This document discusses thermal comfort and strain in the workplace. It defines thermal comfort as a psychological state regarding a person's satisfaction with their thermal environment, as opposed to thermal strain which refers to physiological stress on the body from an extreme thermal environment. The document outlines factors that influence thermal comfort, including air temperature, radiant heat, humidity, air velocity, activity level, and clothing. It describes qualitative and quantitative approaches to evaluating thermal comfort, with quantitative assessment involving measuring the environmental parameters and human factors that determine heat balance and comfort.
Thermal comfort is affected by multiple factors including air temperature, humidity, air velocity, clothing, activity level, and individual physiology. Two main models of thermal comfort are the static model, which advocates for a single constant temperature, and the adaptive model, which recognizes humans can adapt to different temperatures seasonally. Research on thermal comfort considers human physiology, develops standards and indices, and applies to various contexts like buildings, regions, and livestock to help optimize thermal environments.
Thermal comfort is affected by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Over time, indices have been developed to quantify thermal comfort, including effective temperature and corrected effective temperature. Properly measuring factors like air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and radiant heat is necessary to evaluate thermal conditions and design appropriate heating/cooling systems. Key instruments used in measurement include dry bulb thermometers, wet bulb thermometers, psychrometers, globe thermometers, and Kata thermometers. Common heat stress indices are effective temperature and the wet bulb globe temperature index.
This document discusses indoor temperature standards and the potential for higher indoor temperatures in offices. It notes that international standards, like ISO 7730, predict thermal comfort can be achieved at temperatures up to 26°C if clothing is adjusted. National guidance also recognizes people can adapt to higher temperatures through changes in workstyle and building design features that allow adaptive opportunities. Allowing higher indoor temperatures could significantly reduce energy usage for cooling and make buildings more sustainable. The document also examines how reducing commuting travel, through flexible working arrangements and better use of existing office space, could lower individual carbon footprints.
Thermal comfort describes a person's psychological state regarding feeling too hot or cold, and is difficult to define as it depends on environmental and personal factors. Thermal comfort aims to satisfy the majority of people and is considered achieved if 80% of occupants feel comfortable. Thermal comfort is measured by complaints, not just air temperature, and impacts morale, productivity, and sick building syndrome symptoms if people cannot adapt to their environment.
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
Thermal comfort is affected by various environmental and personal factors including air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document discusses these six factors of thermal comfort and how the body maintains heat balance. Various approaches to achieving thermal comfort through textiles are also presented, such as using moisture wicking fibers, breathable fabrics, and wearable cooling devices.
Thermal comfort is difficult to measure as it is subjective and depends on factors like air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, metabolic rates, and clothing levels. Key factors that influence human comfort include metabolic rate, clothing insulation, air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, and personal characteristics. Maintaining thermal comfort is important for energy efficiency as uncomfortable occupants may use space heaters or AC instead of centralized HVAC systems.
Thermal comfort is affected by multiple factors including air temperature, humidity, air velocity, clothing, activity level, and individual physiology. Two main models of thermal comfort are the static model, which advocates for a single constant temperature, and the adaptive model, which recognizes humans can adapt to different temperatures seasonally. Research on thermal comfort considers human physiology, develops standards and indices, and applies to various contexts like buildings, regions, and livestock to help optimize thermal environments.
Thermal comfort is affected by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Over time, indices have been developed to quantify thermal comfort, including effective temperature and corrected effective temperature. Properly measuring factors like air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and radiant heat is necessary to evaluate thermal conditions and design appropriate heating/cooling systems. Key instruments used in measurement include dry bulb thermometers, wet bulb thermometers, psychrometers, globe thermometers, and Kata thermometers. Common heat stress indices are effective temperature and the wet bulb globe temperature index.
This document discusses indoor temperature standards and the potential for higher indoor temperatures in offices. It notes that international standards, like ISO 7730, predict thermal comfort can be achieved at temperatures up to 26°C if clothing is adjusted. National guidance also recognizes people can adapt to higher temperatures through changes in workstyle and building design features that allow adaptive opportunities. Allowing higher indoor temperatures could significantly reduce energy usage for cooling and make buildings more sustainable. The document also examines how reducing commuting travel, through flexible working arrangements and better use of existing office space, could lower individual carbon footprints.
Thermal comfort describes a person's psychological state regarding feeling too hot or cold, and is difficult to define as it depends on environmental and personal factors. Thermal comfort aims to satisfy the majority of people and is considered achieved if 80% of occupants feel comfortable. Thermal comfort is measured by complaints, not just air temperature, and impacts morale, productivity, and sick building syndrome symptoms if people cannot adapt to their environment.
