2. The document outlines various factors that influence human thermal comfort, including physical conditions like temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant sources, as well as physiological conditions like sex, age, health, and activity level. It provides recommendations for
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
a small presentation on warm and humid climate, and its architectural features... done as a part of my climatology assignment..
NOTE: for better viewing download the font "Caviar Dreams"
http://www.1001freefonts.com/caviar_dreams.font
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
a small presentation on warm and humid climate, and its architectural features... done as a part of my climatology assignment..
NOTE: for better viewing download the font "Caviar Dreams"
http://www.1001freefonts.com/caviar_dreams.font
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Co...YogeshIJTSRD
With respect to comfort inside the building to distinguish between thermal comfort lighting important of these effects is thermal comfort which is primarily compared by four major factors the air temperature, Maine radiant temperature, Humidity and Air flow. An extended work of the American society of heating, refrigerating and accordingly engineers ASHRE. The thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction in the thermal environment. Basic physical and physiological measurements of temperature and heat flux of represent location of a human body have yielded the following results. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Comfort" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43783.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43783/natural-climatic-control-using-conceptual-elements-in-a-building-for-human-comfort/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. Bio-Climatic Comfort
May 22nd, 2017 Lecture 3 Ephrem M.
Man is a fool by the rule,
he wants it hot when it is cool;
When it is cool, he wants it hot,
always wanting what it is not.
2. Bio-Climatic Comfort
Is a term which describes the best feeling of human beings on something
depending on climate.
Comfort is a major concern of architecture, as one of Vitruvius triads
of a building, commodity.
✓ Aesthetics / beauty / Venustas
✓ Commodity / Function / Utilitas
✓ Structure / Firmitas
Thermal Comfort
is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with
the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation .
3.
4. Comfort involves control of
• temperature,
• humidity,
• air motion, and
• radiant sources interacting with the occupants.
Odor, dusts (particular matter) noise and vibration are additional factors
that may cause one to feel uncomfortable.
5. Man & Climate
Climate has both Negative and positive effects on man.
The negative is expressed as stress, pain, disease and death.
The second defines the conditions in which man’s productivity, health and mental and
physical energy are at their highest efficiency.
These measurements may be combined to show coinciding and complementary
relationships, in defining desirable atmospheric and thermal conditions.
Based on the study of Ellsworth Huntington, man’s physical strength and mental
activity are at their best within a given range of climatic conditions, and that outside
this range efficiency lessens, while stresses and the possibility of disease increase.
6. Shelter and environment
Environment is composed of light, sound climate, space and animate. They all act
directly upon the human body, which can either absorb them or try to
counteract their effects.
Physical and psychological reactions result from this struggle for biological
equilibrium. Man strives for the point at which minimum expenditure of energy is
needed to adjust to his environment. Conditions under which he succeeds in doing
so can be defined as the “comfort zone” wherein most of his energy is freed
for productivity.
The shelter is the main instrument for fulfilling the requirements of comfort. It
modifies the natural environment to optimize livable conditions. An
environmentally balanced shelter will satisfy man’s physiological needs. Comfort
therefore is related to thermal balance.
7. Elements of climatic environment which
affect human comfort
The human body receives certain climatic
elements and maintains thermal stability
through air temperature, radiation, air
movement and humidity.
8. Factors that affect thermal comfort
Thermal comfort is determined by the body’s ability to dissipate the heat and
moisture produced continuously by metabolic action.
Thermal comfort is affected by two different conditions.
Physical conditions include air movement (draughts), relative humidity, ambient
surface temperature, air temperature, atmospheric charge, air composition and air
pressure, room occupancy, optical / acoustic influences and clothing.
