Creating energy-efficient buildings can be a large task, but following these tips and tricks about daylighting can make the job easier. Learn about everything from window placement to skylights and how they can help you achieve a more efficient building.
Building services (Passive Cooling Techniques) for Architectural studentsChad Minott
Passive cooling has several methods of cooling a structure specifically the Caribbean region. This essay will help students gain a greater understanding of ways to approach in cooling a building within the Caribbean.
Creating energy-efficient buildings can be a large task, but following these tips and tricks about daylighting can make the job easier. Learn about everything from window placement to skylights and how they can help you achieve a more efficient building.
Building services (Passive Cooling Techniques) for Architectural studentsChad Minott
Passive cooling has several methods of cooling a structure specifically the Caribbean region. This essay will help students gain a greater understanding of ways to approach in cooling a building within the Caribbean.
Its the detailed process of the Centralized Air conditioning system. It is the apt notes required for architecture students. It has the components and sub topics with the detailed explanation of the mechanism of how it works
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
Architect Ashok B Lal - introduction - vernacular architect of composite climate
His works - deveopment alternatives world headquarters , New Delhi and IRRAD , Gurgon - details and information of these works
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
Building services & Standards For Institutional BuildingKashish Duggal
The presentation contains services that are to be provided in an institutional building along with the standards for the services that should be present in a college . For more info refer TSS.
Its the detailed process of the Centralized Air conditioning system. It is the apt notes required for architecture students. It has the components and sub topics with the detailed explanation of the mechanism of how it works
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
Architect Ashok B Lal - introduction - vernacular architect of composite climate
His works - deveopment alternatives world headquarters , New Delhi and IRRAD , Gurgon - details and information of these works
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
Building services & Standards For Institutional BuildingKashish Duggal
The presentation contains services that are to be provided in an institutional building along with the standards for the services that should be present in a college . For more info refer TSS.
Heat kills microorganisms by changing the physical and chemical properties of their proteins.
When heat is used to preserve foods, the number of microorganisms present, the microbial load , is an important consideration.
Various types of microorganisms must also be considered because different levels of resistance exist.
For example, bacterial spores are much more difficult to kill than vegetative bacilli.
In addition, increasing acidity enhances the killing process in food preservation.
It is a literature case study, which consist of two parts. 1st half covers the introduction of hot and dry climate and design factors that we consider while designing in hot and dry areas. And 2nd part consist of litrature case study of building "SANGATH - An Architect’s Studio, Ahmedabad By B.V. Doshi".
Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without mechanical devices.
For more information on energy conversation concepts and green architecture, follow us at - www.archistudent.net
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
1. UNIT -1
-THEORY OF HEAT FLOW
-THERMAL COMFORT
-BODY HEAT BALANCE
-UNITS OF HEAT ENERGY
-PERIODIC HEAT FLOW
-THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
-THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
2. -THEORY OF HEAT FLOW
•CONDUCTION – heat transfer through direct contact with cool surfaces.
For example, as we step on a cool surface our body heat quickly starts
moving from our body to the stone material.
•CONVECTION – movement of active warm air molecules to cooler
areas.
For example, when air moves pass our body it observes its energy/heat.
•RADIATION – heat radiates to cooler surfaces without any physical
contact.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
3. -THERMAL COMFORT is the condition of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment.
•Thermal comfort defines not only our well-being but our
physical and intellectual performance.
•There are many factors that effect human thermal comfort,
such as
-Air temperature,
-Temperature of surfaces,
-Humidity, and
-Air movement.
All of the above may be grouped under "environmental
variables".
•"Personal" variables such as clothing insulation value ["clo"
value] and the metabolism rate ["met" value] are also
important components.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
4. metabolic rate is the amount of energy expended by a person in a given time
period - usually daily. In periods of inactivity, the metabolic rate is known as the
basal metabolic rate (BMR). At rest, the BMR is low compared to when the body is
undergoing activities like exercise.
-BODY HEAT BALANCE
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
5. -BODY HEAT BALANCE
•A temperature around 37°C is required for our
body in order to feel comfortable and in addition
to perform all the necessary functions in the best
way.
• If this temperature drops or rises, the body
immediately reacts doing what is needed to
maintain its temperature.
•In cold environments for example, the body
generates heat by movement (shivering).
• On the other hand in too hot environments,
cooling of the surface of the skin is achieved by
evaporation.
• In general, there is a constant effort to keep the
temperature of the body at the acceptable levels,
which involves the continuous cooperation of the
body with its environment.
