Stoke's law & Terminal Velocity
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This document discusses Stokes' law and terminal velocity. Stokes' law states that the drag force on a sphere falling through a fluid is directly proportional to the velocity, radius of the sphere, and viscosity of the fluid. Terminal velocity is reached when the true weight of a falling body is equal to the sum of the upward buoyant thrust and viscous drag, resulting in a constant maximum velocity. Terminal velocity varies directly with the square of the body's radius and inversely with the fluid's viscosity, and depends on the densities of the body and fluid.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
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Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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- 1. STOKES’ LAW & TERMINAL VELOCITY ENGR. MD. SHAMIM AHMED LECTURER DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH
- 2. STOKES’ LAW The force that retards a sphere moving through a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the velocity of the sphere, the radius of the sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid. • FD is the drag force on the sphere falling through the fluid in newtons (N) • η is the viscosity of the fluid in kilograms-per-meter-per-second (kg/m/s) • r is the radius of the sphere in meters (m) • vT is the terminal velocity of the sphere in meters-per-second (m/s) This equation holds at low velocities, laminar flow which are free from turbulence.
- 3. Terminal velocity Terminal velocity is maximum constant velocity a acquired by the body which is falling freely in a viscous medium. When a small spherical body falls freely through viscous medium then 3 forces acts on it:- 1) Weight of body acting vertically downwards, FG 2) Up thrust due to buoyancy = weight of liquid displaced, FB 3) Viscous drag (FD) acting in the direction opposite to the motion of body.
- 4. Terminal velocity … As the body falls through a medium, its velocity goes on increasing due to ‘gravity. Therefore, the opposing viscous drag which acts upwards also goes on increasing. A stage reaches when the true weight of the body is just equal to the sum of the upward thrust due to buoyancy and the upward viscous drag. At this stage, there is no net force to accelerate the body. Hence it starts falling with a constant velocity, which is called terminal velocity.
- 5. Terminal velocity … Let p = Density of material, r = Radius of spherical body, po = Density of Medium. Therefore, True weight of the body = w = volume x density x g Therefore, terminal velocity varies directly as the square of the radius of the body and inversely as the coefficient of viscosity of the medium. It also depends upon densities of the body and the medium.
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