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
Thermal comfort is affected by various environmental and personal factors including air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document discusses these six factors of thermal comfort and how the body maintains heat balance. Various approaches to achieving thermal comfort through textiles are also presented, such as using moisture wicking fibers, breathable fabrics, and wearable cooling devices.
Thermal comfort is difficult to measure as it is subjective and depends on factors like air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, metabolic rates, and clothing levels. Key factors that influence human comfort include metabolic rate, clothing insulation, air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, and personal characteristics. Maintaining thermal comfort is important for energy efficiency as uncomfortable occupants may use space heaters or AC instead of centralized HVAC systems.
This document discusses a study on thermal comfort conducted in Cipulir Market, Jakarta. 80 respondents were surveyed on factors like air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and their thermal sensations. Analysis found the average comfort air temperature was 28.9°C based on ASHRAE scale and 26.1°C based on Bedford scale. 52 respondents preferred cooler conditions while 23 preferred neutral and 5 preferred warmer. Cipulir Market is one of the largest wholesale markets in Jakarta selling various apparel and textiles.
sem 2 thermal comfort and passive designSamanth kumar
Improved indoor environmental quality in green buildings can positively impact occupant health and productivity. A study found reductions in perceived absenteeism and fewer distracted work hours among employees who moved from conventional to green buildings. Green buildings may positively affect public health by improving indoor environmental quality factors like air quality, temperatures, lighting, and acoustics which can otherwise negatively impact physical and psychological health. Maintaining thermal comfort through passive design strategies like wind towers can help reduce energy consumption in hot, arid regions.
2. The document outlines various factors that influence human thermal comfort, including physical conditions like temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant sources, as well as physiological conditions like sex, age, health, and activity level. It provides recommendations for
Heat is produced in the human body through metabolism and must be dissipated to maintain a constant internal temperature. The body loses heat through convection, radiation, and evaporation from the skin and lungs. Several factors influence heat transfer such as environmental temperature, humidity, air motion, skin wettedness, and clothing. Clothing acts as insulation and reduces both sensible and latent heat loss. Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is important for designing clothing and heating/cooling systems for thermal comfort.
This document discusses thermal comfort in clothing. It begins by defining comfort and thermal comfort, noting that comfort is influenced by both external environmental factors and internal individual factors. It then discusses the six main factors that influence thermal comfort: air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document also discusses approaches to improving thermal comfort through appropriate textile material selection, garment design focused on ventilation, and use of technologies like phase change materials. It emphasizes that thermal comfort is an important consideration in clothing design.
Thermoregulation [compatibility mode] (1)mohd ahmad
The document discusses thermoregulation and the physiological responses to exercise in heat and cold. It describes the mechanisms of heat loss from the body through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. It explains how the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to regulate temperature through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in heat, and cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering in cold. During exercise in heat, cardiovascular function is challenged and energy production increases to maintain homeostasis through increased sweating and blood flow to the skin.
Lec 7 tempreture regulation Physiology of Exerciseangelickhan2
This document summarizes how humans regulate body temperature through balancing heat production and heat loss. It discusses key terms like ectotherms, endotherms, and homeotherms. The body produces heat through metabolism and exercise. It loses heat through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat to maintain core temperature by initiating sweating or shivering responses. Precise measurements of core temperature and calculations are needed to understand heat balance during exercise.
The document discusses various topics related to heat flow and thermal comfort in buildings. It covers the different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation. It discusses factors that affect human thermal comfort and the concept of body heat balance. It also covers units of heat energy, periodic heat flow patterns, thermal performance of building elements like walls and windows, and thermal properties of common building materials like insulation and concrete.
The effects of Heat on the Human Body- discusses the mechanisms of heat transfer in the human body and the detrimental effects of high and low body temperature
This document discusses temperature regulation by the skin. It begins by defining core and skin temperatures, noting that core temperature remains constant while skin temperature varies. It then explains how the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to detect temperatures and activate mechanisms to increase or decrease body heat through the skin and other effectors. These include sweating, vasodilation, shivering and thyroid secretion to cool down or vasoconstriction and piloerection to warm up. The roles of the anterior hypothalamus, skin receptors and posterior hypothalamus in temperature detection are also summarized.
HVAC systems are designed to maintain comfort levels by controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality in indoor environments. Comfort is subjective, but surveys show most people prefer temperatures around 75°F in summer and 70°F in winter. HVAC achieves comfort through processes like convection, radiation, evaporation and conduction that influence how the body dissipates heat. Understanding psychrometrics, which studies air and vapor properties under varying temperatures and pressures, is key to designing effective HVAC systems that can predict issues and provide a comfortable environment.
Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Co...YogeshIJTSRD
With respect to comfort inside the building to distinguish between thermal comfort lighting important of these effects is thermal comfort which is primarily compared by four major factors the air temperature, Maine radiant temperature, Humidity and Air flow. An extended work of the American society of heating, refrigerating and accordingly engineers ASHRE. The thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction in the thermal environment. Basic physical and physiological measurements of temperature and heat flux of represent location of a human body have yielded the following results. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Comfort" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43783.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43783/natural-climatic-control-using-conceptual-elements-in-a-building-for-human-comfort/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
The document discusses body temperature measurement and fever in animals. It defines normal body temperatures for various animals and describes methods of measuring rectal temperature. It explains that mammals and birds are warm-blooded while others are cold-blooded. Fever is defined as an elevated core temperature above normal due to infection or inflammation. The stages of fever - increment, fastigium, and decrement - are outlined. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause with antimicrobials while antipyretics may help reduce discomfort from high temperatures.
Thermoregulation, or the maintenance of core body temperature, is compromised with age due to several physiological changes. Older adults have less efficient vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output, muscle mass, and peripheral circulation. They also have delayed and diminished shivering responses. These thermoregulatory changes increase risks for hypothermia in cold environments and hyperthermia in hot conditions. Nurses should be aware of risk factors and implement plans to promote healthy thermoregulation and comfort for older patients.
The document discusses body temperature regulation in humans. It notes that core body temperature normally fluctuates about 1 degree Celsius daily and is lowest in the morning and highest in the late evening. It also outlines the various mechanisms the body uses to regulate temperature, including heat production and loss processes like radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, and sweating.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on heat transfer in buildings and climatic design. It covers several topics:
1. Methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation.
2. Factors that affect thermal comfort including air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and clothing insulation.
3. The concept of microclimate and how indoor microclimate impacts user comfort and health.
4. Guidelines for designing buildings for thermal comfort including typical environmental variables like dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity.
This chapter discusses temperature regulation during exercise. The body maintains core temperature through balancing heat production and heat loss. It produces heat through voluntary exercise and involuntary processes like shivering. Heat is lost via radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation. The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat, regulating responses like sweating and shivering. During exercise in heat, core temperature and sweat rate increase to balance heat. Acclimatization to heat enables higher sweat rates and reduced sodium loss. Cold environments enhance heat loss, while acclimatization improves non-shivering thermogenesis and intermittent blood flow.
Este documento apresenta um projeto de norma brasileira sobre iluminação de ambientes de trabalho internos. Ele define requisitos para iluminação que permitam que as pessoas desempenhem tarefas visuais de maneira eficiente, confortável e segura. O documento também fornece recomendações sobre parâmetros como níveis de iluminância, ofuscamento, direcionalidade da luz e reprodução de cores.
This document discusses a study on thermal comfort conducted in Cipulir Market, Jakarta. 80 respondents were surveyed on factors like air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and their thermal sensations. Analysis found the average comfort air temperature was 28.9°C based on ASHRAE scale and 26.1°C based on Bedford scale. 52 respondents preferred cooler conditions while 23 preferred neutral and 5 preferred warmer. Cipulir Market is one of the largest wholesale markets in Jakarta selling various apparel and textiles.
sem 2 thermal comfort and passive designSamanth kumar
Improved indoor environmental quality in green buildings can positively impact occupant health and productivity. A study found reductions in perceived absenteeism and fewer distracted work hours among employees who moved from conventional to green buildings. Green buildings may positively affect public health by improving indoor environmental quality factors like air quality, temperatures, lighting, and acoustics which can otherwise negatively impact physical and psychological health. Maintaining thermal comfort through passive design strategies like wind towers can help reduce energy consumption in hot, arid regions.
2. The document outlines various factors that influence human thermal comfort, including physical conditions like temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant sources, as well as physiological conditions like sex, age, health, and activity level. It provides recommendations for
Heat is produced in the human body through metabolism and must be dissipated to maintain a constant internal temperature. The body loses heat through convection, radiation, and evaporation from the skin and lungs. Several factors influence heat transfer such as environmental temperature, humidity, air motion, skin wettedness, and clothing. Clothing acts as insulation and reduces both sensible and latent heat loss. Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is important for designing clothing and heating/cooling systems for thermal comfort.
This document discusses thermal comfort in clothing. It begins by defining comfort and thermal comfort, noting that comfort is influenced by both external environmental factors and internal individual factors. It then discusses the six main factors that influence thermal comfort: air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document also discusses approaches to improving thermal comfort through appropriate textile material selection, garment design focused on ventilation, and use of technologies like phase change materials. It emphasizes that thermal comfort is an important consideration in clothing design.
