त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा परिषद मानविकी संकाय अन्र्तगत द्वितिय वर्ष वि.ए समाज शास्त्रको ३० पुर्णाङ्कको परिपूर्ती यो अध्ययन तयार पारिएको हो। यस अध्ययनको लागि देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० को विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको भूमिका सम्बन्धी यो प्रतिवेदन तयार पारेकी छु । प्रस्तुत “विकास निर्माण कार्यमा महिलाहरुको सहभागिताको अध्ययन” प्रतिवेदन तयार पार्नको निम्ति आवश्यक सल्लाह सुझावहरु दिएर सहयोग गर्नुहुने हाम्रा आदरणिय शिक्षक श्रीमान् करुण लम्साल ज्यू, श्रीमान् उद्यराज सिग्देल ज्यू प्रति आभारी छु । साथै यस कार्यका लागि आफ्ना व्यस्त समयको बाबजुद तथ्याङ्क संकलन तथा टिपणीको सिलसिलामा सोधिएका प्रश्नहरुको उत्तर दिएर सहयोग पु¥याउनुहुने देवचुली नगरपालिका वडा नं १० नवलपुरका प्रत्यक्ष घर परिवारलाई हार्दिक आभार व्यक्त गर्दछु । अन्त्यमा यस लेख्नलाई प्रिन्ट तथा सम्पादन गरि सहयोग गरिदिनु हुने भट्टराई कम्युनिकेसन प्रो.राम प्रसाद भट्टराई ज्यूलाई कृतज्ञाता प्रकट गर्दछु ।

1. gjnk'/ lhNnfsf] b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !) sf]
ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf
@)*)
dWoljGb' ax'd'vL SofDk;
sfjf;f]tL, gjnk'/
k|:t'tstf{
O{{=>L ;'dg Hof]tL
;'>L lji0f'' s'df/L e§/fO{

2. ljifo;'rL
l;=g+ kl/R5]b k]h g+=
-cWofo Ps_ !–%
!=) k[i7e'ld
!=! cWoogsf pbb]Zox¿
!=@ ;dflhs sfo{df dlxnfsf] e"ldsf
!=# ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf gx'g'sf sf/0f tyf ;xeflutf
u/fpg rflnPsf k|of;x?
!=#=! ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf gx'g'sf sf/0fx?
!=$ ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df dlxnfsf] e"ldsf
!
@
@
#
$
%
-cWofo b'O{_ ^–^
@=) ;Gbe{ ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg ^
-cWofo tLg_ &–!)
#=) cWoog ljlw tyf k|lqmof
#=! cg';Gwfg 9fFrf
#=@ hfgsf/Lsf ;|f]tx¿
#=# cWoogsf] hg;ªVof
#=$ cWoogsf] dxTj
#=% cWoogsf] kl/;Ldf
&
&
&
&
*
-cWofo rf/_ (–!$
$=) k|flKTf, lgisif{, tyf ;'emfjx?
$=! ;f/f+z tyf d'Vo k|flKt
$=@ lgis{if
$=# ;'emfjx?
$=#=! ;fdfGo ;'emfjx?
$=#=@ gLltut ;'emfjx?
$=#=# efjL cWoogsf nflu ;'emfjx?
;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL
cGt{jftf{ cg';'rL
(
!)
!#
!$
!$
!$
!%
!^

3. s[t1tf
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIff kl/ifb dfgljsL ;+sfo cGt{ut lålto jif{ lj=P ;dfh zf:qsf] #)
k'0ff{Ísf] kl/k"tL{ of] cWoog tof/ kfl/Psf] xf]. o; cWoogsf] nflu b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+
!) sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sL 5' .
k|:t't æljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf] cWoogÆ k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{sf] lglDt
cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfjx? lbP/ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] xfd|f cfb/l0fo lZfIfs >Ldfg s?0f nD;fn Ho",
>Ldfg pbo/fh l;Ub]n Ho" k|lt cfef/L 5' . ;fy} o; sfo{sf nflu cfˆgf Jo:t ;dosf] afah'b
tYofÍ ;+sng tyf l6k0fLsf] l;nl;nfdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g]
b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !) gjnk'/sf k|ToIf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoSt ub{5' .
cGTodf o; n]VgnfO{ lk|G6 tyf ;Dkfbg ul/ ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g] e§/fO{ sDo'lgs];g k|f]=/fd
k|;fb e§/fO{ Ho"nfO{ s[t1ftf k|s6 ub{5' .

