be more customer-focused, become design specialists, and transform their cultures as they shift to become both software makers and innovators.
Myers, a 16 year specialist in design and head of design services at Cooper, will share the elements of product success that companies need to possess and be market leaders: user insight, design, and organization. Myers will share principles and techniques that successful innovative companies use to truly understand their customers. He’ll also discuss the methods effective designers use to support their customers and create breakthrough ideas and delightful experiences. And he’ll finish by sharing the magic formula organizations need to deliver ground-breaking experiences to market.
This talk was initially given at Visualize 2012.
"From Design Thinking to Design Doing" Suzanne Pellican's presentation from the O'Reilly Design conference on January 21, 2016 at Fort Mason in San Francisco, CA.
Bringing Architecture Thinking to the People - An introduction into the PEOPL...Craig Martin
The successful implementation of an architecture plan or blueprint is often challenged not in the efficacy of the design elements of the architecture, but in its implementation by people in business operations. Transformation programs will often struggle as a consequence of the failure to consider the issues impacting and the role of people in supporting the target operating state of the architecture once implemented, it is therefore imperative that when architects innovate, model and design to solve business problems, that they equally consider the people dimension. Capability based planning is incomplete unless we address the optimum mix of people, process and tools to drive out the target outcome of that capability. This presentation will look at a case study from within the Australian market in which Business Capability Based Planning was applied to assess people capabilities and organisation preparedness to support a target business model. It will also discuss some of the more effective people levers that can be applied to deliver more impactful and long lasting architectural change.
ArgumentsA. Arguments are found in many texts and media .docxjewisonantone
Arguments
A.
Arguments are found in many texts and media and it is important to be able to recognize, formulate, and evaluate arguments. Doing well in this class will depend upon whether you can acquire and improve these three skills. We will be concentrating on the arguments found in the philosophy texts we are reading this semester, but this skill is something you should carry with you through the rest of your college career and beyond.
Recognizing an argument is the first step in the process. An argument is where a claim is stated and it is supported by evidence. The claim is the conclusion of the argument and the evidence is known as the premises. In an argument, the conclusion follows from the premises, or, more specifically, the premises connect together in such a way that one can draw an inference from them, i.e., the conclusion.
But recognition of argument is not sufficient. One must also be able to formulate the argument. This involves listing the premises as well as unstated assumptions so one can see more clearly how the conclusion follows from the premises. This task will at first seem tedious and frustrating, but like anything else, the more you practice, the better you will get. Hopefully, you find this exercise beneficial and enlightening.
Here are some sample arguments:
1) All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Socrates is mortal.
2) If there is snow on the ground, it must be cold.
There is snow on the ground.
It must be cold.
3) Animals are either vertebrates or invertebrates.
Walruses, an animal, are not invertebrates.
Walruses are vertebrates.
4) It rained almost every day in April for the last three years.
April is a rainy month.
B.
Not all texts will contain arguments. Some passages will just contain a description, explanation, or dialogue. Here are some examples.
1) Tuesday is the second day of the week.
2) If you do not exercise, you will not be healthy.
3) There are many students who attend state universities. Some explanation for this is that state universities are affordable and offer a variety of disciplines to study.
4) Parent: “You have not cleaned up your room this week.”
Child: “Yes I have.”
Parent: “No, I am afraid your room is still messy.”
Child: “But I have.”
Parent: “No you haven’t, at least not according to me.”
Child: “Well, according to me, I have.”
This last example may seem like an argument because we call it an argument. But this is using the word equivocally, that is using the same word to signify two different things. Example 4 is a disagreement, which does not always constitute an argument. There are no premises to support any claims being made in this example. Further, one should recognize that Example 2 is only a conditional claim and not an argument. A conditional claim is composed of an antecedent and a consequence. One must also affirm the antec.
Standard Form ArgumentsDiscussion TitleThe central tool of.docxwhitneyleman54422
Standard Form Arguments
Discussion Title
The central tool of logic is the argument. Accordingly, constructing good arguments is the central element of this course. Each writing assignment in this course will give you an opportunity to construct and improve upon an argument that you will develop as the course progresses. This discussion post allows you to begin the process of developing your argument by presenting good reasoning on both sides of an issue.