Thermoregulation [compatibility mode] (1)mohd ahmad
The document discusses thermoregulation and the physiological responses to exercise in heat and cold. It describes the mechanisms of heat loss from the body through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. It explains how the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to regulate temperature through cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in heat, and cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering in cold. During exercise in heat, cardiovascular function is challenged and energy production increases to maintain homeostasis through increased sweating and blood flow to the skin.
Lec 7 tempreture regulation Physiology of Exerciseangelickhan2
This document summarizes how humans regulate body temperature through balancing heat production and heat loss. It discusses key terms like ectotherms, endotherms, and homeotherms. The body produces heat through metabolism and exercise. It loses heat through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat to maintain core temperature by initiating sweating or shivering responses. Precise measurements of core temperature and calculations are needed to understand heat balance during exercise.
The document discusses various topics related to heat flow and thermal comfort in buildings. It covers the different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation. It discusses factors that affect human thermal comfort and the concept of body heat balance. It also covers units of heat energy, periodic heat flow patterns, thermal performance of building elements like walls and windows, and thermal properties of common building materials like insulation and concrete.
The effects of Heat on the Human Body- discusses the mechanisms of heat transfer in the human body and the detrimental effects of high and low body temperature
This document discusses temperature regulation by the skin. It begins by defining core and skin temperatures, noting that core temperature remains constant while skin temperature varies. It then explains how the hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat to detect temperatures and activate mechanisms to increase or decrease body heat through the skin and other effectors. These include sweating, vasodilation, shivering and thyroid secretion to cool down or vasoconstriction and piloerection to warm up. The roles of the anterior hypothalamus, skin receptors and posterior hypothalamus in temperature detection are also summarized.
HVAC systems are designed to maintain comfort levels by controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality in indoor environments. Comfort is subjective, but surveys show most people prefer temperatures around 75°F in summer and 70°F in winter. HVAC achieves comfort through processes like convection, radiation, evaporation and conduction that influence how the body dissipates heat. Understanding psychrometrics, which studies air and vapor properties under varying temperatures and pressures, is key to designing effective HVAC systems that can predict issues and provide a comfortable environment.
Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Co...YogeshIJTSRD
With respect to comfort inside the building to distinguish between thermal comfort lighting important of these effects is thermal comfort which is primarily compared by four major factors the air temperature, Maine radiant temperature, Humidity and Air flow. An extended work of the American society of heating, refrigerating and accordingly engineers ASHRE. The thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction in the thermal environment. Basic physical and physiological measurements of temperature and heat flux of represent location of a human body have yielded the following results. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Comfort" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43783.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43783/natural-climatic-control-using-conceptual-elements-in-a-building-for-human-comfort/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
The document discusses body temperature measurement and fever in animals. It defines normal body temperatures for various animals and describes methods of measuring rectal temperature. It explains that mammals and birds are warm-blooded while others are cold-blooded. Fever is defined as an elevated core temperature above normal due to infection or inflammation. The stages of fever - increment, fastigium, and decrement - are outlined. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause with antimicrobials while antipyretics may help reduce discomfort from high temperatures.
Thermoregulation, or the maintenance of core body temperature, is compromised with age due to several physiological changes. Older adults have less efficient vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output, muscle mass, and peripheral circulation. They also have delayed and diminished shivering responses. These thermoregulatory changes increase risks for hypothermia in cold environments and hyperthermia in hot conditions. Nurses should be aware of risk factors and implement plans to promote healthy thermoregulation and comfort for older patients.
The document discusses body temperature regulation in humans. It notes that core body temperature normally fluctuates about 1 degree Celsius daily and is lowest in the morning and highest in the late evening. It also outlines the various mechanisms the body uses to regulate temperature, including heat production and loss processes like radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, and sweating.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on heat transfer in buildings and climatic design. It covers several topics:
1. Methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation.
2. Factors that affect thermal comfort including air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and clothing insulation.
3. The concept of microclimate and how indoor microclimate impacts user comfort and health.
4. Guidelines for designing buildings for thermal comfort including typical environmental variables like dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity.
This chapter discusses temperature regulation during exercise. The body maintains core temperature through balancing heat production and heat loss. It produces heat through voluntary exercise and involuntary processes like shivering. Heat is lost via radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation. The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat, regulating responses like sweating and shivering. During exercise in heat, core temperature and sweat rate increase to balance heat. Acclimatization to heat enables higher sweat rates and reduced sodium loss. Cold environments enhance heat loss, while acclimatization improves non-shivering thermogenesis and intermittent blood flow.
Este documento apresenta um projeto de norma brasileira sobre iluminação de ambientes de trabalho internos. Ele define requisitos para iluminação que permitam que as pessoas desempenhem tarefas visuais de maneira eficiente, confortável e segura. O documento também fornece recomendações sobre parâmetros como níveis de iluminância, ofuscamento, direcionalidade da luz e reprodução de cores.
