The document discusses the development of science from several perspectives. It describes how science evolved from early concepts of knowledge in Arabic and Latin. Knowledge is defined as the accumulation of information that explains cause-and-effect relationships systematically. Science differs from knowledge in that it can explain "why" something occurs rather than just "what" is occurring. The document also outlines different ways of obtaining science, including rationalism, empiricism, and the scientific method, which combines rational thinking and empirical evidence testing. Lastly, it provides a brief overview of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.

1. How Science Developed
Ajah Saputra and Yudhi Widayanto

2. Science
• Arabian:
‘alama
• Latin: scio,
scire
Knowledge
• Science is the accumulation of knowledge which
explains causality (cause-effect relationships) of
an object according to certain methods that has
a systematic unity (Soetriono dan Hanafie,
2007:140).

3. Science
• Knowledge is the formation of associative
thinking that connect or establish a mind with
reality or with other thoughts based on
experience over and over again without
understanding of causality (cause and effect) are
essential and universal (Soetriono dan Hanafie,
2007:140).

4. Science
• Knowledge is the main part of science. It does
not answer the question of the fact, as can be
answered by science. In other words,
knowledge can only answer questions about
“what”, while science can answer questions
about “why” of the fact or event (Soetriono dan
Hanafie, 2007:140).

5. Ways of Obtaining Science
• Rationalism
• Empiricism
• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism
(Scientific Method)

6. Ways of Obtaining Science
• Rationalism
• Rationalists believe that all knowledge starts in the
Conclusion: Basically, knowledge is already exists in
mind.
the human mind in the form of ideas. These ideas are
innate and not something we earn or learn.
• The human mind has the ability to "know" the idea, but
humans do not create it, and do not learn through
experience. Idea is already "there" as part of a basic
reality, and the human mind, as he is seen in the fact,
will contain the idea anyway (Jujun S. Suriasumantri,
2001:99).

7. Ways of Obtaining Science
• Rationalism
• Empiricism
• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism
(Scientific Method)

8. Ways of Obtaining Science
• Empiricism
• Empirikos (Greek): experience
• Humans acquire knowledge through experience. John
Locke concluded that there are no such things as
INNATE IDEAS but that all we know comes from
experience and reflection upon experience.
• Such experiences cannot be isolated from their
surroundings as everything is inter-related to everything
else.

9. Ways of Obtaining Science
• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism
Empiricism
• (Scientific Empirikos Method)
(Greek): experience
• Humans acquire knowledge through experience. John
Locke concluded that there are no such things as
INNATE IDEAS but that all we know comes from
experience and reflection upon experience.
• Such experiences cannot be isolated from their
surroundings as everything is inter-related to everything
else.

10. Ways of Obtaining Science
• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism
(Scientific Method)
• The combination mindset of rationalism of these two and methods empiricism
will
are generate complementary knowledge and which go hand is in consistent,
hand.
systematic, and reliable.
• Rationalism gives/provides logical framework
(theory, hypothesis). Empiricism provides
framework for testing the theory with facts
gathered.

11. Ways of Obtaining Science
• Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism
(Scientific Method)
• Key elements of scientific method:
Problem/Question → Observation →
Formulate a Hypothesis →
Experiment/Testing the Hypothesis →
Conclusion

12. Method of Developing Science
• Problem/Question
• Collecting Data
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Conclusion

13. Method of Developing Science
• Problem/Question
Develop a question or problem that can be solved through
experimentation.

14. Method of Developing Science
• Collecting Data
Use references to do background research
– Books
– Journals
– Magazines
– Internet
– TV
– Videos
– Experts

15. Method of Developing Science
• Hypothesis
– Possible answer to a question that can be tested
– Based on observations and knowledge
– Use “If” “then” statement
Example: If I unplug the modem, then the internet connection is
lost.

16. Method of Developing Science
• Experiment
Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list.

17. Method of Developing Science
• Conclusion
Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. Make
recommendations for further study and possible improvements to
the procedure.

18. To make you more understand about scientific
method, check this out.

19. CONCEPT OF RESEARCH
• Research is an activity or process that is done systematically to
find and solve the problem or get answers to specific questions.

20. KIND OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
EXPERIMENTAL
CORRELATIONAL
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
SURVEY.
QUALITATIVE
ETHNOGRAPIC
HISTORICAL

21. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Sugiyono (2013: 11) defines quantitative research as research
that is based on the philosophy of positivism, is used to examine
the population or a particular sample, using a data collection
instrument research, quantitative data analysis / statistics, with
the goal to test the hypothesis that has been assigned

22. Characteristics of Quantitative Research
• The study was conducted on a particular population or a
representative sample
• Quantitative research is deductive, which is used to answer the
problem formulation concepts or theories that can be formulated
hypotheses. The hypothesis is then tested through data collection
field.
• Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive or inferential
statistics so that it can be concluded that formulated the
hypothesis is confirmed or not.

23. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

24. Experimental Research
 A study which is aimed to examine the effect of one or more than
one variable to another variable.
 Researchers looked at the effects of at least one independent
variable on one or more dependent variables.
 The independent variable in experimental research is also often
referred to as experimental, or treatment.
 The dependent variable, also known as the criterion, or
outcome, referring to the results of research
 There is manipulation to the dependent variable

25. Correlational Research
• It examined the possible relationship between only two variables,
although the study of more than two variables are common.
• There is no manipulation of variables in correlational studies.

26. Causal Comparative Research
Purpose of this research is to investigate the possibility of a
causal relationship based on observation of the existing result,
then seek back the fact that may be the cause of certain data
through

27. SURVEY RESEARCH
The main purpose of survey research is to describe the characteristics of a
population.

28. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata (2006: 60):
A qualitative research method is a study aimed at describing and
analyzing phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs,
perceptions, thoughts of people individually or in groups.
Characteristics of qualitative research is as follows.

29. Characteristics of Qualitative Research
• Performed on natural conditions, directly to the data source and
the researcher is the key instrument.
• Qualitative research is more descriptive. Data collected in the
form of words or images, so it does not emphasize the figure.
• Qualitative research is more emphasis on the process rather than
the product or outcome.
• Qualitative research is inductive data analysis.
• Qualitative research emphasizes the significance (data diibalik
observed).

30. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

31. Ethnographic research
It describes and interpret the cultural, social group or system. This
research usually focuses on activity patterns, language, beliefs,
rituals, and ways of life. This research process takes a long time in
the field, shaped by nature observation and interviews with
participants.

32. Historical Research
Historical research is research regarding the collection and
evaluation of data is systematically related to the past events to test
hypotheses related to the causes, influences, events or
developments that may help with memberiikan information on
current events and anticipate the events to come.

33. The Differences Religion Development from Development of Science
and Arts
1. Material Object
a. Science : Materials that can be studied, examined, and studied by
scientists in search of knowledge
b. Art: Material studied, reviewed, learned or worked in research in
the creation of art or an artistic creation artistic activity
c. Religion: Objects in the physical and metaphysical dimensions
2. Formal Object
a. Science: The central focus of the problem or objective study of
scientists in search of knowledge, as embodied in the thinking
process of research subjects
b. Art: goals and objectives of arable art interpretation of the
phenomena is the object of the material world in the creation of art
as embodied in the thinking process of the subject of art creator
c. Religion: thorough point of view, objective, free, and radically
about the principal learning of religion

34. Continue…….
3. The Source
a. Science comes from brainpower,
b. Art comes from a sense,
c. Religion comes from revelation
4. What Precedes
a. Science is preceded by curiosity,
b. Art is preceded by the beauty or aesthetics,
c. Religion is preceded by beliefs

35. Thank You