•This is what we call metabolic rates.
•What is more important is that this metabolic rate
is associated with the activity that a person is
doing at a specific time (physical activity). When
the physical activity increases the heat produced
by the body increases as well. As a result the
perception of hot and cold is affected as well.
If the ambient temperature drops,
the body first allows the extremities
to cool in order to protect the
functions of the brain, heart and
other vital organs.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
6. -BODY HEAT BALANCE
The body’s heat balance can be expressed as
M ± R ± Cv ± Cd - E = ΔS
where M = metabolic rate
Cv = convection
R = net radiation
Cd = conduction
E = evaporation heat loss
ΔS = change in heat stored
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
7. The joule is a derived unit of energy.
It is equal to the energy transferred to (or
work done on) an object when a force of
one newton acts on that object in the
direction of its motion through a distance
of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m).
A newton is the force required to give a
mass of 1 kilogram (1 kg) an acceleration
of 1 meter per second per second (1
m/s2). It is abbreviated as N
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
8. -PERIODIC HEAT FLOW
In nature the variation of climatic conditions produces a non- steady state. Diurnal
variations produce an approximately repetitive 24-hour cycle of increasing and
decreasing temperatures. The effect of this on a building is that in the hot period heat
flows from the outdoors into the building, where some of it is stored, and at night during
the cool period the heat flow is reversed: from the building to the outside. As this cycle
is repetitive, it is described as periodic heat flow.
The diurnal variations of external and internal temperatures is a periodic cycle. In the
morning, as the outdoor temperature increases, heat starts entering the outer surface of
the wall. Each particle in the wall will absorb a certain amount of heat for every degree
rise in temperature, depending on the specific heat of the wall material. Heat to the next
particle will only be transmitted after the temperature of the first particle is increased.
Thus the corresponding increase in the internal temperature will be delayed.
The outdoor temperature reaches its peak and starts decreasing, before the inner
surface temperature has reached the same level. From this moment the heat stored in
the wall will be dissipated partly to the outside and only partly to the inside. As the out
door air cools, an increasing proportion of this stored heat flows outwards, and when
the wall temperature falls below the indoor temperature the direction of the heat flow is
completely reversed.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
9. -THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING
ELEMENTS i.e BUILDING ENVELOPE
•The building envelope is the physical separator
between the interior and the exterior
environments of a building.
•The physical components of the envelope
include the floors, roofs, walls and openings
(doors and window)
•The thermal performance of the building
envelope can make a significant contribution to
reducing the overall building energy usage.
•It serves as the outer shell to help maintain the
indoor environment (together with the
mechanical conditioning systems)
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
10. -THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
•One of the key elements of modern building
envelopes is the integration of design and window
strategies to bring daylight into a building's interior
without heat and glare.
•Other key elements of the building envelope that
affect thermal performance include shading
elements, air tightness, wall and roof insulation and
roof reflectance.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
11. -THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
Of the total solar radiation incident on the outer surface of the wall, a
part of it is reflected to the environment.
The remaining part is absorbed by the wall and converted into heat
energy.
A part of the heat is again lost to the environment through convection
and radiation from the wall’s outer surface.
The remaining part is conducted into the wall; where it is partly stored ,
thereby raising the wall temperature , while the rest reaches the room’s
interior surface.
The inner surface transfers heat by convection and radiation to the room
air, raising its temperature.
Additionally, mutual radiation exchanges between the inner surfaces of
the building also occur (for example, between walls, or between a wall
and roof).Such heat transfer processes affect the indoor temperature of
a room and consequently, the thermal comfort experienced by its
occupants.
Insulation in walls and ceiling spaces can affect the amount of heat
entering or leaving your home. The level of insulation required will vary
depending on what roofing and walling materials you choose.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
12. -THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
WINDOWS AND DOORS: Well-positioned windows and doors
allow you to take advantage of the naturally cooling effects of
summer breezes.
• Louvers can also be good for promoting air movement on hot
days.
•One way to improve a window's energy efficiency is to increase
its insulation ability by making it from two or more panes of glass,
separated by either a vacuum (as in a thermos bottle) or an inert
gas that conducts less heat than air does, like argon or krypton.
•Some high performance windows are called "low emissivity
windows" or "low-e windows", referring to the low emission of
infrared radiation (heat) due to low-e coatings on the glass.