Cracks in buildings can form due to chemical reactions in construction materials, climatic conditions, foundation movement and settling, environmental stresses, using bad quality materials, or wrong construction methods. Cracks can be repaired on plaster surfaces, reinforced concrete surfaces, masonry walls, or floors. To prevent cracks, proper drainage should be installed, construction on filled soil should be avoided, and trees should not be planted too close to buildings or walls. General measures include selecting quality materials, following concrete and mortar specifications, good construction practices, and considering weather effects.
The document discusses cracks in buildings, including the types, causes, effects, and methods for repairing cracks. It identifies two main types of cracks: structural cracks that could endanger safety, and non-structural cracks caused by factors like moisture, temperature changes, or chemical reactions. Left unaddressed, cracks can accelerate concrete deterioration and carbonation, compromise waterproofing, and affect building appearance and durability. The document outlines various techniques for repairing cracks, such as epoxy injection, routing and sealing, stitching, drilling and plugging, and gravity filling. It emphasizes the importance of both preventing cracks and properly repairing existing cracks to maintain building integrity.
CASE STUDY ON CRACKS AND ITS REMEDIAL MEASURESPrabhu Saran
this project is about the buildings cracks and its repair techniques.
most common methods adopted in this project.
ppt created with office'13... make it useful for ur work.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
4) Advantages and disadvantages of gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams constructed of concrete.
Reasons and solution to cracks in buildings.
<div dir="ltr"><br>Reasons and solution to cracks in buildings.<br><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 0pt;"></blockquote></div>
This document discusses thermal comfort and factors that affect it. Thermal comfort is defined as a psychological state of satisfaction with one's thermal environment. It is affected by environmental factors like air temperature, humidity, air speed, and radiant heat as well as personal factors like activity level and clothing. Proper ventilation and control of temperature, humidity, and air speed are needed to maintain thermal comfort. The building envelope and mechanical systems work together to provide thermal comfort by minimizing heat transfer and maintaining a balance between heat production and heat loss in the body.
Extreme temperatures can endanger human health and infrastructure. Thermal comfort is defined as satisfaction with one's thermal environment, and is impacted by environmental and personal factors. Heat stress and cold stress can cause illnesses like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and hypothermia. Hazards of temperature extremes should be identified and assessed using tools like wet bulb globe thermometers. Prevention strategies include controlling the work environment through ventilation, shielding, or modifying processes, as well as using protective clothing, safe work practices, and worker acclimatization.
The human body responds to heat stress through various mechanisms controlled by the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. When core body temperature rises above 37°C, the body initiates heat loss responses like sweating and vasodilation to transfer heat to the skin where it can be dissipated. If skin temperature drops below 37°C, heat production mechanisms like shivering are activated. Prolonged heat exposure can lead to heat illness ranging from mild conditions like heat cramps and heat edema to the life-threatening heat stroke. Acclimatization over 10 days allows the body to better regulate temperature and sweat in hot environments.
This document provides an overview of thermal comfort fundamentals. It discusses the subjective and objective factors that influence thermal comfort, including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air speed, metabolic rate, and clothing insulation. The document explains how the human body maintains thermal balance and homeostasis through thermoregulation. Key concepts covered include heat transfer methods, psychrometrics, and the factors defined by standards as influencing the percentage of thermally comfortable occupants.
The document discusses thermal comfort and the factors that affect it. Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of satisfaction with one's thermal environment and is influenced by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, clothing, activity level, and radiant temperature. Maintaining thermal comfort is important for productivity, health, and reducing sick building syndrome symptoms. Adaptive models allow for more flexible and energy-efficient building designs that can still provide thermal comfort.
THERMAL COMFORT IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT.pptxsanchitasahu2
Thermal comfort in a built environment is when people using a building don't feel too hot or too cold. It takes into account environmental, work-related, and personal factors
This document discusses ways to achieve thermal comfort through building design, construction, and maintenance. It explains that thermal comfort is influenced by factors like air temperature, humidity, air speed, clothing, and activity level. Building codes aim to minimize discomfort rather than eliminate it, as different people experience comfort differently. Thermal comfort can be measured using the predicted mean vote (PMV) scale of -3 to +3. Guidelines recommend keeping the PMV between -0.5 and +0.5. The document then provides recommendations for achieving thermal comfort, including using HVAC to regulate mean radiant temperature, minimizing air leakage, allowing some occupant control, and maintaining and adjusting the thermal environment over time.