4. kl/R5]b – Ps
kl/ro
!= k[i7e'ld
;dtfd"ns ;dfh g} ;dGoflos ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy o; gjnk'/ gu/ If]qsf] ljsf;df dlxnf
hgzlQmx?sf] ;xeflutf kl5Nnf] ;do rrf{df cfPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfljgf cfw'lgs ljsf; ck"0f{
x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/d'vL ljsf; k4lt g} cfw'lgs ljsf; k4lt xf] . of] k4ltn] ;a} lnË, ju{ / If]qsf] ljsf;df
;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{5 . cfw'lgs dfGotfcg';f/ ljsf; eg]sf] ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f / cfly{s j[l4 b/dfq
xf]Og . a¿, ;a} ju{ / ln+usf] ;zQmLs/0f dxTjk"0f{ xf] .
xfd|f] o; gjnk'/ lhNnfsf], b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !) df ljsf;sf] qmflGt ug{'kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] If]q xf] . cGo
j8fx?sf] cy{tGq tyf ljsf;df eO{/x]sf] ult;Fu k|lt:kwf{df pqg o; j8f g+= !) n] lgs} 7"nf] km8sf] dfg{' cfjZos
5 . t/, ljsf;df dlxnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fPdfq o; If]qn] of] km8sf] dfg{ ;Sb5 eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sL 5' . Ps kf+u|fn] /y
u'8b}g . ljsf;sf sfddf k'¿ifdfq ;xefuL eP/ ljsf;sf] /y klg u'8b}g . dlxnfsf] ;Gbe{df dlxnfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo,
;xeflutf, clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt / /fhgLlts ;xeflutf cflb g} ljsf; xf] . ljsf;df ha x/]s ju{sf] pkl:ylt / lx:;f
x'G5, tadfq ljsf;sf] cy{ x'G5 . ljsf;sf] k|lqmofd} ;xefuL geP;Dd ljsf;df lx:;f / ckgTj x'Fb}g . ljsf; /
clwsf/ Pscsf{sf kl/k"/s x'g . ljsf; dfgjclwsf/ ePsfn] ljsf;df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] ;a}sf] clwsf/ xf] . dlxnfn]
ljsf;sf] k|ltkmndf dfq xf]Og, k|lqmofdf klg ;xefuL x'g kfpg'k5{ . k|lqmof / kl/0ffd ljsf;sf plQs} dxTjk"0f{ kf6f
x'g . ljutdf ljsf; k|lqmofdf dlxnfnfO{ ;xeflutf gu/fPs} sf/0f xfd|f] o; b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+=!) sf]
ljsf;df ck]Iffs[t km8sf] dfg{ ;s]g . dlxnfnfO{ bf];|f] bhf{sf] gful/s dfg]sf sf/0f g} ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutf
ePg . ;xeflutf gePsf sf/0f dlxnfsf] ;zQmLs/0f klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfwfeGbf a9L hg;+Vof cf]u6g] dlxnf
ljsf;sf] d"nwf/aflx/ /x]kl5 xfd|f] o; j8f dfq geO{ l;Ëf] b]z g]kfn klg ljsf;df k5fl8 kg{' :jfefljs xf] .
ljsf; eg]sf] kl/jt{g xf] . of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf], t/ o;sf] ultrflxF Psgf;sf] x'Fb}g . s'g} klg Ps If]qsf]
kl/jt{gn] dfq ljsf;nfO{ ;d]6b}g . x'g t, ;+;f/df st} klg dlxnf–k'¿ifsf] ztk|ltzt ;dfg ;xeflutf / cj;/df
kx'Fr 5}g . ;dfg cj;/ / kx'Fr gx'g'df k/Dk/fut e"ldsf, sfo{z}nL / sfo{If]qsf] lgwf{/0fn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . t/,
;xeflutf / kx'Frsf] dfqf eg] ljsl;t d'n's / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'saLr cjZo km/s 5 . ljsl;t d'n'sdf dlxnf
;xeflutf t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L 5 . o;n] ;a} lnË, ju{ / If]qnfO{ ;d]6g'k5{ . clxn] dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfljgfsf] ljsf;
;Dej 5}g eGg] ax;rflxF xfd|f] o; b]jr'nL gu/sf x/]s j8f If]qsf] rf]s rf]sdf rn]sf] ;'lGg5, t/ Jojxf/df dlxnfsf]
ck]Iffs[t ;xeflutfrflxF x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
dlxnfx? h}ljs ?kdf km/s x'g, t/ n+}lus ?kn] k'¿if ;dfg x'g . To;}n], dlxnfnfO{ k'¿if;Fu;Fu} cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ .
;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf sfod ug{, ljsf; sfo{df dlxnf ju{nfO{ l;h{gzLn sfo{df nufpg, 3/kl/jf/df
;xof]u, / ;xsfl/tfsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{, ljsf;df dlxnf ju{sf] ljz]if cg'ej / ;Lksf] pkef]u ug{, dlxnfnfO{

5. kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxssf ?kdf :jLsf/ ug{, dlxnf ju{nfO{ ;anLs/0f / ;zQmLs/0f ug{, clwsf/sf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft
ug{, dlxnf ju{sf] g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L gLlt lgdf{0fdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg h:tf sfo{If]qsf] ljsf;df dlxnf pRr
e"ldsf x'g' cfjZos 5 . t/klg o;} gu/ If]qsf jfl;Gbfx?sf] egfO cg';f/ xfd|f] o; b]jr'nL j8f g+= !) sf] ;Gbe{df
k/Dk/fut a'emfO, b[li6sf]0f / dfGotfx? nufPt cGo ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ o; If]qdf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df
k|j]z u/fpg ;lsPsf] d}n] kfOg . t;y{, k/Dk/fut wd{, k"/ftg rlncfPsf] ;+:s[lt, lje]b, >dsf] n}+lus ljefhg,
;dGofosf] cefj, n}+lus b[li6sf]0f, h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ xfd|f] o; j8fsf dlxnfx? ljsf;df k5fl8 k/]sf x'g .
!=! cWoogsf pbb]Zox¿
ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfx?sf]] ;xeflutfsf] cWoog ug'{ o; cWoogsf] ;fwf/0f p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ljlzi6
p2]Zox? o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M–
❖ ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf Jo}lQms ljsf;sf nflu gf/Lx? ;+Nug x'g'kg]{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
❖ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf h'g;'s} hft, wd{, ;:s[ltsf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
❖ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf dlxnf ;xeflutf emNsfpg] vfNsf sfo{qmdx? k|:t't ug]{ .
❖ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhg}lts ?kdf lk58LPsf / cj;/af6 al~rt /x]sf ljkGg dlxnfx?sf]
ljsf;sf] nflu r/0fj¢ ?kdf r]tgf hfu/0f, Ifdtf ljsf;, Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/rfng ub}{ :yfgLo:t/df
dlxnfx?sf] Ifdtf ;Ifd / cfTdlge{/, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] ljsf; tyf k|j¢g ug]{ / To;sf nflu
;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0fnfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstf lbg],
❖ s'–;+:s[lt, s'–k|yf, k/Dk/fut a'emfO, n}lËs lje]b, tyf lt/:s[t x'g] vfNsf larf/ wf/0ff TofUg plrt lzIff
lbnfpg] ;fy} ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df pBdzLntfn] x'g] kmfObf :kl:6s/0f ug]{ .
❖ ;fdflhs s'l/tL, r]lna]6L a]rlavg, b]xJofkf/, 3/]n'lx+;f nufotsf dlxnf lj?¢sf ck/fw lgoGq0fsf nflu
k'?ifju{sf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf ;fdflhs hfu/0f a9fpg
❖ ;|f]t ;fwg / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df dlxnfju{sf] kx"Fr tyf ;dfg'flts lgoGq0f :yfkgfsf nflu kxn tyf
;dGjo ug]{,
❖ dlxnf ;zlQms/0f u/L n}lÍs d"nk|jflxs/0f ug]{,
!=@ ;dflhs sfo{df dlxnfsf] e"ldsf
;fdflhs sfo{df dlxnf–k'?ifsf] ;+nUgtfn] d'n'ssf] ljsf;df s:tf] 6]jf k'U5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] ef]Ub} / hfGb} cfPsf 5f}F.
gjnk'/ lhNnfsf] xfd|f] o; If]q dfq geO{ l;Ëf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ /fHosf] d"nwf/df clxn] klg k'?ifx¿sf]
jr{Zj 5 . h;n] ubf{ ;a} If]qsf] ljsf;df Ps¿ktf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . lje]bo'Qm ;dfhdf dlxnfju{ lylrPsf 5g,
lx+;fdf k/]sf 5g . h;sf sf/0f ;dfh ljsf;qmddf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g kfPsf] 5}g .