Physiological conditions includes sex, age, ethnic influences, food intake, level of
activity, adaptation and acclimatization, natural body rhythms, state of health and
psycho-sociological factors
9. GAINS
1.heat produced by:
A. basal processes
B. Activity
C. digestive, etc. processes
D. muscle tensing and
shivering in response to cold
2. absorption of radiant energy:
A. from sun directly or reflected
B. from glowing radiators
C. from non-glowing hot objects
3. heat conduction towards the
body:
A. from air above skin
temperature
B. by contact with hotter
Objects
4. condensation of atmospheric
moisture (occasional)
LOSSES
5. outward radiation:
A. to “sky”
B. to colder surroundings
6. heat conduction away
from the body:
A. to air below skin
temperature has tended by air
movement convection
B. by contact with colder
objects
7. evaporation
A. from respiratory tract
B. from skin
10. Comfort Zone
Some consider sunstroke or heatstroke
as the upper temperature limit for man’s
existence, with the freezing point as the
lower limit.
11. Comfort Zone
The ideal air temperature may be assumed to be midway between these extremes.
Humans seeks an area where he can tolerate cold without being uncomfortable and where
it will require his circulatory and sweat secretion system to permit him to adapt to heat.
Comfort zone varies in different countries.
American scientists place comfort zone between 30 and 70% relative humidity.
However, considering the range of observations and opinions there is no precise
criterion by which comfort can be evaluated.
12. How to improve comfort
The indoor air temperature may be raised to decrease body heat lose or
lowered to increase body heat loss.
Humidity may be raised to decrease body heat loss and lowered to
increase body heat lose by evaporation.
Air motion may be raised to increase body heat loss and lower to
decrease body heat loss.
Occupants of the building of course have some personal control over their
own comfort for instance the amount of clothing that they wear.
13. Room Climate
In the same way as earth has a climate, the insides of buildings also have
a climate, with measurable values for air pressure, humidity, temperature,
velocity of air circulation and ‘internal sunshine’ in the form of radiated
heat.
Efficient control of these factors leads to optimum room comfort and
contributes to man’s overall health and ability to perform whatever tasks
he is engaged in.
14. Recommendations for internal climate
An air temperature of 20-24°C is comfortable both in summer and in winter. The
surrounding surface areas should not differ by more than 2-3°C from the air
temperature.
A change in the air temperature can be compensated for by changing the surface
temperature, (e.g. with decreasing air temperature, increase the surface
temperature). If there is too great a difference between the air and surface
temperatures, excessive movement of air takes place.
The main critical surfaces are those of the windows.
15. The surface temperature of the ceiling depends upon the height of the
room. The temperature sensed by humans is somewhere near the average
between room air temperature and that of surrounding surfaces.
It is important to control air movement and humidity as far as
possible. The movement can be sensed as breezes and this has the
effect of locally cooling the body.
For comfort, heat conduction to the floor via the feet must be avoided (i.e. the
floor temperature should be 17°C or more.).
Recommendations for internal climate
16. A relative air humidity of 40-50% is comfortable. With a lower humidity (e.g. 30%)
dust particles are liable to fly around.
To maintain the quality of the air, controlled ventilation is ideal. The CO2 content of
the air must be replaced by oxygen. A CO2 content of 0.10% by volume should not
be exceeded, and therefore in living rooms and bedrooms provide for two or three
air changes per hour.
The fresh air requirement of humans comes to about 32.0 cu. m./h so the air change
in living rooms should be 0.4-0.8 times the room volume per person/h
Recommendations for internal climate
17. • Air movement affects body cooling, as velocity of air movement increases, The upper
comfort limit is raised, however this rise slows as higher temperatures are raised.
• Vapor pressure is exerted by a variable quantity of water vapor contained in atmospheric
air. Depressed or “enclosed” is felt if vapor pressure surpasses the 15mm mercury
mark.
• Evaporation decreases dry-bulb temperature. Temperature decrease caused by
evaporation of added moisture will restore comfort temperatures to the outer limit of
comfort zone. Evaporative cooling can be achieved by mechanical means and with the
use of trees, vegetation, pools or fountains in hot and dry climate zones where wind
effect is of little help in lowering high temperatures.
• Radiation effect of inside surfaces can be used to higher or lower air temperatures. This
means that comfort can be achieved at low temperatures if the heat loss of the body
can be counteracted with the sun’s radiation.