This document discusses heat stress management for workers. It begins by outlining some of the dangers of heat stress, including increased mortality and reduced productivity. It then discusses factors that impact human tolerance to heat like humidity, acclimatization, clothing and health. Several heat stress indices are described, including WBGT, which is the most widely used but has limitations. Guidelines for work-rest regimes using WBGT values are provided. The document emphasizes that heat stress management requires considering both environmental and individual human factors. It suggests weather intelligence tools could help optimize planning to reduce heat risks.
This document discusses factors that influence human thermal comfort, including physiology, heat balance, metabolism, clothing, environmental parameters like temperature and humidity, and air quality. It describes how comfort is defined as an absence of discomfort from feeling too hot or cold. Several environmental and personal parameters impact thermal comfort, including air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, air speed, clothing insulation, activity level, and their rate of change. Standards provide temperature and humidity ranges for comfort but individual variations exist.
Radiant cooling for residential and commercial applications (Messana Radiant ...Alessandro Arnulfo
Hydronic radiant cooling systems have been used worldwide for decades. Now are gaining popularity also in North America and become an effective alternative to traditional all-air systems. New building codes and regulations demand for more energy efficient HVAC systems and radiant cooling is a proven an effective technology for cooling residential and commercial buildings. It is the preferred choice for designers to meet standards of Passive House, NetZero energy buildings, green and sustainable architecture. This presentation will address common questions and concerns and also analyze some of the benefits in terms of thermal comfort, wellbeing and productivity of occupants as well as substantial reduction of ductwork cross-sectional dimensions, operational and maintenance costs. Several case studies of radiant cooling projects will be presented.
Heat Cold Stress Burns for occupational health and safety managementsaloni20502
Definition of Pressure
Boyles Law & Dalton's law of partial pressures
Sources of pressure hazards in the body
Boilers and Pressure Hazards
High-temperature water (HTW) hazards
Define and know hazards of Unfired Pressure Vessels
Diagram of a typical pressure vessel showing potential points for leakage or rupture.
Solucionario Fundamentos de Física 9na edición Capitulo 11Guadalupe Tavárez
The document discusses key concepts relating to heat and thermal energy. It introduces heat as thermal energy flowing into or out of a body, rather than the total thermal energy of a body. It distinguishes heat capacity, the amount of heat needed to change a body's temperature by 1°C, from specific heat, the amount needed for 1g of a material. An example calculates the final temperature when two objects of different initial temperatures and masses, but the same material, are placed in thermal contact. Environmental effects on heat flow are also discussed.
This document discusses various physical hazards including heat stress, cold stress, and noise hazards. It provides details on:
- The factors that contribute to heat stress such as temperature, humidity, radiant heat, air speed, physical activity, and clothing.
- Symptoms of heat-related illnesses like heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.
- The process of acclimatization to hot environments and how it is lost after a week without exposure.
- Cold-related hazards for outdoor workers and how cold stress can reduce dexterity, tactile sensation, and increase risk of hypothermia or frostbite.
- Basic concepts of noise measurement including frequency, pitch,
Thermal comfort is affected by both external environmental factors and internal personal factors. The document discusses various textile properties that influence thermal comfort, such as fabric structure, thickness, and thermal conductivity. It also examines factors like air temperature, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. Well-designed clothing can improve thermal comfort through features like ventilation openings, layered fabrics, and structures that allow air circulation between the skin and garment. The optimal design depends on balancing thermal functionality with other considerations like aesthetics and cost.
This document discusses factors that affect thermal comfort for humans. Thermal comfort is defined as satisfaction with one's thermal environment and is influenced by both physical and physiological factors. Key physical factors discussed include air temperature, relative humidity, air movement, and surface temperatures. The recommended air temperature range for thermal comfort is 19-28°C. Both low and high relative humidity can cause discomfort, and moderate air movement from fans can improve comfort in warm conditions.
Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind expressing satisfaction with the surrounding environment and not feeling too hot or too cold. It is influenced by factors like air temperature, humidity, air velocity, radiant temperature, clothing, and metabolic heat. Thermal comfort can be measured using the predicted mean vote scale from -3 to 3 and is calculated from a complex equation considering these various criteria. Maintaining thermal comfort is important for feeling comfortable, general wellbeing, work performance, and safety. It can be achieved through HVAC systems, radiant heating/cooling, building design like insulation, orientation, and materials, and passive methods in bioclimatic architecture.
This document provides information about exercising in cold conditions and discusses hypothermia. It covers topics like how the body generates and loses heat, factors that influence heat loss, signs and symptoms of hypothermia, and treatment approaches for mild, moderate, and severe hypothermia. Guidelines are provided for exercising safely in cold weather, such as dressing in layers, keeping extremities warm, and monitoring for signs of cold stress. The effects of cold on exercise performance are outlined, noting that activities like swimming are higher risk due to increased heat loss through water conduction and convection.
