The document provides guidance on how to write a thesis. It explains that a thesis should have an introduction that includes a thesis statement presenting the main idea in one or two sentences. The body should include sections on methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions. References and acknowledgments should also be included. The conclusion restates the main points and significance of the findings. The thesis should have a clear structure, with titles, abstract, table of contents, and consistent formatting.

1. HOW TO WRITE A
THESIS
M.Phil. scholar
ARSHA P.S.
M.Phil. research scholar

2. WHAT IS A THESIS ?
“A written work resulting from original research, especially one
submitted for higher degree in a university”

3. How to write a thesis
• A thesis statement focuses your ideas into one or two sentences. It
should present the topic of your paper and also make a comment
• A thesis statement should offer a way of understanding the topic.
• A thesis statement is a complete sentence that contains one main
idea.

4. STEPS TO WRITING A STRONG THESIS
• Research topic and create a research question
• Write a rough draft thesis statement that answers the research
question
• Re-write thesis statement to make sure that it addresses all of the
key points for a strong thesis.
• Make sure thesis is a road map for the rest of your essay.

5. Selecting an issue
• It must be important !
• Prove in the introduction
• Summarize given short and long
texts
• Apply research methods.
• Apply referencing tools.

7. ABSTRACT
INTRODUTION
REVIEW
METHADOLOGY
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION

8. Thesis structure
• Title page
Title(including subtitle) author, Institution ,department, date of
delivery, research mentor(s)and advisor, their institutions, and email
addresses.
Abstract
• A good abstract explains in one line why the paper is important.
• Abstracts generally do not have citations
• Answer to the questions should be found in abstract

9. • Table of contents
List all headings and subheading with page numbers
Indent subheadings
It will look something like this
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction
subheads...

10. What else belongs in the introductory
sections of your paper?
• A statement of the goal of the paper: why the study was undertaken,
or why the paper was written.
• Sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand
the context and significance of the question you are trying to address.
• Proper acknowledgement of the previous work on which you are
building.
• The introduction should be focused on the thesis question.
• Explain the scope of your work ,that will and will not be included.

11. What belongs in the methods section of a
scientific paper?
• Information to allow the reader to assess the believability of your
result.
• Information needed by another researcher to replicate your
experiment.
• Description of your materials ,procedure, equipment, and calibration
plots.
• Limitations,assumptions,and the range of validity .
• Description of your analytical methods, including reference to any
specialized statically software.

12. RESULTS
• The results are actual statement of observations, including statistics,
tables and graphs.
• Indicate information on range of variation.
• Mention negative results as well as positive. Do not interpret results
results-save that for the discussion.
• Break up your results into logical segments by using subheadings.
• Use S.I.units (m,s,kg,W.etc) through-out the thesis.
• Key results should be started in clear sentences at the beginning of
paragraphs.

13. DISCUSSION
The discussion section should be a brief essay in itself, answering the
following questions
• What are the major patterns in the observations?
• What are the relationship, trends and generalizations among results?
• Include the evidence or line of reasoning supporting each
interpretation.
• What is the implications of the present results for other unanswered
questions in earth sciences,ecology,environmental policy,etc…?
• what is the significance of the present results: Why should we care?

14. CONCLUSIONS
• What is the strongest and most important statement that you can
make from your observation?
• If you met the reader at a meeting six months from now, what do
you want them to remember about your paper?
• Refer back to the problem posed, and describe the conclusions that
you reached from carrying out this investigations and new
interpretations.
• Include broader implications of your results.
• Do not repeat word for word the abstract ,introduction or discussion

15. RECOMMENTATION
• Remedial action to solve the problem.
• Further research to fill in gaps in your understanding
• Directions for future investigation on this or related topics.

16. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Advisor(s) and anyone who helped you?
1. Technically (including materials, supplies)
2. Intellectually (assistance ,advice)
3. Financially (for example ,departmental support , travel grand's)

17. REFERENCES
• Cite all ideas ,concepts,text,data that are not your own
• If you make a statement, back it up with your own data or a
reference
• All reference cited in the text must be listed
• Do not use footnotes
• List all reference cited in the text in alphabetical order
• Cite double author references by the surname of both authors
e.g. Simpson and Hays(1994)

18. FINAL THESIS
• Make 3 final copies 1 to mentor 2 to department ,so that we can have
three reader.
• Final thesis should be bound.
• Printed cleanly on white paper .
• Double spaced using 12-point font.
• 1- inch margins.
• Double –sided saves paper.
• Include page numbers