Relation of climatic elements to comfort
18. Bio-climatic chart
The effects of the climatic elements
can now be assembled from these
separate studies into as single chart.
This chart shows the comfort zone in
the center.
The bioclimatic chart was built up with
dry-bulb temperature as ordinate(Y-
Coordinate) and relative humidity as
abscissa(X-coordinate).
19. Bio-climatic chart
The climatic elements around it are shown by the means of curves which indicate
the nature of corrective measures necessary to restore the feeling of comfort at
any point outside the comfort zone.
The chart provided for study is
applicable to inhabitants of moderate
climate zones, at elevations not in
excess of 1,000 feet(300mt) above
sea level, with customary indoor
clothing, doing sedentary light work.
20. In the middle, we can see the summer comfort zone divided into the desirable and
practical ranges. The winter comfort zone lies a little lower.
Any climatic condition determined by its DBT and relative humidity can be plotted on the
chart.
• If the plotted one falls into the
comfort zone, we feel
comfortable in shade.
• If the point falls outside the
comfort zone, corrective
measures are needed.
• If the point is higher that the
upper perimeter of the comfort
zone, winds are needed.
Bio-climatic chart
21. How wind effects can restore the
feeling of comfort and offset high
temperatures is charted with the nearly
parallel lines following the upper limit of
the comfort zone perimeter.
The numbers indicate the needed wind
velocities in feet per minute value
(fpm). If the temperature is high and
the relative humidity is low, we feel too
hot and dry, and winds are of little help
here.
Evaporative cooling is the tool with
which to fight high temperatures. The
dotted lines indicate the grains of
moisture per pound of air needed to
reduce temperatures to the level at
the upper comfort perimeter.
Bio-climatic chart
22. At the lower perimeter of the comfort
zone is the line above which shading is
needed. Conversely, radiation is
necessary below the line to counteract
lower dry-bulb temperatures.
At the left are charted the mean radiant
temperature values necessary to restore
the feeling of comfort by either radiant
heating or cooling (control of surface
temperatures of the surrounding).
Bio-climatic chart
23. Use of bioclimatic chart
No corrective measures are necessary for any point of known dry-bulb temperature
relative humidity which falls within the boundaries of the comfort zone. For any
point falling outside this zone, corrective measures needed to restore the feeling
of comfort can be taken directly from the chart. For example:
1. At dry-bulb temperature, 75°F(23.889 °C), relative humidity , 50%, Need is:
none, the point is already in the comfort zone.
2. At dry-bulb temperature 75°F; relative humidity, 70%, Need: 280fpm wind to
counteract vapor pressure.
3. At dry-bulb temperature 50°F; relative humidity, 56%, Need: 260Btu/hr sun
radiation.
24. Bioclimatic evaluation is the starting point
for any architectural design aiming at
environmental climate balance. Prevailing
climatic conditions can easily be plotted
on the chart, and will show the architect
what corrective measures are needed to
restore comfort conditions.
Natural and artificial means can be applied
as remedy. Consequently, it is most
favorable that the architect optimize the
use of natural means in order to produce a
more healthful and livable house and save
on minimizing mechanical aids for climate
control.
Bio-climatic chart
25. Reading exercise
Climate and Man
Author: Robert DeC. Ward
Source: Bulletin of the American Geographical
Society, Vol. 39, No. 12 (1907), pp. 735-738
Published by: American Geographical Society
27. Quiz I
1. List down the climatic zones in Ethiopia with their respective characteristics.
2. What are the factors that affect thermal comfort ?
3. Provide credible solution(s) for the following two conditions by reading the bioclimatic chart
given.
a) At dry-bulb temperature 87°F; relative humidity, 30%
b) At dry-bulb temperature 95°F; relative humidity, 20%,
4. Pritzker Prize Laureate Glenn Murcutt clearly shows the global tendency towards an energy and
efficient earth friendly houses. He is known for designing energy-efficient, earth-friendly homes.
He points out four methods to do so. List them all and show how it can be achieved in the
Ethiopian climatic zone Zone I – Hot Dry Lowland.