Thermal comfort depends on factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, metabolic rate, and clothing. The human body generates heat through metabolism, and maintains its core temperature through convection, conduction, evaporation and radiation between the body and its environment. When designing buildings, the goal is to create a thermally comfortable environment through factors like insulation, ventilation, and passive heating/cooling to balance the body's heat production and loss.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
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2. There are two concerns with respect to human interaction to the thermal
environment
-Thermal stress and strain
-Thermal comfort.
2
3. Excessive thermal stress means that the body has to work hard to avoid he core
temperature moving outside narrow limits (37 + 2 C). If that happens we’re in a
serious situation which leads to serious health effects and may be fatal. Our efforts to
prevent this happening can also lead to adverse effects.
This is most likely to occur in extreme environments or, sometimes, in more
moderate environments where particularly heavy work is being performed or clothing
is worn which prevent metabolic heat escaping.
3
4. Thermal comfort is most likely to be an issue in workplaces such as offices, but
complaints or concerns can sometimes occur in manufacturing environments and
other types of workplace
4
5. It is also something that may need to be addressed in leisure facilities.
5
6. The first thing to note about “thermal comfort” that differentiates it from thermal
strain is that the body is not experiencing a level of stress that it can’t cope with.
There isn’t a physiological problem and ill health will not occur due to excessive
thermal strain.
But that encompasses a wide range of conditions. Will all of them be “comfortable”?
Experience clearly shows that the answer to that is “no” !
So what is thermal comfort?
6
7. This is the definition given in ISO 7730, (more about that later)
7
8. So thermal comfort is a psychological or psycho-social issue
It’s about people’s opinions, and you can’t keep everyone happy all of the time.
Studies have suggested that the very best you can do is achieve 95% satisfaction .
So there will always be 1 person in 20 who is dissatisfied. Change things for him/or
her, someone else will start to feel unhappy!
In practice you’re doing well if more than 80% are happy!
8
9. But what we think is influenced by the environment and this is true of our perception
of thermal comfort. So if we want to understand what people consider to be a
“comfortable” state we need to understand how we interact with the thermal
environment.
Human beings create heat, so one thing we have to consider is how much heat we’re
generating That really depends on our activity level or, in an occupational setting, our
work rate. The more physically demanding our activity, the more heat we’re
producing.
Depending on circumstances we may lose heat to the environment, or we can gain it.
So there is heat exchange. There are a number of ways that this occurs.
9
10. Convection is one of the main ways that heat transfer between people and the
environment occurs.
10
11. Radiant heat can be a problem in some cases. Everything gives of radiant heat – the
amount depends on the surface temperature. In thermal comfort situations it is unusual
to find hot surfaces that give off significant radiant heat. However, solar radiation can
be a problem in some cases, particularly in buildings such as offices with lots of
windows.
11
15. We gain heat by convection if our skin temperature is higher than air temperature.
However, in most situations where there are complaints about thermal comfort the air
temperature will be lower than skin temperature and we are more likely to be losing
heat by this means
15
16. Radiant heat depends on the mean radiant temperature. This is the mean temperature
of all the surrounding surfaces including the floor, walls, ceiling and any objects
present.
Radiant heat exchange is also affected by solar radiation.
16
18. These factors influence our heat balance. But there’s another one that interferes with
the exchange of heat between the body and the environment
18
19. Clothing level has a significant influence on heat exchange. It interferes with
convective and radiant heat exchange and affects evaporative efficiency. Heavy
clothing can even influence metabolic rate (although that won’t normally be a
problem for thermal comfort related situations)
19
21. So if we are to assess thermal comfort thoroughly we need to quantify these four
environmental parameters
21
22. And we also need to consider the “human factors” – metabolic rate and clothing.
22
23. Draughts cause local cooling and are likely to lead to complaints
Radiation asymmetry may occur where there is a directional heat source and can
often be associated with solar gain through windows
As hot air rises, in most buildings air temperature increases with distance above the
floor. The extent of this difference depends very much on the type of heating
employed. With radiators the temperature varies little with height, but with warm air
heating a significant temperature gradient can result. If the gradient is sufficiently
large, local warm discomfort can occur at the head and/or cold discomfort can occur
at the feet, even though the body may be thermally neutral
Floor temperature is not normally an issue in most workplaces but needs to be
considered in situations where people may have bare feet – e.g. Swimming pools,
gyms, changing rooms and the like
23
25. There are two basic approaches we can take to evaluating thermal comfort
-a Qualitative approach where we may not take any measurements but rely on other
forms of evidence
- a Quantitative approach where we carry out measurements. (However, interpreting
the results from the measurements presents some difficulties)
25
27. A quantitative assessment involves talking to and interviewing people in the
workplace and looking around for obvious clues, using experience to make a
subjective judgement.
