This document provides an overview of geography as an academic discipline. It begins by defining geography as the study of the earth's physical features and human systems. It then covers various key concepts in geography like place, space, environment, interconnection, sustainability, scale and change. The document also discusses the history and evolution of geography as a field of study. It outlines the key elements of geography and discusses the relationships between geography and other social sciences. Finally, it provides descriptions of the sub-disciplines of physical geography and human geography.
By going through this presentation, students will be able to understand the diversity within Geography. Introductory and comprehensive details have been given about each branch of Geography.
By going through this presentation, students will be able to understand the diversity within Geography. Introductory and comprehensive details have been given about each branch of Geography.
Geography is an interesting subject for all. It deals with location, space, patterns and distribution of life, landforms, resources, environment and development. Human geography is the study of human use and understanding of the whole world and the processes which have affected it. This module explains about the importance of human geography.
In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society.
It also emphasizes on how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses of place, and how people produce and communicate knowledge and meaning.
Geologic time scale, Uniformitarianism, Catastrophic concept, Geomorphic process-agent cause and product, Hutton's concept, Davis Concept, Darwin's concept, Gilbert's concept
Developing Critical Thinking in Our Youngest LearnersJennifer Jones
These are my slides from my session, Developing Critical Thinking in Our Youngest Learners, that I gave at the PK1 Conference in Santa Clara, CA in January 2015. In this presentation, I shared 9 instructional strategies to help Kindergarten and First Grade teachers teach critical thinking to their little ones. Many of the posters included in the slides are either free or for sale in my TpT store at www.hellojenjones.com
Keywords: Language Frames, Critical Thinking Rubric, because, Picture of the Day, Daily Analogies, Morning Meeting, Rules for Discussion, Speaking & Listening, Be Opinionated, Vocabulary Notebooks, Hello Literacy, Jen Jones
Geography is an interesting subject for all. It deals with location, space, patterns and distribution of life, landforms, resources, environment and development. Human geography is the study of human use and understanding of the whole world and the processes which have affected it. This module explains about the importance of human geography.
In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society.
It also emphasizes on how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses of place, and how people produce and communicate knowledge and meaning.
Geologic time scale, Uniformitarianism, Catastrophic concept, Geomorphic process-agent cause and product, Hutton's concept, Davis Concept, Darwin's concept, Gilbert's concept
Developing Critical Thinking in Our Youngest LearnersJennifer Jones
These are my slides from my session, Developing Critical Thinking in Our Youngest Learners, that I gave at the PK1 Conference in Santa Clara, CA in January 2015. In this presentation, I shared 9 instructional strategies to help Kindergarten and First Grade teachers teach critical thinking to their little ones. Many of the posters included in the slides are either free or for sale in my TpT store at www.hellojenjones.com
Keywords: Language Frames, Critical Thinking Rubric, because, Picture of the Day, Daily Analogies, Morning Meeting, Rules for Discussion, Speaking & Listening, Be Opinionated, Vocabulary Notebooks, Hello Literacy, Jen Jones
Lets start off the new school year in style! This is a re-imagining of an older resource designed to introduce the subject to new students in a highly visual manner. Feel free to use & share it. Check out the links.
As always, any feedback would be really useful.
Thanks, Simon
There are several aspects in which the components of geography and ecology are similar in their concepts and applications.
In several areas, these two subjects also go hand-in-hand.
Geography and ecology are related to each other. An understanding of ecology and its relation with geography is needed. This module explains their inter-relationships.
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International Journal of Education (IJE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Educatioan. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Educational research.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Educational advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Education.
From Geography to Geo-Society the Need for Transaction in the Greek State Pub...ijejournal
This article undertook to describe the transformation of Geography as teaching subject through the years in Greece as well as the need of adaptation emerged from the New Era of digital evolution in everyday life. Geography is an applied science that over the centuries has shown an evolution both in terms of the objects of study and the way of studying the objects it deals with. Technological development has led its study from the statics of the classroom, the map and the globe to the study of the use of digital tools and applications. Societies have now become Geo-Information Societies gaining ground against those with mere knowledge of geography. Citizens are now required to have specific skills and qualifications. Suppose linguistic and mathematical literacy were historically requirements for membership in a community of the past. In that case, digital literacy is generally accepted as the passport to the information society, and "belonging" to a "GISociety" will require a particular set of elements of geospatial literacy.
Human Ecology is the study and assessment of the mutual interconnections between people and their environments at multiple scales and multiple time frames [1]. The subject is informed by ecological and evolutionary theory in biology and by the predominant concepts of landscape and spatial relationships in geography; but recognizes that humans have gradually achieved partial ecological and geographical dominance through their culturally given but continually changing technology and social, economic, and political arrangements. Human ecology subsumes such specialized approaches to these relationships and links as cultural ecology, political ecology, geography, ecological anthropology, environmental sociology, environmental economics, environmental psychology, and environmental history [2].
6].
What is Geography, Branches of Geography and Scope of Geography.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics of geography in detail.
1. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHY
2. TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY:
(PHYSICAL || HUMAN)
3. SUB-BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
4. SCOPE OF GEOGRAPHY
(MATERIAL || FIELD)
..........That's all......Thank you.
The Perspective and Association of Geography with Environment and Societypaperpublications3
Abstract: The study examines the relationship of the discipline of Geography with conceptual terms of Environment and society. Geography is seen as a spatial science, majorly concerned with spatial analysis, of how and why things differ from place to place and how observable spatial pattern evolved through time on the surface of the earth. The study adopts a survey of literature as its methodology. It is observable that every society has its individual physical and cultural attributes that distinguishing it from other societies; thus giving it unique character, potential and location. And it is found that in society cultural traits are more pronounced in changing the natural phenomena of the environment. The Environment is better understood when broken to its component: atmosphere, hydrosphere lithosphere and biosphere. Environment has all that is needed to sustain the society and all that is required for life sustenance. It provides the setting with which human action occurs, its shapes but not dictate, how people live in the society as well as their resource base. However, how resources are perceived and utilized is culturally conditioned in society. And virtually every human activity leaves its imprint on the environment. Environment and society form the laboratory for geographic operation. And its spheres form the space which is the major concern in geography and the concept of society introduces the important factor of culture which greatly has direct impact on the environment. The socio-cultural content of the society is influenced by the environment where it locates and the society modifies the content of the environment. There are interconnection between the environment and society which purposely produces spatial patterns with their hidden mechanism of spatial process, accessibility and connectively in addition to idea of location and distance. Advance level of interaction has produced globalization which has accelerated greater spatial diffusion of idea and material resources in the world. The major role of geography is to ensure harmonious spatial organization and inter relationship between and among societies on one hand and between society and its environment on the other. Thus, this is being pursued in geography through its traditions: Earth science, cultural-environment, the location (space), the areal analysis and various paradigms and spatial techniques. It is therefore recommended that for speedy development in developing nations particularly at combating the myriad of environmental challenges and appropriate exploitation and utilization of environmental resources, the spatial tool should be adopted as contained in the discipline of Geography.
This page include the short and precise overview about geography. It contains all touched knowledge about geography including definition, history and types,
Class 12th Chapter 1(Human Geography Nature and Scope) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
This was based on my research and nothing more to bash,, char hahaha Thanks anyway for opening this. I Hope this will help your problem, question, assignment etc. :) Regards everything.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Geography
1. LECTURE 1 MAJOR 3
(BASIC GEOGRAPHY)
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. SAMUEL GRECALDA
SUBMITTED BY:
BEED IIA-GENERAL EDUCATION
2. I. MEANING OF GEOGRAPHY
Greek word, geographia, "earth
description“
A science that deals with the description,
distribution, and interaction of the diverse
physical, biological, and cultural features
of the earth’s surface.
A delineation, or systematic arrangement
of constituent elements.
3. II. THE CONCEPT OF GEOGRAPHY
Geography identifies the
concepts of place, space
environment, interconnection,
sustainability, scale and change as
integral to the development of
geographical understanding.
4. PLACE
Geography, understanding of the concepts of
place is developed on the following ways:
1. Places are parts if the Earth’ surface that are
identified and given meaning by people. They
perceived, experienced, understood and
valued differently.
2. Places are important to our security, identity,
and sense of belonging, they provide us with
the services and facilities needed to support
and enhance our lives.
5. 3. The environmental characteristics of a place
are influenced by human actions and the
actions of environmental processes over
short to long time period.
4. The human characteristics of a place are
influenced by its environmental
characteristics and resources, relative
location, connections with other places, the
culture of its population the economy of a
country, and the decisions and actions of
people and organizations over time at
6. 5. The places in which we live are created,
changed and managed by people.
6. Each place is unique in its characteristics.
As a consequence, the outcomes of similar
environmental and socioeconomic
processes vary in different places, and
similar problems may require different
strategies in different places.
7. The sustainability of places may be
threatened by a range of factors.
7. SPACE
The concept of space is about the
significance of location and spatial distribution,
and ways people organize and manage the
spaces that we live in. In Australian Curriculum:
Geography, an understanding of the concept of
space is developed in the following ways:
a. The environmental and human characteristics
of places are influences by their location and
distance from other places on people are being
reduced, though unequally, by improvements in
transport and communication technologies.
8. b. The individual characteristics of places form
spatial distributions and the analysis of
these distributions contributes to
geographical understanding.
c. Spaces are perceived, structured, organized
and managed by people and can be
designed and redesigned, to achieve
particular purposes.
9. ENVIRONMENT
The concept of environment is about the
significance of the environment in human life,
and the important interrelationships between
humans and the environment. In Australian
Curriculum: Geography, an understanding of
the concept of environment is developed in
the following ways:
1. the environment is the product of geological,
atmospheric, hydrological, geomorphic,
edaphic (soil), biotic and human processes.
10. 2. The environment supports and enriches
human and other life by providing raw
materials and food, absorbing and recycling
wastes, maintaining a safe habitat and
being a source of enjoyment and inspiration.
3. Culture, population density, type of
economy, level of technology, values and
environmental worldviews influence the
different ways in which people perceive,
adapt to use similar environment.