The requirement for this discussion is a minimum of four posts on four separate days, including at least two substantive responses to peers. The total combined word count for all of your posts for this discussion, counted together, should be at least 400 words. Answer all the questions in the prompt, and read any resources that are required to complete the discussion properly. In order to satisfy the posting requirements for the week, complete your initial post by Day 3 (Thursday) and your other posts by Day 7 (Monday). We recommend that you get into the discussion early and spread out your posts over the course of the week. Reply to your classmates and instructor. Attempt to take the conversation further by responding substantively to the replies that others make to you as well. Keep the discussion on target, and analyze things in as much detail as you can.
Prepare: To prepare for this discussion, make sure to read the assigned chapters of the primary text and to review the required resources, including the videos about arguments (in the “Lectures” link on the left). Before responding to the prompt, make sure as well to participate in the interactive scenario at the top of this page titledThe Raise to gain more appreciation of the importance of constructing good arguments in life.
Reflect: Choose a topic from thePHI103 Final Paper Options list. It should be a topic that you find interesting, but also for which you will be able defend a position with careful logical reasoning. Construct the strongest argument that you can on each side of the issue. Strengthen your arguments by contemplating possible objections to each argument, and revise your arguments in light of the objections. Continue this process until you feel that your arguments for each side are as convincing as you can possibly make them.
Write: Present your two arguments (one on each side of the issue) in standard form (with each premise and conclusion on a separate line) on the topic you selected from thePHI103 Final Paper Options list. The two arguments should defend different positions on the topic. For example, if your topic was the existence of Santa Claus, then you would present one argument for the claim that Santa Claus does exist and another argument that Santa Claus does not exist. The premises of each argument will present reasons for thinking that the conclusion is true.
Here is an example of what an argument in standard form looks like:
Premise 1: If Santa Claus exists, then he lives at the North Pole.
Prem.
The Point of the PaperYour paper is acritical evaluati.docxgabrielaj9
The Point of the Paper
Your paper is a
critical evaluation of the argument
that someone (you or someone else) gives in support of his or her position on this problem.
It is NOT a discussion of the conclusion, or of the second premise.
Common ProblemsReally a paper “pro-and-con” the conclusionDid not evaluate the argumentOnly discussed premise two, reallyJustified Premise One, then abandoned itDid not try hard enough to understand what the theory is and how it worksJustifications that simply restate the argument in more wordsSAY WHAT YOU ARE WRITING ABOUT!!
For your introduction, describe and explain the problem that gives rise to the argument you are discussing. DO NOT explain the argument, summarize the argument, or repeat the argument.
Explain what the problem is that you are trying to solve
(or that the person whose argument you are discussing is trying to solve). Discuss why this particular subject is a problem, give a little history to set up the problem, etc. This section is usually two or three paragraphs.
Position – one sentence!At the end of your introduction, it is natural to point out that there is a position that you (or someone else) takes on the problem. For example, if you are going to discuss your argument against the teaching of values in our schools, you would assert here that you are against it. On the other hand, if you are going to discuss William Bennett's argument in favor of such teaching, you would point out here that he is in favor of it. The point here is that your paper is about an argument that supports some position on the problem you have outlined in the introduction. State that position here. You should note two important things: the position stated here should be exactly the conclusion of the argument in the next section, and this is not the place to express your opinion. You may, in fact, disagree with the position defended by the argument that your paper is about, and it is fine to point that out here, but do so in one sentence only. For example, you might say: "Bennett's position on this subject is that values should be taught in schools. I am, however, opposed." This part of the paper is normally one or two sentences long.
ARGUMENTImmediately following the position statement you should present the argument that supports the position (either yours or someone else's). It should be presented with numbered premises and a conclusion that is also numbered. There should be a horizontal line separating the premises from the conclusion. For example:(1) If the teaching of values in schools will revive America's flagging morality, then values should be taught in schools.(2) The teaching of values in schools will revive America's flagging morality.(3) Therefore values should be taught in schools.
NOTE: THE CONCLUSION IS THE POSITION!!
Justification I – 1 of Top 3 partsFirst, you should defend the validity of your argument. If your argument is an immediately recognizable form, you may say si.
1.1Arguments, Premises, and ConclusionsHow Logical Are You·.docxbraycarissa250
1.1Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
How Logical Are You?
· After a momentary absence, you return to your table in the library only to find your smartphone is missing. It was there just minutes earlier. You suspect the student sitting next to you took it. After all, she has a guilty look. Also, there is a bulge in her backpack about the size of your phone, and one of the pouches has a loose strap. Then you hear a “ring” come from the backpack—and it’s the same ringtone that you use on your phone. Which of these pieces of evidence best supports your suspicion?