The thing to remember is that “comfort” is subjective – one person may complain
about feeling warm while another may consider the same environment to be too
cool. So the best way to find out what someone thinks is to ask them!
There are a number of questionnaires and checklists available from various sources
which can help with this qualitative approach. Some examples follow (there are
others, or you can even devise your own)
27
29. This is a 5 point scale devised by Fanger (more about him later)
29
30. The BOHS Technical Guide on the Thermal Environment has a couple of examples of
questionnaires that can be used during a qualitative assessments.
30
31. This one is fairly simple and mainly addresses “whole body” comfort
31
32. This is a little more comprehensive. It allows evaluation of local discomfort.
32
34. If we’re going to undertake a thorough quantitative assessment we’ll need to quantify
6 things.
The environmental parameters
-Air temperature
-Mean radiant temperature
-Relative humidity
-Air velocity
And two “human” factors
-Work rate (which affects metabolic rate) and
-Cloting level
34
36. The traditional way of measuring relative humidity is to use a “whirling” or “sling”
hygrometer. It has two thermometers – one of which has it’s bulb covered with a
dampened muslin wick. The difference in the readings obtained is proportional to
relative humidity which is determined using a psychometric chart or special slide rule.
Electronic humidity meters are available and may be less embarrassing to use! But
they will need calibrating.
36
37. Radiant heat can be assessed using a globe thermometer.
Note that it does NOT give a direct reading of mean radiant temperature as it is
affected by both radiant and convective heat exchange. The reading is known as the
“globe temperature”. If the air temperature and velocity are also known, then it is
possible to calculate the mean radiant temperature/
37
38. This is a smaller version of the globe thermometer. Note that it is less accurate the
larger version.
38
39. The difficulty with measuring air velocity is that in most situations where we need to
assess thermal comfort it is relatively low and omni-directional which makes
measurement difficult.
The kata thermometer does not measure temperature but the time it takes to cool is
determined and from this, if the air temperature is also known, the average air
velocity can be estimated.
39
40. Various electronic instruments, such as this, are available. Remember that they will
need to be calibrated from time to time
40
41. Metabolic rate can be estimated using standard tables found in ISO 7730 and other
texts
41
42. Like metabolic rate, clothing level can be estimated using standard tables found in ISO
7730 and other texts.
1 Clo represents the insulation provided by an “American business suit”
42
43. Now we have quantified six parameters what do they mean? We need to find a way
of pulling them together so we can decide whether we have a problem and, if so,
how big the problem is.
43
44. The PMV / PPD index is widely use when assessing thermal comfort.
It was developed by Professor P O Fanger who conducted extensive research into
thermal comfort using a large number of subjects both in Denmark and the United
States
It forms the basis of the International Standard ISO 7730
44
46. The first step is quantify the main factors that affect thermal comfort and then to
determine the predicted mean vote (PMV) .
The PMV is then used to determine the predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD).
46
48. This Fanger’s equation, develoed from his research
As you can see it is very complex and quite unsuitable for manual calculation.
However, ISO 7730 contains a BASIC programme which can be used to obtain the
PMV and PPD. There is also a series of charts, derived using the equation which are
relatively easy to use.
48
49. BS EN ISO 7730
A quantitative approach to evaluating thermal comfort that uses Fanger’s PMV PPD
Index
Also provides guidance for the design of a comfortable thermal environment with
recommendations for both whole body and local thermal comfort conditions.
It provides a computer programme (in Basic) and tables, either of which can help you
determine the PMV and PPD for a given situation
The tables do not cover all possible conditions but allow a reasonable estimate to be
made
49
50. When using the tables you need to determine the operative temperature.
At low velocities this is the mean of the air temperature (dry bulb) and mean radiant
temperature (NOT the globe temperature). As the globe thermometer responds to
both convective and radiant heat the globe temperature will be close to the operative
temperature at low velocities.
50
52. So, which is the best approach to use when people are complaining about feeling too
hot or cold?
52
53. Well, when investigating a problem its probably best to use a combined approach
In my view the first think to do is to talk to people to find out what they think and
look around for obvious problems. Thermal comfort is subjective so if people are
complaining there’s a problem even if using the PMV/PPD index predicts people will
be generally happy. If they’re unhappy, something needs to be done.
In order to decide on solutions we need to find out why we have a problem. Quite
often this can be determined by looking around and talking to people. However this is
where carrying out measurements can help. They can help you to determine which of
the 6 main factors are likely to be causing the problem
53