6. u|fdL0f dfq geO{ ;x/L Onfsfdf ;d]t 5l/P/ /x]sf ;;fgf /sdnfO{ ;+sng u/L 7"nf] k'FhL agfpg] sfo{df dlxnf ;d"x
;lqmo 5g eGg] s'/f oyfjtg} 5 . cfh x/]s ;d"xsf gfddf :yflkt ;+:yfn] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xsf/Lsf gfdn] klg a9L
lrlgg] ul/G5 . cfdf, dlxnf nufotsf cg]sf}+ gfddf v'n]sf xhf/f}+sf ;+Vofdf /x]sf j}wflgs ;+:yfaf6 xfd|f] o; b]jr'nL
If]qdf cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;'rf¿ ePsf] 5 . dlxnf g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; k'FhLsf] ;b'kof]u dfq gu/L clg ;fgf] /sdnfO{
7"nf] k'FhLsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ ljljw Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf 5g . o:tf] sfo{n] /f]huf/L g]t[Tj ljsf; art ug]{
afgLsf] ljsf; cfk;df ;xsfo{ ;xof]u ub}{ ;d[4 aGg] af6f]df nfu]sf dlxnf jf:tjdf cfly{s If]qsf] pTyfgdf xfd|f]
o; b]jr'nL j8f g+= !) sf] dlxnfx? dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x ub{} cfO/x]sf 5g .
t/ csf]{ kf6f]nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{, xfd|f] ;dfhdf cem} klg hflto lje]bn] h/f] uf8]/ a;]sf] 5 . ;d'bfodf blnt hghflt
dlxnfx? k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/df ;fdfGo kl/j{tg cfPsf] ePtfklg cb[Zo ?kdf hflto lje]b sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL
s'/fdf ;dfgtf kfpg ;lsPtfklg lje]b d'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf0f{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljutsf] t'ngfdf o; ;dfhdf s]xL
kl/j{tg cfPtfklg k"0f{ ?kdf lje]b d'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf0f{ x'g ;s]sf] d}n] kfOg . o; If]qdf blnt, hghfltx?sf] klg
j;f]af; /x]sf] x'Fbf pQm ;Dk|bfosf dlxnfx?sf] e'ldsf oxfFsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhlglts h:tf s'g} klg If]qsf]
ljsf;df cem} gePsf] kfP .
!=# ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf gx'g'sf sf/0f tyf ;xeflutf u/fpg rflnPsf k|of;x?
htftt}af6 k|fKt anfTsf/ / cfTdxTofsf 36gfn] dlxnfx¿df ljsf;sf sfdx¿df lg?T;flxt agfPsf] 5 .
v'n:t ?kdf eGg'kbf{ o; j8fsf 6f]n, ;dfh lbg–k|ltlbg ljkGgtfsf] vf8ndf ?dlnPsf] 5 . oL s'/fx¿nfO{
ljZn]if0f u/L ;dfhdf /x]sf] n}+lus lx+;fs} sf/0f ;dfhsf] ljsf;qmd dGb ePsf] 7x/ ub}{ xfd|f] o; OnfsfnfO{
lx+;fd'Qm agfpg ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx?n] hgr]tgf d"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ul//x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL sfd ug]{
clwsf/sdL{x¿n] ;d]t cf–cfˆgf] tj/af6 lx+;fd'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf 5g .
k/Dk/fut a'emfO, b[li6sf]0f, zfl/l/s, h}ljs jgf]6, wfld{s, ;f:s[lts d"No / dfGotfx? nufPt cGo ljleGg
sf/0fx?n] ubf{ klg o; If]qdf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df k|j]z gu/fOPsf] kfOof] .
;dfhnfO{ lx+;fd'Qm agfpgsf nflu kl5Nnf lbgx¿df cleofgs} ¿kdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g .
Source: Organized by JYCN in Coordination with Devchuli Municipality, Female Multipurpose Cooperative Ltd.
Pragatinagar. 2014, tab 13, 22

7. hlt cf}krfl/s sfo{qmd eP klg Jofjxfl/s¿kdf ;'wf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . ;dfhnfO{ lx+;fd'Qm agfpgsf nflu h;n]
h:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] klg o:tf] cleofg cfkm"af6, cfˆgf] 3/af6 z'¿ ug{ ;s] dfq ;dfh lx+;fd'Qm aGg ;S5 . o;
cy{ >LdfGn] >LdtLnfO{, kl/jf/n] 5f]/LnfO{, ;f;"n] a'xf/L jf a'xf/Ln] ;f;"nfO{ lje]b ubf{ ToxfF ePsf] lx+;fn] ;f] kl/jf/nfO{
sdhf]/ agfpF5 . kl/jf/ sdhf]/ x'Fbf ;dfh x'Fb} o; j8f g+=!) dGbljifsf] l;sf/ x'g k'U5 . Ifl0fs cfgGb jf cfj]unfO{
zfGt agfpg lx+;f ubf{ ;a}nfO{ 3f6f k'lu/x]sf] x'G5 .
!=#=! ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf gx'g'sf sf/0fx?
tflnsf ! M k|ultgu/ b]vL u0f]z6f]n If]qsf] dlxnfx? ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df ;xeflutf x'g] / ;xeflutf gx'g]sf sf/0f
;lxt ;+Vofx? Ù
!=
;xeflutf x'g]x?sf] ;ªVof *!
;xeflutf x'g]x?sf] k|ltzt #^=*@
qm=:f ;xeflutf gx'gfsf sf/0fx? ;ªVof k|ltzt
!= dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L gkfP/ $@ !(=)(
@= cfly{s ?kdf ljkGGf ePsfn] )( $=)(
#= dlxnfx? clzlIft x'g' @* !@=&#
$= ;dosf] cefj ePsfn] $& @!=#&
%= hgr]tgfsf] cefj !# %=()
hDdf @@) hgf !))=))
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog, @)*) .
cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf @@) hgf dlxnfx?dWo] !(=)( k|ltztn] dlxnfn] sfo{qmdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L gkfP/, !@=&# k|ltzt dlxnfx?n]
cfkm'x? clzlIft eP/, $=)( k|ltzt cfly{s ?kdf ljkGGf ePsf], %=() k|ltzt hgr]tgfsf] cefj, / @!=#& k|ltzt ;dosf] cefj ePsfn]
ljsf; lgdf0f{ ;DjGwL sfo{qmddf hfgsf/L geP/ cfkm'x? ;xeflu x'g g;s]sf] atfP eg] #^=*@ k|ltzt dlxnfx? ;xeflu ePsf] hgfP .
!=$ ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df dlxnfsf] e"ldsf
ljz]if u/L k/Dk/fut ¿kdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] cfd dlxnfsf]dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;d]6g ;s]sf] 5}g, dlxnfsf] e"ldsf
s]jn ethic of care cyf{t 3/k/jf/, ;dfh tyf ;+:s[ltk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ gls /fHo ;+rfngdf ;xefuL x'g' eGg]
k/Dk/fut dfGotf g} k|jn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