Answer
The best evidence is undoubtedly the “ring” you hear coming from her backpack, which is the same ringtone as the one on your phone. The weakest evidence is probably the “guilty look.” After all, what, exactly, is a guilty look? The bulge in the backpack and the loose strap are of medium value. The loose strap supports the hypothesis that something was quickly inserted into the backpack. In this section of the chapter you will learn that evidentiary statements form the premises of arguments.
Logic may be defined as the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. All of us encounter arguments in our day-to-day experience. We read them in books and newspapers, hear them on television, and formulate them when communicating with friends and associates. The aim of logic is to develop a system of methods and principles that we may use as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others and as guides in constructing arguments of our own. Among the benefits to be expected from the study of logic is an increase in confidence that we are making sense when we criticize the arguments of others and when we advance arguments of our own.
An argument, in its simplest form, is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). Every argument may be placed in either of two basic groups: those in which the premises really do support the conclusion and those in which they do not, even though they are claimed to. The former are said to be good arguments (at least to that extent), the latter bad arguments. The purpose of logic, as the science that evaluates arguments, is thus to develop methods and techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad.
As is apparent from the given definition, the term argument has a very specific meaning in logic. It does not mean, for example, a mere verbal fight, as one might have with one’s parent, spouse, or friend. Let us examine the features of this definition in greater detail. First of all, an argument is a group of statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false—in other words, typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence. The following sentences are statements:
Chocolate truffles are loaded with calories.
Melatonin helps relieve jet lag.
Political can.
1.1Arguments, Premises, and ConclusionsHow Logical Are You·.docxjeremylockett77
1.1Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
How Logical Are You?
· After a momentary absence, you return to your table in the library only to find your smartphone is missing. It was there just minutes earlier. You suspect the student sitting next to you took it. After all, she has a guilty look. Also, there is a bulge in her backpack about the size of your phone, and one of the pouches has a loose strap. Then you hear a “ring” come from the backpack—and it’s the same ringtone that you use on your phone. Which of these pieces of evidence best supports your suspicion?
Answer
The best evidence is undoubtedly the “ring” you hear coming from her backpack, which is the same ringtone as the one on your phone. The weakest evidence is probably the “guilty look.” After all, what, exactly, is a guilty look? The bulge in the backpack and the loose strap are of medium value. The loose strap supports the hypothesis that something was quickly inserted into the backpack. In this section of the chapter you will learn that evidentiary statements form the premises of arguments.
Logic may be defined as the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. All of us encounter arguments in our day-to-day experience. We read them in books and newspapers, hear them on television, and formulate them when communicating with friends and associates. The aim of logic is to develop a system of methods and principles that we may use as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others and as guides in constructing arguments of our own. Among the benefits to be expected from the study of logic is an increase in confidence that we are making sense when we criticize the arguments of others and when we advance arguments of our own.
An argument, in its simplest form, is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). Every argument may be placed in either of two basic groups: those in which the premises really do support the conclusion and those in which they do not, even though they are claimed to. The former are said to be good arguments (at least to that extent), the latter bad arguments. The purpose of logic, as the science that evaluates arguments, is thus to develop methods and techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad.
As is apparent from the given definition, the term argument has a very specific meaning in logic. It does not mean, for example, a mere verbal fight, as one might have with one’s parent, spouse, or friend. Let us examine the features of this definition in greater detail. First of all, an argument is a group of statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false—in other words, typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence. The following sentences are statements:
Chocolate truffles are loaded with calories.
Melatonin helps relieve jet lag.
Political can ...
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. Lecture List
1-1: Why Arguments Matter
1-2: What is an Argument?
1-3: What Arguments are Used For - Justification
1-4: What Else Are Arguments Used For - Explanation
1-5: What Are Arguments Made Of - Language
1-6: Meaning
1-7: Linguistic Acts
1-8: Speech Acts
1-9: Conversation Acts
4. This Course
- Will address practical issues and theoretical
questions.
- We will focus on reason
- Approach arguments by way of reason
-Learn to spot and avoid bad arguments
5. What We Will Learn
1. How to Analyze Arguments
2. How to evaluate Deductive Arguments
3. How to evaluate Inductive Arguments
4. How to avoid Fallacies
6. What arguments are not
- Arguments are not fights.
