The document discusses body temperature measurement and fever in animals. It defines normal body temperatures for various animals and describes methods of measuring rectal temperature. It explains that mammals and birds are warm-blooded while others are cold-blooded. Fever is defined as an elevated core temperature above normal due to infection or inflammation. The stages of fever - increment, fastigium, and decrement - are outlined. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause with antimicrobials while antipyretics may help reduce discomfort from high temperatures.

1. Body temperature
Methods to measure body temperature in
animal
Dr. Karima Al-Salihi

2. The normal body temperature
• The body can only work properly at a certain temperature.
• The animal body maintains itself at a constant temperature,
within a small range, in order for the systems to work
properly.
• This normal body temperature is different in different types of
animals.
• There are a number of ways by which animals control the
temperature of the body:
Hair, wool, walking, running, shivering and the burning of
energy in feed keep the body warm.
Sweating, panting, wallowing in mud, and lying in the shade
cool the body.

3. •body temperature (internal temperature of a living
organism).
vMammals and birds are termed warm-blooded, or
homeothermic, i.e., they are able to maintain a
relatively constant inner body temperature.

4. • other animals are cold-blooded, or poikilothermic, i.e., their body
temperature varies according to the temperature of the environment
(Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles are considered to be cold-
blooded).

5. •Farm animals maintain a relatively constant body core
temperature, homeothermy, This homeothermic state is
achieved by:
vphysiological mechanisms
v behavioural mechanisms
These mechanisms modify either :
1. The rates of heat loss from the body or
2. The rate at which heat is produced by :
Ømetabolism of feed or
Øbody energy reserves.

6. The hypothalamus is a small area in the ventral diencephalon of the forebrain, in the
floor of the third ventricle, and is a functional link between
the nervous and endocrine systems.
The hypothalamus controls most of the endocrine glands within the body, largely
through stimulation of the Pituitary Gland by secretion of neurohormones. It is a vital
regulator of homeostasis, including Thermoregulation.

7. Body
Thermometer

8. • A thermometer is a device that measures
temperature or a temperature gradient.
• A thermometer has two important elements:
1. a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-
in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in
an infrared thermometer) in which some change
occurs with a change in temperature.
2. some means of converting this change into a
numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is
marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the
digital readout on an infrared model).
• Thermometers are widely used in technology and
industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in
medicine, and in scientific research.

9. An infrared thermometer is a
thermometer which infers temperature
from a portion of the thermal radiation
sometimes called black-body radiation
emitted by the object being measured.
They are sometimes called laser
thermometers as a laser is used to
help aim the thermometer, or non-
contact thermometers or temperature
guns, to describe the device's ability to
measure temperature from a distance.
By knowing the amount of infrared
energy emitted by the object and its
emissivity, the object's temperature can
often be determined within a certain
range of its actual temperature. Infrared
thermometers are a subset of devices
known as "thermal radiation
thermometers".

10. How to take the body temperature of animals
• Control the animal.
• Move the tail to the side.
• Put the thermometer gently into the anus, as far as possible.
• Hold the thermometer at an angle so that it touches the
wall of the rectum.
• Keep a firm grip on the thermometer, if the animal defecates
or coughs the thermometer could come out or go into the
rectum.
• Hold the thermometer in place for half a minute. If you do
not have a watch count slowly up to 30 (one, two,
three, ............ thirty).
• Remove the thermometer and wipe it if necessary and read
it. Do not touch the bulb as this could change the reading.

11. Procedures of body
temperature measurement

12. Normal body temperatures
Body temperatures may be 1°C above or below these temperatures.
*The camel's body temperature will vary with the time of day and water availability. When a camel is
watered daily its body temperature rises from 36.5°C in the morning to 39.5°C at noon, if the animal
has no water, the temperature range is 34.5°C to 41°C.
• If you suspect that the animal has a high temperature use your thermometer to check it.
• Remember that a high temperature is one sign of ill health. When an animal has a high
temperature, it has a fever.
Animal Normal Temperature °C Animal Normal Temperature °C
Cattle 38.5 Calf 39.5
Buffalo 38.2 Goat 39.5
Sheep 39.0 Camel* 34.5-41.0
Llama, alpaca 38.0 Horse 38.0
Donkey 38.2 Pig 39.0
Chicken 42.0 Piglet 39.8

14. Fever (pyrexia )
§Definition :
Fever is a complicated pathological process characterized by an elevation of core
body temperature above that normally maintained by an animal and is
independent to the effects of ambient conditions on body temperature.
It is important to realize that fever is a combination of hyperthermia and
infection or inflammation that results from an elevated setpoint for temperature
regulation.
§Etiology
Fevers may be :
qseptic, the more common type, or
qaseptic, depending on whether or not infection is present.

15. 1. Pyrogenic activator
2. Endogenous pyrogen (EP)
3. Mechanisms of set point elevation caused
by EP
4. Pathogenesis of fever
mechanisms of fever ( pathogenesis of fever)

16. mechanisms of fever ( pathogenesis of fever)
1. Pyrogenic activator
2. Endogenous pyrogen (EP)
3. Mechanisms of setpoint elevation caused by EP
4. Pathogenesis of fever
Pyrogenic activator
Pyrogenic activator : A fever-inducing substances that can activate endogenous
pyrogen-generating cells to generate and release endogenous pyrogens.

17. Category of pyrogenic activator
1. Infectious factors: microbes and microbial products includes:
ØG- bacteria, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxin
ØG+bacteria, Exotoxins, Cell wall peptidoglycans
ØViruses
ØOther microorganisms
2. Non-infectious factors: non-microbe pyrogenic activators includes:
ØAg-Ab complexes
ØNon-infectious inflammation-genesis irritants
ØSteroids: etiocholanolone

18. • Interleukin-1 initiates fever by inducing an abrupt increase in the synthesis of
prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2, in the anterior hypothalamus.
tissue Thermoregulatory center
of the hypothalamus so that the
thermostatic level of the body is raised
level of the body is raised.
EP
Affects
immediate
response
prevention of heat loss and the
increased
production of heat (increment,
or chill).
The
fastigiumthe
second period of
fever, or period
of constant
temperature
When the effect of the pyrogenic
substances is removed, the stage of
decrement, or fever defer vescence,
appears and the excess stored heat is
dissipated.
Vasodilatation, sweating
and muscle flaccidity are
marked and the body
temperature falls.

19. STAGES OF FEVER
1- increment stage
• Cutaneous vasoconstriction
• Absence of sweating
• Cold skin and extremities
• Reduced respiration
• Muscle shivering
• Reduced respiration
• Oliguria
• Rectal temperature is elevated

20. 2- Fastigium stage (state of constant
temperature)
• The period of heat increment raises
temperature to the new thermostatic level
• Cutaneous vasodilation to dissipate heat
• Severe sweating
• Diuresis (increased urine production)
• Decreased ruminal motility
• Increased metabolism and tissue wasting

21. 3- Decrement stage:
• Excess heat is dissipated via
• Vasodilatation
• Sweating
• Muscle falccidity
If toxaemia is present, the ability of
the tissues to respond to heat
production or conservation may be
lost and hypothermia may occur
before death

22. STAGES OF FEVER
Increment Decrement
Fastigium

23. Clinical findings
The effects of fever are the combined effects of hyperthermia and infection or
inflammation. There is :
Øelevation of body temperature,
Øan increase in heart rate with a diminution of amplitude and strength of the
arterial pulse,
Ø hyperpnea,
Øwasting,
Øoliguria often with albuminuria,
Øincreased thirst,
Øanorexia,
Øscant feces,
Ødepression and muscle weakness.
The temperature elevation is always moderate and rarely goes above 42°C (107°F)
.

24. FORMS OF FEVER
• Transient : fever for short periods (hours)
• Continuous or sustained: without diurnal
variations
• Remittent: with diurnal variation
• Intermittent when fever peaks last for 2-3
days and interspersed with normal period
• Recurrent fever: peaks of fever for about
6 days interspersed with equal period of
normal temp.
• Atypical: when temperature variations are
irregular

25. TRANSIENT FEVER OR SIMPLE FEVER

26. CONTINUOUS OR SUSTAINED

27. REMITTENT FEVER

28. INTERMITTENT FEVER

29. RECURRENT FEVER
6 days
6 days

30. ATYPICAL FEVER (VARIATIONS ARE IRREGULAR)

31. Treatment
1. Antimicrobial agents; The most important aspects of the clinical management of
fever should be directed at its cause.
1. Antipyretics; Since fever ordinarily does little harm and usually benefits the
animal's defence mechanism, antipyretic agents are rarely essential and may
actually obscure the effect of a specific therapeutic agent or of the natural course
of the disease. If the fever is high enough to cause discomfort or in appetence, or is
so high that death due to hyperthermia is possible,
then nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) should be administered.
VOLTAREN Generic Name: diclofenac sodium

32. TREATMENT OF FEVER
Treatment
Antimicrobial Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory
Broad spectrum antibiotic
To overcome
external pyrogens
Analgin
Novalgin
Novacid
Prostaglandin inhibitors
(NSAID)
Flunixine
phenylobutazone