8. o; b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+=!) sf] df x'g] ljleGg committee leadership, tender bidding tyf project, ;+rfngdf
dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf x'g g;Sg'df sfg'gL k|0ffnL k'?if k|wfg /x]sf] / o;sf k|To]s efiff, zAb, ts{ / ;+/rgfdf k'?if
k|wfgsf d"No dfGotfsf] dfq kIfkf]if0f / jsfnt u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;n] ;Fw} formal equality cyf{t sfg'gsf] cufl8
;dfgtf eGg] s'/fdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf], dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ g;s]sf] tyf /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs
n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf feminist jurisprudence sf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvof] .
xfn dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts clwsf/sf] pkof]udf klg ;dfgtf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; cg'¿k ljleGg /fhg}lts If]qdf
dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf qmdzM a[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ klg b]jr'nL If]qsf dlxnfx¿df /x]sf] c1fgtf, clzIff / oxfFsf]
dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs :t/ Pj+ dfGotf k'?ifx¿sf] bfFhf]df sd ePsf] jf:tljstfn] ubf{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] xs tyf
clwsf/x¿sf] /fd|f] pkof]u x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ctM dlxnfx¿nfO{ sfg'gL kIfdf klg hfu?s t'NofP/ ;+ljwfgcg';f/ kfPsf
clwsf/x¿sf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
pko'{Qm s]xL k|d'v ;"rsx¿nfO{ s]nfpFbf o; j8f g+= !) dfq geO{ l;Ëf] gjnk'/df /x]sf dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s :t/df qmdzM ;'wf/ eO/fv]sf] kfOG5 tfklg plNnlvt ljleGg sl7gfOx¿sf] sf/0f ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|To]s
If]qdf pgLx¿af6 ;xeflutf xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf d}n] kfOg .
vf; u/]/ dlxnfx¿ k|ltkmnsf pkef]Qmf dfq xf]Ogg, ljsf;sf ;+jfxs klg x'g . dlxnfsf] e"ldsf 3/leq dfq ;Lldt
/fVg], ;fdflhs ultljlwaf6 6f9f agfpg], cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg gu/fpg] h:tf ;+:sf/sf] cGt u/Lg'kb{5 eGg]
s'/f d o; k|ltj]bg dfkm{t ;du| b]jr'nL j8f !) sf jfl;Gbfx? dfem bzf{p5' .

9. kl/R5]b – b'O{
;Gbe{ ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg
;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg s'g} klg cWoogsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ lgb{]zg, dfu{lrq xf] . s'g}klg cWoog sfo{ ug{'k"j{ pQm ljifo
;+u ;DalGwt ;flxTosf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 h;n] ubf{ cfkm'n] ug{ vf]h]sf] ljifodf k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt x'g hfG5 .
cg';Gwfgstf{n] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu zLif{s rog ul/;s]kl5 To;;Fu ;DalGwt 1fgsf] z"Gotf, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg,
k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg ljlw / cg';GwfgnfO{ kmnbfoL agfpgsf nflu ;DalGwt ;lxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sgn] cfwf/:tDesf]
?kdf sfo{ ub{5 . o; cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kf7ok':ts, hg{n, cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg, zf]wkq k|sflzt ck|sflzt
a'n]l6gx?sf] cWoog ul/ of] k'g/fnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; gu/ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf zLif{sdf cWoog u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] of] k|ltj]bg n]Vg] l;nl;nfdf
ljifoa:t' ;DalGwt s]xL ljutsf cWoog cg';Gwfg hg{n cfl6{sn, g]6 OG6/g]6sf] ;xfotf, cg';GwfgfTds l/kf]6{x¿
OToflb af6 n]vfj6L z}nL cWoog u/L lgDg k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb5' .

10. kl/R5]b – tLg
cWoog ljlw tyf k|lqmof
cWoog ljwL cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] ljwL xf] h;n] cWoognfO{ ;/n ;xh Pjd ;fy{stf k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy}
ljZj;gLo / a}w agfpFb5 . s'g} klg sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL s;/L ug{] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|Zg p75 Tolx s'/fnfO{ l;nl;n]jf/
agfpg] ljwL g} cg';Gwfg ljwL xf] . o; cg';Gwfg ljwLleq cg';Gwfgsf] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd ul/g] lqmofsnfkx?nfO{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
#=! cg';Gwfg 9fFrf
cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ j}1flgs, k|efjsf/L / tfls{s lgisif{df k'/ofpgsf nflu ;fjwfgLk"j{s lgdf{0f ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{
cg';Gwfg 9fFrf elgG5 . o;nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/ :tDesf] ?kdf lnOG5 . h;n] cg';Gwfgsf d'Vo p2]Zox?sf]
kl/k'lt{ ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf] 9fFrf 5gf}6 ug{' kb{5 . s'g} klg ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ ljleGg tl/sfx? canDag
ul/G5 . h:t} P]ltxfl;s, k|of]ufTds, j0f{gfTds cfbL . o; cWoogdf dfyL pNn]lvt tl/sfx? dWo] j0f{gfTds 9fFrfnfO{
cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
#=@ hfgsf/Lsf ;|f]tx¿
o; cWoogsf lglDt zf]wsfo{, n]v, /rgf, cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg tyf ljBfno, gu/kflnsf sfo{no / cGo ;+:yfx¿af6
pknAw ;"rgf nfO{ o; cWoogsf] ;|f]tx¿sf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o; gjnk'/ lhNnfsf], b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !)
sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf af/] tYo ;+sng ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf k':ts, kq klqsf,n]v÷/rgf
, k|ltj]bg cflb ;fdu|Lx¿sf] gfdfjnL÷gd'gf ;Gbe{ u|Gy ;"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
#=# cWoogsf] hg;ªVof
o; cWoogdf b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) leq /x]sf %%^ lgjf;x?sf s'n !,)&$ hgf k'?if / !,#^) hgf
dlxnfx? dWo @)) jo:s gf/Lx? ;fy} b'O{j6f >L k[YjL dfWolds ljBfno / >L ljZj Hof]lt dfWolds ljBfnosf
nueu !%)) dWoaf6 !%) hgf 5fq 5fqfx?nfO{ cWoogsf] hgª+Vofsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
#=$ cWoogsf] dxTj
k|To]s ljifoj:t'n] If]qut ?kdf cfkmgf] dxTj lglZrt ?kdf g} /fv]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf] cWoog ubf{ pQm
ljifosf] s] slt dxTj /xG5 eGg] s'/fsf] 1fg x'g cfjZos x'G5 . cg';Gwfg Pp6f p2]Zod"ns jf}l4s sfo{ xf] , o;n]
dfgj lhjgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;s/fTds / gs/fTds kf6fx?nfO{ ;xL ?kdf lrq0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . h;n]ubf{
hLjgsf cg]s Jojxfl/ ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dwfg ug{] pkof vf]Hb5 , hfgsf/L gePsf ljifoj:t'sf] jf:tfljstf yfxf
kfpg cWoog sfo{ Pp6f dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf ;xof]u ug{] x'gfn] cWoogsf] dxTjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ j'Fbfut ?kdf o;/L
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

11. ➢ o; cWoogn] lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ gjnk'/ ;]/f]km]/f] ljsf;df dlxnfx?sf] ;+DnUgtf af/] hfgsf/L tyf cfd
j8f jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ ljsf;df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfjf6 x'g] kmfObfaf/] 1fg k|;f/0f lzIffdf x'g]5 .
➢ ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ dlxnf sd{rf/Lx? ldNg]5 .
➢ cWoog If]qdf ;fdflhs s'l/tL, r]lna]6L a]rlavg, b]xJofkf/, 3/]n'lx+;f nufotsf dlxnf lj?¢sf ck/fw
lgoGq0fs ;DalGw ;d:of ;dwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
➢ o; ljifo;+u ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg ug{]nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug{]5 .
#=% cWoogsf] kl/;Ldf
x/]s ljifodf cf–cfˆgf] ;Ldfx? /x]sf x'G5g cfjZostf cg';f/ >f]t ;fwg,;do / hgzlQmsf cfwf/df x/]s ljifonfO{
;Ldfj4 ,lglZrt 3]/f leq ;Lldt ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Lldttfn] cWoog, cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ clgoflGqt x'gaf6 arfO{
;lx af6f] tkm{ pGd"v u/fpb5 . t;y{, gjnk'/ lhNnf b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !) sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts,
Pjd ef}uf]lns ljsf; sfo{ k|0ffnLdf pQm j8fdf a;f]af; ug]{ gf/Lx?sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg s] slt lyof], 5, /
x'g]5 eGg] s'/f x? o; k|ltj]bgdf b;f{pg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
➢ of] cWoog :gfts txsf] dfgljsL ;+sosf] lålto jif{df cWoog/t 5fqf -d lji0f' s'df/L e§/fO{_ åf/f ul/Psf]
hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
➢ o; cWoogn] pQm j8f g+= !) df a;f]af; ug]{ b]jr'nL gu/ af;L dlxnfx?sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ePsf]
pkl:ylt, sfo{ Pjd ;xsfo{, ;xeflutf nfO{ dfq ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
➢ d}n] of] cWoogdf b]jr'nL af;L dlxnfx? ;+u / gu/sf k|d'v g]t[Tj lng] JolQmTjx¿ ;+u z'4 k|ZgfjnL
afx]s cGo s'g} tYo, cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]u u/]sf] 5}g .
➢ xfd|f] o; j8fdf dlxnf hgzlQmn] o;} If]qsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;xeflutf ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] k|;+u
k|lt JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/]Psf] 5 .

12. kl/R5]b – rf/
k|flKTf, lgisif{, tyf ;'emfjx?
ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ;DalGw :ynut cWoogsf cfwf/df k|fKt ePsf d'Vo k|flKTf, lgisif{ tyf
;'emfjx?nfO{ o; cWofodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
$=! ;f/f+z tyf d'Vo k|flKt
cg';Gwfg klqmofdf k|Zgx? Pjd kl/sNkgfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k|fKt glthfnfO{ ;+lIfKt / :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . o;
cg';Gwfg cg'?k ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf cWoogsf d'Vo ;f/f+z tyf k|flKtx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5gM–
❖ o; gjnk'/ lhNnfsf] b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) df ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ;DalGw
sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ug{ u7g ePsf dlxnf ;d'x÷;ldtL÷;+:yfx?sf] ;ªVof tyf dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s
tyf j}olQms z;QmLs/0fsf nflu ul/g] sfo{qmdx?sf] k|sf/ o; j8f !) sf] x/]s 6f]n, l5d]s cg';f/ km/s
km/s /x]sf] kfOof]. ljz]if u/L blnt hghflt dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf cem Go"g /x]sf] kfOof] .
❖ ;d"x÷;ldlt÷;+:yfsf] k|d'v kbdf dlxnfx? k'Ug ;s]sf kfO{Pg . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;a} ;d'bfosf] kx"Frdf
k'Ug g;s]sf] / k'u]sf] 7fFpdf klg ;d"xdf cfj¢ u/fpg] ;Gb{edf dflyNnf] lgsfo af6 vf;} k|of; ePsf] b]lvPg
.
❖ !) g+= j8f If]qdf /x]sf] dlxnfx?sf] s'n hg;ªVof dWo] nueu %% k|ltzt dlxnfx? dfq ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df
;xeflu ePsf] kfOof] .
– - k"/f gjnk'/ lhNnfdf #@=!@ k|ltzt blnt hghflt dlxnf / ^&=** k|ltzt cGo dlxnf /x]sf] kfOG5 . _
❖ cGo ;d'bfosf dlxnfx?sf] t'ngfdf blnt hghflt dlxnfx?sf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf lgs}
sd /x]sf] kfO{of] .
❖ clzIff, ;d'bfodf cem} klg JofKt /x]sf] k/Dk/fut ;f]r Pj+ ;+:sf/sf sf/0f sltko dlxnfx? rfx]/ klg
;d'x÷;ldlt÷;+:yfdf cfj¢ x'g g;s]sf] kfO{of].
❖ dlxnf ;d'x÷;ldtL÷;+:yfsf] u7g ubf{ s]xL ;dfj]zL agfpg] k|of; ePtfklg blnt tyf hghflt dlxnfx?sf]
pNn]vgLo ;xeflutf x'g ;s]sf] kfO{Pg .
❖ dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ug{sf] nflu xfn j8fx?df dfyL pNn]lvt dlxnf ;d'x, dlxnf ;ldtL tyf
dlxnf ;+:yfx?sf] u7g ePsf] x'Fbf oL dlxnf ;d'x, dlxnf ;ldtL tyf dlxnf ;+:yfx?n] dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s tyf j}olQms z;QmLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ul//x]sf 5g . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL
ePsf dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf j}olQms ;zlQms/0fsf] If]qdf yf]/} ePklg kl/j{tg cfPsf] kfOof] .
❖ o;/L ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} dlxnfx? To;df klg blnt tyf hghflt dlxnfx?sf] nflu nlIft u/]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;+~rfng ul/Psf] ePtfklg k'?ifx?sf] t'ngfdf ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{If]qdf dlxnfx?sf]
;xeflutf tyf pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf j}olQms l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOof] .

13. $=@ lgis{if
ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf] cWoog kZrft cWoogsf lgis{ifx?nfO{ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M–
Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;[hgf ug]{ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts
/ sfg'gL ¿kdf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf xf] . To;}n] dfgj Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] clxn]sf]
kl/;"rsnfO{ u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds ¿kdf a9fpg cfd hgtfn] cg'e"t ug{ ;Sg] u/L ljsf;sf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fdf
;dfj]zLtfsf] d"NonfO{ n}+lus ;dfgtfn] k[i7kf]if0f u5{ .
To;}n] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, hftLo Pj+ cGo ;a} sf/0fn] zf;sLo zlQmsf] dflyNnf] txdf, ;dfhsf] lg0ff{os
txdf leq lvnh:tf] ufl8P/ a;]sf] bl/› lkt[;QfTds lrGtgnfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg] pbf/ Pj+ k|j[lQut ;f]rn] ljsf;nfO{
a9L ;xeflutfd"ns, ;dfj]zL Pj+ Gofo k"0f{ agfpg ;S5 .
vf; u/]/ dlxnfx¿ k|ltkmnsf pkef]Qmf dfq xf]Ogg, ljsf;sf ;+jfxs klg x'g . dlxnfsf] e"ldsf 3/leq dfq ;Lldt
/fVg ;fdflhs ultljlwaf6 6f9f agfpg], cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg gu/fpg] h:tf ;+:sf/sf] ;d"n cGt u/L dlxnf
;zStLs/0f s/0f Pj+ d"n k|jfxLs/0fsf] dfWodåf/f gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL u/fpFb} jt{dfg /fhgLlts k4lt / zf;gdf
dlxnfsf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug{ h?/L 5 . ;z:q lj/f]w hgo'4df dlxnf ;xeflutf / dlxnfn] b]vfPsf] ;fx;, zflGt
k|lqmofnfO{ tflTjs lgisif{df k'¥ofpg b]vfPsf] cu|;/tf / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf eO;s]sf] Jofks ;xeflutfsf] pRr ;Ddfg
ub}{ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf k|fKt pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{, lbuf] agfpg] gofF g]kfnsf] k|fylds Ph]G8f x'g'kb{5 .
dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs z;QmLs/0fsf nflu n}lËs lje]b ;DalGw sfo{qmo, dlxnf lx+;f lj?¢sf] ;r]tgf sfo{qmd,
k|hgg:jf:Yo ;DalGw sfo{qmd, lx+;fdf k/]sf dlxnfsf] p¢f/ ;DalGw sfo{qmd, Psn dlxnf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd, Affnljjfx
;DalGw hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd h:tf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? z'? u/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ oL dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs l:yltdf
klg kl/j{tg cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} 3/kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bodf x'g] dlxnf lx+;f tyf lje]bsf 36gfx? sd x'b} uPsf] 5 . ;fy}
dlxnfx?nfO{ cfly{s ?kdf z;Qm agfpgsf] nflu l;nfO{ a'gfO, x:tsnf, t/sf/L v]tL, Affv|fkfng h:tf l;kd"ns tyf
cfocfh{gd"ns sfo{qmd tyf tflndx? ;~rfng ePsf]/ tL tflndaf6 l;s]sf l;kx?sf] k|of]u ul/ ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfod'ns sfo{df dlxnfx? ;+Ung ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L dlxnfx? cfod'ns sfo{df ;+Ung x'g yfn] ;Fu} 3/kl/jf/sf]
cfly{s cj:yfdf klg ;'wf/ cfPsf] kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ o; b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) sf] ljsf; If]qdf lgs} 6]jf
k'u]sf] kfOG5 .
o; j8fsf k|To]s ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df k'?ifx?sf] dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf Go"g kfOG5 . ;a} ;d'bfosf] kx"Frdf dlxnf
ljsf; sfo{qmd k'Ug g;s]sf], clzIffsf] sf/0fn] klg w]/} dlxnfx? ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xefuL gePsf / ;d'bfodf
cem} klg JofKt /x]sf] k/Dk/fut ;f]r Pj+ ;+:sf/sf sf/0f sltko dlxnfx? rfx]/ klg ;d'x÷;ldlt÷;+:yfdf cfj¢
x'g g;s]sf] / ;d"xdf cfj¢ u/fpg] ;Gb{edf dflyNnf] lgsfo af6 vf;} k|of; ePsf] kfOb}g . ;dfhdf cem} klg cb[Zo
?kdf slxst} hflto lje]b /x]sf] kfOG5 . ha;Dd j8fjf;Lx?df ædlxnf, k'?if ;dfg x'gÆ eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'b}g
ta;Dd dlxnf ljsf;df ;xeflutf nflu ;+~rflnt sfo{qmdx?df dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf x'g ;Sb}g .
o;/L ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} dlxnfx?sf] nflu nlIft u/]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;+~rfng ul/Psf]
ePtfklg dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf j}olQms l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . cGtdf, dlxnfx¿sf]
hLjg ;'wf/ ug]{ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{, g]t[Tj ljsf; ug]{, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;Ifd agfpg]h:tf s'g} klg sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog gePsf]n] ljsf;n] b'|t ult lng;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] tnb]lv dflyNnf] lgsfo;Ddsf]
of]hgfdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] plQs} ;xeflutf / lg0ff{os e"ldsfnfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ . ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf th'{df ul/g'
cufj} ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, of]hgf tof/L, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg, k|ltkmn ljt/0f, ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly
lgoGq0fh:tf ljifox¿df dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] ;dfg e"ldsf, ;xeflutf, lg0ff{os xs / zlQm;Gt'ng ePdf dfq ljsf;
sfo{n] b'|t ult lng ;S5 . To;}n] /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu dlxnfju{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf :ki6 ePsf] 5 .

14. $=# ;'emfjx?
cWoogdf b]lvPsf k|lKtnfO{ lgofnL Tof] cj:yfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf kl/j{tg ug{sf] nflu s]–s] ubf{ l7s x'G5 s] ubf{
a]7Ls x'G5 / s'g af6f]ckgfpg] elg lbOg] ;Nnfx g} ;'emfj xf] . o; cWoog kZrft cWoog stf{nfO{ nfu]sf ;fdfGo
;'emfjx? tn 5'§f5'§} a'Fbfut ?kdf :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5
$=#=! ;fdfGo ;'emfjx?
❖ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;ls|o x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f lzIff If]qdf tNnf] sIff b]lv g} clgjfo{ ?kdf
k|efjsf/L 9+un] l;sfpg] ug{'kb{5 .
❖ ;d"x÷;ldlt÷;+:yfsf] k|d'v kbdf dlxnfx? Klg x'g'k5{ . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;a} ;d'bfosf] kx"Frdf k'Ug
g;s]sf] / k'u]sf] 7fFpdf klg ;d"xdf cfj¢ u/fpg] ;Gb{edf dflyNnf] lgsfo af6g} k|of; ug'{kb{5 .
❖ ;|f]t ;fwg / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df dlxnfju{sf] kx"Fr tyf ;dfg'flts lgoGq0f :yfkgfsf nflu kxn ug{ h?/L
x'G5 .
❖ ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} dlxnfx? To;df klg blnt tyf hghflt dlxnfx?sf] nflu nlIft u/]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf
dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;+~rfng u/fOg'kb{5 .
❖ s'–;+:s[lt, s'–k|yf, k/Dk/fut a'emfO, n}lËs lje]b x6fpg'kb{5 .
$=#=@ gLltut ;'emfjx?
❖ j8f :t/df ePsf u/]sf sfo{qmx? k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{] lgtL th{'df ul/g' kg{] .
❖ ljsf; lgdf0f{sf nflu dlxnfx?sf] a9L eGbf a9L ;xeflutf u/fpgsf] nflu ;j{k|yd dlxnf lzIff -k|f}9 lzIff_
sfo{qmd / dlxnf ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? ;+~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
❖ gf/L clwsf/ tyf ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] e"ldsf s]–s:tf] x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwL j8fn] lgoldt tYofÍx?
;+sng ug'{kb{5 .
❖ ;d'bfosf /x]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf j}olQms ?kdf ljkGg ju{sf ;a} dlxnfx?;Dd k'Ug] u/L dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
$=#=# efjL cWoogsf nflu ;'emfjx?
❖ of] cWoog gjnk'/ lhNnfsf] b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) sf] b'O{ j6f dfWolds ljBfnodf / k|ultgu/,
bnbn] cf;kf;sf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t 5 . To:t} c? ljBfno / ;d'bfox?df klg cWoog u/fpg'kb{5 .
❖ of] cWoog cGo j8fx?sf 6f]n, ;d'bfo / cGo ljBfnox?df ug{'kg{] .

15. ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL
g]kfn ;/sf/, -@)&#_, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)&@÷)&# M nlntk"/
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu
Gofob"t -å}dfl;s_= @)&^= c;f]h÷sflt{s, !)-$_M!#, k[= !# . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cf7f}+, gjf}+ / bzf}+ of]hgf .
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfn ;/sf/= @)&*= cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&*–&(=
ljsf; tyf k"jfwf/ dGqfno, sf7df8f}F .
g]kfn ;/sf/, -@)&#_, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng dfu{b{zg @)&@ M nlntk'/
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu
g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg M gofF /fHo ;+/rgf ax'cfoflds lrGtg b[li6sf]0fx¿= Pkmf]–g]kfn, sf7df8f}F, k[i7 !@@ .
g]6 OG6/g]6 tyf dWoljGw' SofDk; nfOa|]/L
;'j]bL, k|ltef / b]phf, hut -@)&!_, æ;|f]t ;fwgdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr” gfds cfn]v, ¿kfGt/0fdf dlxnf k':ts leq,
k[=^& / &!, ;Dkfbg M ldgf cfrfo{, ;'wf lqkf7L, OGb' t'nfw/ / dGh' yfkf, sf7df8f}+ M cl:dtf dlxnf k|sfzg u[x
;~rf/ tyf ;|f]t ;+:yf .
ljg]6, lng - !**&_, “g]kfndf dlxnfx¿sf] l:ylt” k|yd ;+:s/0f, cg'jfbs M k|]d axfb'/ >]i7, l8NnLahf/
sf7df8f}+dlxnf tyf ljsf; s]Gb| .
Rahman, A. (2013). “Women’s Empowerment: Concept and Beyond” Global Journal of Human Social
Science Sociology & Culture, Volume 13, USA, Global Journals Inc

16. cg';"rL !
cGt{jftf{ cg';"rL
x/]s j8fsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfn] kfg]{ k|efjsf/Ltf / To;n] ;d'bfodf kf/]sf] k|efj ;DalGw
cWoog Ù
gfd============================================================================================================================================
7]ugf=================================================================jif{================================= lnË==============================
wd{=========================================================hft===================================== k]zf===================================
!_ tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/jf6 slt hgf dlxnf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xeflutf x'g'x'G5 <
@_ tkfO{sf] 6f]n l5d]ssf] ljsf; If]qdf slt hgf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 <
#_ s] dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf u/fpgsf] lglDt tkfO{sf] j8f If]qdf dlxnf ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? ;+~rfng ul/Psf] 5 <
$_ tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿ dWo sf] sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{If]qdf ;xefuL x'g OR5's 5}gg / lsg <
%_ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf x'bfsf] kmfObf s]–s:tf] kfpg' eof] <
^_ s'–;+:s[lt, s'–k|yf, k/Dk/fut a'emfO, n}lËs lje]b h:tf k|yfsf] alxisf/ ug{ tkfO{sf] e"ldsf s]–s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
&_ blnt tyf hghfltx? k|lt ul/g] b[li6sf]0f tkfO{sf] j8f If]qdf s]–s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
*_ dlxnf ;d'x÷;ldtL÷;+:yfdf tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/jf6 dlxnf ;xeflutf x'g'x'G5 <
(_ ;d"x ÷;ldtL÷;+:yfdf slxn]af6 ;xefuL x'g'eof] <
!)_ x/]s a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g'x'G5 <
s_ x'G5' v_ slxn]sfxLF u_ x'Gg
!!_ j8fn] ;~rfng ug]{ x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g'x'G5 <
s_ x'G5' v_ slxn]sfxLF u_ x'Gg
!@_ tkfO{ klxnf s] ug'{ xGYof] <
s_ /fhlglts tyf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ v_ u[x0fL dlxnf u_ cGo s]xL eP v'nfpg]

17. !#_ tkfO{ clxn] s] ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ /fhlglts tyf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ v_ u[x0fL dlxnf u_ cGo s]xL eP v'nfpg]
!$_ tkfO{ slt ;fn b]lv ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df nfUg' ePsf] xf] <
!%_ tkfO{ cfj4 ;+3;+u7gsf] gfd s] xf] / To; ;+u7g dfkm{t s;/L ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnfnfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{If]qdf
cu|h ug{;lsG5<
!^_ cfj4 ;+3;+u7gsf] s'g ;ldltdf x'g'x'G5 <
!&_ tkfO{nfO{ ;dfh ;]jf tyf ljsf; If]qdf nfUg] k|]/0ff s;/L ldNof] <
!*_ cfj4 ;+:yfsf] s'g kbdf x'g'x'G5 <
!(_ tkfO{ ;+nUg ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj s;n] ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
s_ dlxnf v_ k'¿if
@)_ tkfO{sf] j8fsf ljsf; lgdf{0f ;ldltdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ d'Vo kbx¿df /fv]sf 5g ls 5}gg <
s_ cWoIf kb v_ ;lrj kb u_ sf]iffWoIf kb 3_ cGos'g} kb
@!_ tkfO{sf] a:tLdf x'g] 6f]n e]nfsf] g]t[Tj jf ;+rfng s;n] u/]sf] x'G5 <
s_ dlxnf v_ k'¿if
@@_ xfn tkfO{sf] j8f If]qdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] kf6L{df dlxnf ;xeflutf s:tf] 5 <
s_ w]/} /fd|f] 5 v_ l7s l7s} 5 u_ cNk ;+Vo 5 3_ 5b}F 5}g
@#_ tkfO{ j8f If]qsf] ;]js eO{ sfd ubf{ ;a} eGbf a9L ;xof]u / ;befj s:sf] kfpg' ePsf] 5<
s_ 3/kl/jf/sf] v_ 5/l5d]sLsf] u_ cfkmGthgsf] 3_ kf6L{sf] ª_ s;}sf] klg kfPsf] 5}g
@$_ tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] d'Vo k]zf s] xf] <
s_ s[lif v_ Aofkf/ Aoj;fo u_ hflu/ 3_ cGo s'g}
@%_ tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] dfl;s cfDbfgL slt 5 <
s_?= !) xhf/ eGbf sld v_ ? !) xhf/ eGbf dfly u_ ? @) xhf/ eGbf dfly
3_ ?= #) xhf/ eGbf dfly ª_ ?$) xhf/ eGbf dfly r_ ? %) xhf/ eGbf dfly

18. @^_ tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df 3/hUuf lsga]r ug{] sfo{sf] lg0f{o s;n] ub{5 <
s_ dlxnf v_ k'¿if u_ b'j}
@&_ tkfO{ a;f]jf; ug]{ ;d'bfodf dlxnf al9 5g ls k'¿if <
s_ dlxnf v_ k'¿if
#%_ tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df 3/ leqsf] sfd s:n] ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ dlxnf v_ k'¿if u_ b'j}
#^_ tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df 3/ aflx/sf] sfd g]t[Tj s:n] ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ dlxnf v_ k'¿if u_ b'j}
#&_ tkfO{sf] 3/–kl/jf/df dlxnf k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ ul/G5 <
#*_ tkfO{ slxn]sfxL dlxnf ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd, e]nfx? OTofbL pT;j tyf a}7sx¿df hfg kfpg' x'G5 ls x'b}Fg<
s_ Kffp5' v_ kfplbg
#(_ tkfO{sf] ljrf/df ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf agfpg ;kmn s;}sf] s/sfkn] xf] ls cfkmg} OR5fn]
ePsf] xf] h:tf] nfU5 <
$)_ Ps bzs cl3sf] t'ngfdf tkfO{sf] j8fsf] ljsf; If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutf slQsf] ;kmn ePsf] kfpg' x'G5 <

19. cg';'rL @
gjnk/f;L -k"j{_ lhNnfsf] gS;f
sfo{If]qsf] gS;f