•Advanced high performance windows can reduce energy losses
to nearly zero, achieving energy savings.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
13. -THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
SKYLIGHTS can introduce daylight in poorly oriented sections of a building,
unwanted heat transfer may be hard to control but energy that is saved by
reducing artificial lighting is often more than the energy required for operating
HVAC systems to maintain thermal comfort.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
14. -THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
•Most homes have their wall
cavities filled with some kind of
insulation.
•There are many different materials
used for insulation.
•Homes built in climates which
experience extreme heat and/or
cold should be fitted with insulation
that does not transfer energy.
•Examples of insulating materials
are wool and polyester.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
15. -THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS - CONCRETE SLAB
• In older buildings, concrete slabs were cast directly on the ground and would drain
heat from a room.
•In modern construction, concrete slabs are usually cast above a layer of insulation
such as expanded polystyrene, and the slab may contain underfloor heating pipes.
•However, there are still uses of an uninsulated slab, typically in outbuildings which are
not heated or cooled to room temperature.
•In those cases, casting the slab directly onto a rocky substrate will maintain the slab at
or near the temperature of the substrate throughout the year, and can prevent both
freezing and overheating.
• It is a disadvantage where the rooms are heated intermittently and require a quick
response, as the concrete takes time to warm up, causing a delay in warming the
building.
•But it is an advantage in climates with large daily temperature swings, where the slab
acts as a regulator, keeping the building cool by day and warm by night.
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
16. -THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS - GLASS
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
18. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
•The control of air flow is important for several
reasons:
1.To control moisture damage
water vapour in the air can be deposited within the
envelope by condensation and cause serious health,
durability, and performance problems.
2.To reduce the use of energy.
3.To ensure occupant’s comfort and health.
cold drafts and the excessively dry wintertime air that
results from excessive air leakage directly affect human
comfort, wind-cooled portions of the interior of the
enclosure promote condensation which supports
biological growth which in turn affects indoor air
quality.
Mould around a windowsill
19. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
For air flow to occur, there must be both:
1. A pressure difference between two points, and
2. A continuous flow path or opening connecting
the points.
20. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
There are three primary mechanisms which generate the pressure differences required for
air flow within and through buildings.
1.wind
2.stack effect or bouyancy
Stack effect pressures are generated by differences in air density with temperature, i.e. hot
air rises and cold air sinks.
3.mechanical air handling equipment and appliances.
Fans and blowers cause the movement of air within buildings and through enclosures. If
more air is exhausted from a building than is supplied, a net negative pressure is generated
and vice versa. In design, one should aim for almost no mechanically-induced air pressure
across the enclosure. This is achieved by balancing systems so that the same amount of air
is supplied as is exhausted. In some case pressurization can be used to control airflow
direction.
Since, it is widely
acknowledged that a
perfectly airtight air barrier
system is unlikely to be
achieved in practise, it is
also desirable to control the
air pressure differences
driving the flow.
21. UNIT -3-SOLAR
-INTRODUCTION TO PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING
-DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION
-CONVECTIVE COOLING
-CONDUCTIVE COOLING
-EVAPORATIVE COOLING
PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
22. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
-INTRODUCTION TO PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING
In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to
collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the
winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design
because, unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of
mechanical and electrical devices.
•The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the
local climate performing an accurate site analysis.
• Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and glazing
type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.
•Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings,
but existing buildings can be modified.
24. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING
25. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
-DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION
26. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
-CONVECTIVE COOLING is the mechanism where heat is transferred from the hot
device by the flow of the fluid surrounding the object. The fluid can either be air,
which is most common, or another suitable liquid.
There are two types of convectional cooling,
namely
1.Natural convection cooling - the air surrounding
the object transfers the heat away from the
object and does not use any fans or blowers.
2. Forced air convection cooling - This is used in
designs where the enclosures or environment do
not offer an effective natural cooling performance,
in high power applications, and other areas where
natural cooling is not effective.
other areas where natural cooling is not effective.
The forced air convectional cooling uses a cooling
fan to blow and direct air towards the electronic
components. Most power supply units have built-
in fans that provide the require forced-air
convectional cooling.
27. PRESENTATION BY ADEEBA AFREEN-B.DES-S.M.E @ BONFIRE INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
-CONDUCTION COOLING: This is defined as the transfer of heat from one hot part to
another cooler part by direct contact.
-EVAPORATIVE COOLING: reduction in temperature resulting from the evaporation of a
liquid, which removes latent heat from the surface from which evaporation takes place.
This process is employed in industrial and domestic cooling systems, and is also the
physical basis of sweating.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLfWnX0ahtc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3PxzQwVOyo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiPLJEFRBnM