This document provides an overview of key concepts in theory building according to William G. Zikmund's book. It discusses the purposes of theory as prediction and understanding. A theory is defined as a set of general propositions used to explain relationships between observed phenomena. For a theory to be good, it must be valid, have generalization ability, and be replicable. Concepts abstract reality and are building blocks of theories, while propositions propose linkages between concepts. Hypotheses, which are empirically testable propositions, are developed from concepts and propositions. The scientific method involves both deductive and inductive reasoning to move from theories to hypotheses to empirical testing.
Theory building, What Is a Theory? , What Are the Goals of Theory?, Research Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Variables, and Hypotheses, Research Concepts and Constructs, Research Propositions and Hypotheses, Understanding Theory, Verifying Theory, Theory Building, The Scientific Method
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theory
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businessresearch methodstheory building
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a ladder/steps of abstraction for concepts
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scientific method
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abstract level
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deductive reasoning/logic
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inductive reasoning
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the scientific method: an overview
A research design is the overall plan or programme of research. It is the general blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research design is nothing but a scheme of work to be undertaken by a researcher at various stages.
Business Research - Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and FeaturesSundar B N
In this ppt a hints are given on Business Research - Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and Features.
Subscribe to Vision Academy YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Theory building, What Is a Theory? , What Are the Goals of Theory?, Research Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Variables, and Hypotheses, Research Concepts and Constructs, Research Propositions and Hypotheses, Understanding Theory, Verifying Theory, Theory Building, The Scientific Method
,
theory
,
businessresearch methodstheory building
,
a ladder/steps of abstraction for concepts
,
scientific method
,
abstract level
,
deductive reasoning/logic
,
inductive reasoning
,
the scientific method: an overview
A research design is the overall plan or programme of research. It is the general blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research design is nothing but a scheme of work to be undertaken by a researcher at various stages.
Business Research - Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and FeaturesSundar B N
In this ppt a hints are given on Business Research - Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and Features.
Subscribe to Vision Academy YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Exploratory Research Design - Meaning and MethodsSundar B N
This ppt contains Exploratory Research Design which covers Introduction to Exploratory Research, Meaning of Exploratory Research, Techniques of Exploratory Research, Examples of Exploratory Research, Methods of Designing Exploratory Research
Nature of research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
Generally, research has to follow a certain structural process.
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
Exploratory Research Design - Meaning and MethodsSundar B N
This ppt contains Exploratory Research Design which covers Introduction to Exploratory Research, Meaning of Exploratory Research, Techniques of Exploratory Research, Examples of Exploratory Research, Methods of Designing Exploratory Research
Nature of research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
Generally, research has to follow a certain structural process.
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
Developing Critical Thinking in Our Youngest LearnersJennifer Jones
These are my slides from my session, Developing Critical Thinking in Our Youngest Learners, that I gave at the PK1 Conference in Santa Clara, CA in January 2015. In this presentation, I shared 9 instructional strategies to help Kindergarten and First Grade teachers teach critical thinking to their little ones. Many of the posters included in the slides are either free or for sale in my TpT store at www.hellojenjones.com
Keywords: Language Frames, Critical Thinking Rubric, because, Picture of the Day, Daily Analogies, Morning Meeting, Rules for Discussion, Speaking & Listening, Be Opinionated, Vocabulary Notebooks, Hello Literacy, Jen Jones
Lets start off the new school year in style! This is a re-imagining of an older resource designed to introduce the subject to new students in a highly visual manner. Feel free to use & share it. Check out the links.
As always, any feedback would be really useful.
Thanks, Simon
Basic but informative information's about research methodology. Research is a basic need for society. Knowingly or unknowingly always we are doing research of anything's anytime. Just we are not aware that we are doing research. So, research is very important part of our life and in our study obviously. So, do research, spread knowledge and learn more and more.
And dear reader, if you find my ppt helpful and informative please give me feedback.
And if you have any suggestion ,then you are always welcome.
Thank you.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
2. Theories
Theories are nets cast to catch what we call
“the world”: to rationalize, to explain, and to
master it. We endeavor to make the mesh ever
finer and finer (Karl R. Popper).
4. Theory
• A coherent set of general propositions used
as principles of explanation of the apparent
relationships of certain observed
phenomena.
5. What makes a good theory?
• Validity: It fits the facts
• Generalization: Makes predictions about
future or other events
• Replication: It can be repeated with similar
findings
Theories must be: Objective, Verifiable (i.e. within the
accepted margins of error), Falsifiable / disprovable
Good theories must understand, explain and predict
6. Concept (or Construct)
• A generalized idea about a class of objects,
attributes, occurrences, or processes that has
been given a name
• Building blocks that abstract reality …..
• In management we often use concepts or
constructs as variables
• Examples: Leadership, Productivity, Morale, Gross
National Product, Asset, Inflation, Social
Responsibility, GNP, Agency, Honesty, Efficiency
7. Example of a Theory: Voluntary Job Turnover
Labour market conditions, number of organizations, personal characteristics,
And other partial determinants of ease of movement
Perceived ease of movement (e.g.
Expectation of finding alternatives,
unsolicited opportunities)
Perceived desirability of movement
(e.g. job satisfaction)
Equity of pay, job complexity, participation in
decision-making, and other partial determinants
of desirability of movement
Zikmund, pp. 44 - 45
8. Abstraction
• Concepts abstract reality
– Concepts are expressed in words that refer to
various events or objects
– Concepts vary in degree of abstraction
• Ladder of abstraction
• Research operates at abstract and empirical
level linking concepts together as we begin
the journey to construct theory.
11. Definitions
• Abstract level -In theory development, the
level of knowledge expressing a concept
that exists only as an idea or a quality apart
from an object.
• Empirical level -Level of knowledge
reflecting that which is verifiable by
experience or observation.
12. Theory Building A Process Of
Increasing Abstraction
TheoriesTheories
PropositionsPropositions
ConceptsConcepts
Observation of objectsObservation of objects
and events (reality )and events (reality )
Increasinglymoreabstract
13. Propositions
• Concepts are the basic building blocks
• Propositions propose the linkages between
these concepts
theory
propositions
concepts
Levelofabstraction
15. Scientific Method
The use of a set of prescribed procedures for
establishing and connecting theoretical
statements about events and for predicting
events yet unknown.
16. Abstract Level
• Concepts abstract reality.
• Propositions are statements concerned with
the relationships among concepts.
17. From proposition to hypothesis
Concept A:
Punishment Or
Reinforcement
Concept B:
Attendance Or
Habits
Yelling at students
Or
Dollar bonus for
sales volume
over quota
Increases
attendance by
50% Or
Always makes
four sales calls
a day
Abstract
Level
Empirical
Level
Proposition
Hypoth-
esis
Proposition at Abstract Level
Hypothesis at Empirical Level
18. • A hypothesis is a proposition that is empirically
testable. It is an empirical statement concerned
with the relationship among variables.
• A variable is anything that may assume different
numerical values i.e. that varies
• Make sure that you define, or operationalize all
your variables… an operational definition
• Null hypothesis
19. The Origin of the Hypothesis
• Is said to date from the time of Plato
(428-347BC), a Greek philosopher.
• Plato believed one should develop a
belief and then test it by observation.
20. The earth is flat!
• The medieval church depicted the earth as
flat.
• This was linked to religious and other beliefs
in a limited world. They used deductive
reasoning based not on fact but on their own
beliefs.
• Copernicus, Galileo and others helped prove
the earth was anything other than flat.
• The faulty hypothesis did not fit the facts, but
it held sway over generations till it was shown
to be false.
21. What makes a good hypothesis?
• precise
• specifies variables to measure
• specifies relationships between
variables
22. A poor hypothesis
• Students spend too much money on fast food.
Students with incomes of less than 10,000 per year
spend a higher proportion of their income in fast
food restaurants than the established mean for the
general population.
A better hypothesis
23. Theory and Song
A fact without a theory
Is like a ship without a sail,
Is like a boat without a rudder,
Is like a kite without a tail.
A fact without a figure is a tragic final act,
But one thing worse in this universe
Is a theory without a fact.
24. Research questions
• Are often used when you are not sure of a
specific hypothesis, you need to generalise
• Helps focus on the problem and identifies
what can be measured
• Whereas there is normally a single
hypothesis, there are normally multiple
research questions
26. Deductive Reasoning
• The logical process of deriving a conclusion
from a known premise or something known
to be true.
– We know that all managers are human beings.
– If we also know that John Smith is a manager,
– then we can deduce that John Smith is a human
being.
28. Inductive Reasoning
• The logical process of establishing a
general proposition on the basis of
observation of particular facts.
– All managers that have ever been seen are
human beings;
– therefore all managers are human beings.
30. Double Movement of reflexive thought
• Induction occurs when we observe a fact and ask
“why” … Tahir is laughing (why)
• To answer this we develop a tentative hypothesis
as the explanation … Tahir laughed because he
read a funny message(answer)
• Deduction is the process whereby we test the
hypothesis … (if funny message is read one will
laugh … send a message to one and get the
result .. Interpret result .. conclude)
31. The Scientific Method
The “scientific method” is basically an overarching
perspective on how scientific investigations should be
undertaken. It can, in effect, be considered as a complete set of
principles and methods that help researchers in all scientific
disciplines obtain valid results for their research studies, and
which includes the provision of clear and universally accepted
guidelines for acquiring, evaluating and communicating
information in the context of a research study
The goals of scientific research are, broadly speaking, to
understand, explain and predict
33. Elements of the Scientific Method
Empirical Approach
Observation
Questions
Hypotheses
Experiments
Analysis
Conclusion
Replication
34. Elements of the Scientific Method
(Empirical Approach)
Evidence-based approach. The guiding principle
behind all research conducted in accordance with the
scientific method
Data derived from direct, systematic and careful
observation and experimentation (as opposed to
speculation, intuition, opinions, hunches, gut feeling)
35. 35
Elements of the Scientific Method
(Observation)
Awareness of the real / physical / social world in which we
exist. This, in turn, gives rise to questions as the basis for
research studies or investigations
Operational Definitions – Ensures consistency when
researchers talk about or are interested in undertaking or
replicating research on the same phenomenon. Example: What
is “exercise”?
What is consistency?
36. Elements of the Scientific Method
(Questions)
Making an answerable question out of a research idea. The
question must be answered using available and established
scientific research techniques and procedures. Scientific
Analysis should not be attempted on questions which cannot
be answered
Example of an answerable question: Can regular exercising
reduce an individual’s cholesterol level?
Example of a (currently) unanswerable question: Is time travel
possible?
37. Elements of the Scientific Method
(Hypotheses)
Hypotheses attempt to explain phenomena of interest. A hypothesis is a
proposition which is empirically testable (proposition ?). It usually seeks
to explain relationships between variables, and predict, and must be
falsifiable
Typical hypotheses structures:
Conditional - If Condition X is fulfilled, then Outcome Y will result
Correlational - The value of Variable B is observed to be related with
changes in the value of Variable A
Causal – The value of Variable Z determines the value of Variable Q
what is variable?
38. 38
Elements of the Scientific Method
(Experiments)
Experiments are basically about measuring phenomena and
collecting accurate and reliable data which are used for
analysis and evaluation
Accuracy – Correctness of the Measurement
Reliability – Consistency of the Measurement
What is (i) validity (ii) reliability?
39. Elements of the Scientific Method (Analysis)
Analysis is about the use of qualitative or quantitative tools and
techniques to process data
Quantitative tools and techniques are considered more desirable
(objective) than qualitative tools and techniques … (remember
there are experts who will strongly object to this)
Statistical analysis is typically used to quantitatively analyze data
acquired in research studies
What is (i) procedure (ii) method (iii) methodology (iv) technique
(v) tool (vi) farmula
40. Elements of the Scientific Method
(Conclusions)
Based on the results of the analysis conducted, and used to
support or refute a hypothesis
When undertaking research, conclusions should only be based
on the available data and not broadened to include statements
which are not supported by the data
Example: If the research analysis shows that two variables are
correlated (related), do not assert also that a causal
relationship exists between them
41. Elements of the Scientific Method (Replication)
The purpose of replication is to ensure that if the same research
study is conducted with different participants (i.e. researchers,
research subjects), then the same results are achieved
Replication establishes the reliability of a research study’s
conclusions
Conclusions are often based on the results of one research study
(aberration effect … oddness, peculiarity) which may not be
accurate