- You cannot win an argument by abuse
- Complaints
7. Definition of Argument
(a) A series of sentences, statements, or
propositions
(b) where some are the premises
(c) and one is the conclustion
(d) Where the premises are intended to give a
reason for the conclusion
8. Purpose for Arguments
Persuading - making people believe or do
something that they would not otherwise
believe or do
- Tries to convince, reasons may be good or bad
Justifying - showing someone a reason to
believe a conclusion
- Tries to give good reasons
9. Questions to Ask
1. Is the arguer trying to change someone's
mind?
-If so, the purpose is persuasion
2. Is the arguer trying to give some kind of
reason to believe something?
-If so, the purpose is justification
10. Arguments sometimes
Explain
Explaining IS An attempt to fit a particular
phenomenon int a general pattern in order to
increase understanding and remove
bewilderment or surprise.
Explanation is NOT: Persuasion, justification,
generalization, or prediction
11. Kinds of explanations
1. Causal - why something happened
2. Teleological - the purpose or goal of
something
3. Formal - the form of something as an
explanation
4. Material - what something is made out of
13. Language Is
1. Important - Without language it would be difficult to
communicate
2. Conventional - We use language in certain patterns
and in certain ways to convey the same idea
3. Representational - We assign words to objects and
it becomes a convention, suddenly changing the name of
the object does not change its nature
4. Social - Language is shared and that is why we follow
conventions
14. Language Operates Under
Rules:
Semantics: meanings of words
Physical Production: volume, pronunciation, and so
on
Structural Combination: spelling and grammar
Etiquette
15. Meaning of Language
Meaning is use.
-The meaning of the language is given by the
way those words are used in normal situations
by competent speakers of the language.
- Use is diverse.
17. Linguistic Act:
The production of a meaningful
utterance.
Ex: It's easy!
-You have to use words
-The words have to make sense
-It has to be ordered correctly and grammatically correct
Garden Path Sentences: do not seem correct at first, but
if it is separated correctly it is a sentence
18. Speech Acts
- "You're nothing 'til you say so because it's the
saying so that makes you so. "
-To test if it is a speech act, perform the
"thereby test"
- Arguing is a speech act.
19. The Thereby Test
If I say, "I ___" in the appropriate
circumstances then I thereby ___.
-when you can fill in the blank with a verb and the verb
makes sense, then the verb names a speech act
Ex: If I say, "I apologize," I thereby apologize.
Formula takes you from Words ---> to World
-Only applies in proper circumstances. Ex: you cannot walk up to
two strangers and pronounce them husband and wife
20. Conversational Acts
Is the bringing about of the intended effect,
which is the standard effect for the kind of
speech act that the speaker is performing.
-The conversational act does not occur
when the effect does not occur.
-Conversational act rules are conversational maxims.
21. Conversational Maxims
Quantity: Don't say too much or too little
Quality: Don't say what you don't believe or
what you have no reason to believe.
Relevance: Be relevant
Manner: Be brief. Be orderly. Avoid obscurity.
Avoid ambiguity.
23. Lecture List
2-1: Argument Markers
2-2: Standard Form
2-3: A Problem for Arguments
2-4: Assuring
2-5: Guarding
2-6: Discounting
2-7: Evaluation
2-8: Close Analysis
2-9: More Close Analysis
2-10: Even More Close Analysis
24. Argument Makers
The language of arguments
I am tall, and I am good at sports. = I am good
at sports, and I am good at sports.
I am tall, so I am good at sports. =/= I am good
at sports, so I am tall.
25. Conclusion Markers
-Indicate that the sentence right after them is a
conclusion.
● Therefore
● Thus
● Hence
● Accordingly
● So (though it is not always)
26. Premise (or Reason) Markers
- Indicate is that the sentence after them is a
reason, or a premise, NOT a conclusion.
● Because
● For
● As
● For the reason that
● And the reason why
● Since (though it is not always)
27. Standard form
- The word order does not always tell us the
order of an argument.
(1) Premise
(1) Premis
-------------------
.'. (3) Conclusion
28. The problem of the skeptical
regress
Ways around
1. Start with a premise that is unjustified
2. Have an argument with a circular structure
3. Use an infinite chain of arguments
29. 1. Unjustified Premise
- If your argument just guesses at the premise it
cannot justify you in believing the conclusion
- If you start with an unjustified premise you
can "prove" anything, even things that are
obviously false
30. 2. Circular structure
EX: There is life on Mars, therefore, there is life on Mars.
- If you are not justified in believing the
argument, you are not justified in beliving the
conclusion.
-The same argument can be used either way
and is therefore invalid(ther is life or there is no
life on mars)
31. 3. Infinite chain of arguments
Ex: There are at least three bacteria on mars, therefore
there are at least two bacteria on Mars, therefore there is
life on Mars.
- And infinite chain of arguments would allow
you to "prove" the conclusion even if the
premise has no independent justification
32. Argument Moves
-Tricks for Dealing with Skeptical
Regress
1. Assure the audience
(Cite an authority, find shared assumptions)
2. Discount objections
3. Guard your claim
(It is probably right, rather than definitely)
33. Types of Assurances
1. Authoritative - cites an authority that the
audience shares as an authority
1. Reflexive - citing yourself
1. Abusive - - conditional abuse - abuse anyone who
disagrees with them, so their abuse will apply to you if
you disagree with them (Ex: You'd have to be stupid to
disagree about this)
-appeal to common sense
35. Tricks with Assurances
1. Citations of untrustworthy authorities
2. Distractions
- "Thats obvious"
- "It's certain"
- "I'm sure"
3. Dropping assurances
-"He says" transfers into "There are"
36. We Want an Assurance When
1. Somebody might question it
2. The audience accepts the authority
3. It would be too much trouble to cite all of the
evidence
37. Assurances Are not
Appropriate When
1. Nobody would question the claim
2. Authority is not trustworthy
3. You are easily able to give full explanation
39. Three Ways to Guard
1. Extent -
(All > Most >some)
2. Probability -
(Certain > Likely > Might have)
3. Mental
(Know > Believe > Inclined to believe)
40. When someone is guarding,
ask:
1. Why did they put in the guard?
2. Have they weakened the premise so much
that the conclusion no longer follows?
41. Discounting
- Citing a possible criticism in order to reject it
or counter it
(Ex: Well the ring is expensive, but it is beautiful)
- "But" indicates the sentence after is more
important than the one before
Other discounting words:
-Although, Even if, Still, Nevertheless, Nonetheless,
Whereas, Even though, However
43. Tricks of Discounting
1. Trick of Discounting Straw People - The
arguer discounts easy objections to make
people overlook the more difficult objections
2.Arguers can combine the trick of Discounting
Straw People with misuses of guarding (like "all
rather than "most) and assuring
44. RULE of Thumb
Think about the objections that the
arguer is NOT considering.
45. Evaluation
Evaluative language - positive or negative
language that judges the worth of something
Yay, Duke! =/= Duke is a good team.
46. Two Tricks
1. When we call something "good," we don't
specify what the standards are.
- This makes our claim more defensible since
our standards cannot be questioned if they are
not presented.
2. Agreeing to premises without specifing the
"why" so everyone can use their own standards.
47. Levels of Evaluation
1. General - Good or bad, Should or should not, Right or
wrong, etc.
2. Specific - Beautiful or ugly, Cruel or kind, Cowardly or
Brave (can only apply to a small range of things, A soldier
can be brave or cowardly, a chair cannot)
48. Why are these words
evaluative?
What makes them evaluative is their
connection to what is good or bad.
We will call language "evaluative" only when it
is only and literally evaluative.
-Tricky examples: combining positive and negative
evaluative words
(+)Good = Good(+)
(+)Pretty (+)good = less than good (-)
(+)Pretty (-)Darn (+) Good = surprisingly good (+)
49. Slanting
- using evaluative terms without having reasons
to do so
Slanting signals weaknesses in the arguments.
50. Close Analysis
- To go through an argument and mark the
argument markers and terms in order to
analyze the argument
Practice! Practice! Practice!
51. Close Analysis
Reason Marker = R (or P)
Conclusion Marker = C
Assuring Term = A
Guarding Term = G
Discounting Term = D
Positive Evaluation Term = E+
Negative Evaluation Term = E-
53. Lecture List
3-1: Validity
3-2: Soundness
3-3: Get down to Basics
3-4: Sharpen Edges
3-5: Organize Parts
3-6: Fill in Gaps and Conclude
3-1: An Example of Reconstruction
54. Vices in Arguments
1. One or more premises is/are FALSE
2. The premises do not provide a good
REASON for the conclusion
56. Deductive Argument
: the conclusion should follow from the
premises.
A deductive argument is supposed to be valid.
57. Validity
An argument VALID if and only if it is not
1. possible that both all of its premises are true
and its conclusion is false.
2. whenever its conclusion is false, at least one
premise must be false.
-Validity depends on what is possible.
58. Validity is NOT
1. A valid argument is not necessarily good
2. Validity does not depend on whether the
premises and the conclusion are actually true.
59. Kinds of Arguments
True Conclusion False Conclusion
True Premises Some Valid, Some
Not
ALL INVALID
A False Premise Some Valid, Some
Not
Some Valid, Some
Not
60. Soundness
An argument is SOUND if and only if
1. All of its premises are true, and
2. it is valid
61. Kind of Arguments
Premises_Conclusion Valid__Not
Valid
True True
Sound Not Sound
True False
Impossible Not Sound
False True Not Sound
Not Sound
False False Not
Sound Not Sound
62. Unsound Arguments
An Argument is unsound if:
1. The argument is invalid
2. It has a false premise
- If a deductive argument is not sound, it is not
a good argument
- If an argument is invalid, it is unsound
63. Reconstruction Goals & Steps Pt. 1
Goal: The goal of reconstruction is to put an argument in a
form in which we can easily and accurately assess it in as
fair a manner as possible.
STAGE I: Close Analysis
Step 1 - Do a close analysis
STAGE II : Get Down to Basics
Step 2 - Remove all excess verbiage
Step 3 - List all explicit premises and conclusion in
_______standard form
STAGE III: Sharpen Edges
Step 4 - Clarify where needed.
64. Reconstruction Steps Pt. 2
STAGE IV: Organize Parts
Step 6 - Divide the argument into sub-arguments,
and _______arrange them in order.
STAGE V: Fill In Gaps
Step 7 - Assess whether each argument is valid.
Step 8 - Ass suppresses premises where needed
Step 9 - Check each premise for truth.
Step 10 - Qualify premises to make them true where
________needed if possible.
STAGE VI: Assess The Argument
Step 11 - Conclude.
65. Excess Verbiage
- Repetition
- Road Markers 6:00: helpful for keeping track of an
argument, but they do not add anything to the argument
itself.
- Tangents: a completely different or divergent course
of veribiage, Red Herring: Something that draws
attention away from the central issue.
- Examples
66. Sharpen Edges
- We should seek adequate precision and
adequate clarity.
- Clarify premises by breaking them into
smaller parts when this does not distort the
premises.
67. Types of Structures
1. Linear structure
2. Branching Stucture
3. Joint Structure
4. Some combination thereof
68. The Method
1. Identify and number the premises and
conclusion.
2. When the premises work together, put a plus
sign between them and draw a line under them.
3. Draw arrows from reasons to claims that
they are reasons for.
4. Rearrange as necessary
69. Linear Structure
One premise gives a reason for a conclusion,
and that conclusion is then a premise for
another conclusion.
1.
2.
3.
71. Joint Structure
- The premises work together to provide
support for the conclusion, and neither premise
alone is sufficient for_the conclusion.
1. +
2.
3.
72. Reasons to Fill in Suppressed
Premises
1. To examine and assess the assumptions ot
the argument
2. To understand the argument better
73. Goals of Filling In
Suppressed Premises
1. To trace the full path of the arguer's
reasoning
2. To find out if there are any missteps in the
argument
74. Types of Suppressed Premises
1. Factual
2. Moral
3. Norm - Based
4. Linguistic
75. Conclude
STAGE VI: Assess The Argument
Step 11 - Conclude.
11.1 If you find a sound reconstruction, accept
the conclusion, since it must be true.
11.2 If you try hard enough, but fail to find a
sound reconstruction, then it is often
reasonable to conclude that the argument is not
sound.
79. Proposition and
Propositional Connective
Proposition - The kind of thing that can be
true or false and that can serve as the premise
or the conclusion of an argument.
Propositional Connective - a phrase that
connects to a proposition in order to express
another proposition.
84. Lecture List
6-1: What is Induction?
6-2: Generalizations from Samples
6-3: When are Generalizations Strong?
6-4: Applying Generalizations
6-5: Inference to the Best Explanation
6-6: Which Explanation is best?
6-7: Arguments from Analogy