11. 4. Management of human-induced
environmental change requires an
understanding of the causes and
consequences of change, and involves the
application of geographical concepts and
techniques to identify appropriate strategies.
5. Each type of environment has its specific
hazards. The impact of these hazards on
people is determined by both natural and
human factors, and can be managed but not
eliminated by prevention, mitigation and
preparedness.
12. INTERCONNECTION
The concept of interconnection emphasizes
that no object of geographical study can be
viewed in isolation. In Australian Curriculum:
Geography, an understanding of the concept of
interconnection is developed in the following
ways:
1. Places, people and organizations in places are
interconnected with other places in a variety of
ways. These interconnections have significant
influences on the characteristics of places and
on changes in these characteristics.
13. 2. Environmental and human processes, for
example, the water cycle, urbanization or
human-induced environmental change, are
sets of cause-and-effect interconnections
that can operate between and within places.
They can sometimes be organized as
systems involving networks of
interconnections through flows of matter,
energy, information and actions.
3. Holistic thinking is about seeing the
interconnections between phenomena and
processes within and between places.
14. SUSTAINABILITY
The concept of sustainability is about the
capacity of the environment to continue to
support our lives and the lives of other living
creatures into the future. In Australian
Curriculum: Geography, an understanding of the
concept of sustainability may be developed in the
following ways:
a. Sustainability is both a goal and a way of
thinking about how to progress towards that
goal.
b. Progress towards environmental sustainability
depends on the maintenance or restoration of
the environmental functions that sustain all life
15. c. An understanding of the causes of non
sustainability requires a study of the
environmental processes producing the
degradation of an environmental function; the
human actions that have initiated these
processes; and the attitudinal, demographic,
social, economic and political causes of these
human actions.
d. There are a variety of contested views on how
progress towards sustainability should be
achieved and these are often informed by
worldviews such as stewardship.
16. SCALE
The concept of scale is about the way that
geographical phenomena and problems can be
examined at different spatial levels.
1. Generalizations made and relationships found at one
level of scale may be different at a higher or lower
level. For example, in studies of vegetation, climate
is the main factor at the global scale but soil and
drainage may be the main factors at the local scale.
2. Cause-and-effect relationships cross scales from the
local to the global and from the global to the local.
For example, local events can have global
outcomes, such as the effects of local vegetation
removal on global climate.
17. CHANGE
The concept of change is about explaining
geographical phenomena by investigating how they have
developed over time. In Australian Curriculum: Geography,
an understanding of the concept of change may be
developed in the following ways:
1. Environmental change can occur over both short and
long-term time frames, and both time scales have
interrelationships with human activities.
2. Environmental, economic, social and technological
change is spatially uneven, and affects places differently.
3. An understanding of the current processes of change can
be used to predict change in the future and to identify
what would be needed to achieve preferred and more
sustainable futures.
18. HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHIC STUDY
Evolution
Geography was first systematically studied by the
ancient Greeks, who also developed a philosophy of
geography; Thales of
Miletus, Herodotus, Eratothenes, Aristotle, Strabo,
and Ptolemy made major contributions to geography.
The Roman contribution to geography was in the
exploration and mapping of previously unknown lands.
Greek geographic learning was maintained and
enhanced by the Arabs during the middle Ages. Arab
geographers, among whom Idrisi, Ibn Battutah, and Ibn
Khaldun are prominent, traveled extensively for the
purpose of increasing their knowledge of the world.
The journeys of Marco Polo in the latter part of the
Middle Ages began the revival of geographic interest
outside the Muslim world.
19. With the Renaissance in Europe came the
desire to explore unknown parts of the world that
led to the voyages of exploration and to the great
discoveries. However, it was mercantile interest
rather than a genuine search for knowledge that
spurred these endeavors. The 16th and 17th
century. Reintroduced sound theoretical
geography in the form of textbooks
(the Geographia generalis of Bernhardus Varenus)
and maps (Gerardus Mecator's world map). In the
18th cent. geography began to achieve recognition
as a discipline and was taught for the first time at
the university level.
20. Modern Geography
The modern period of geography began
toward the end of the 18th cent. with the works
of Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Ritter.
Thenceforth two principal methods of approach
to geography can be distinguished: the
systematic, following Humboldt, and the
regional, following Ritter. Of the national
schools of geography that developed, the
German and the French schools were the most
influential.
21. The German school, which dealt mainly with
physical geography, developed a scientific
and analytical style of writing. The French
school became known for its descriptive
regional monographs presented in a lucid
and flowing manner; human and historical
geography were its forte. Although emphasis
has shifted several times between the
approaches and viewpoints, their
interdependence is recognized by all
geographers.
22. Nature of Geography
Geography is concerned with place. Understanding
the nature and causes of areal differentiation on the
global surface has been the geographer’s task since
people first noticed differences between places.
First, geography is strongly influenced by the
norms of the social sciences. The complexity and
changing nature of human society seldom permit the
type of precision expected in the physical sciences.
Instead, the social sciences offer a variety of
perspectives and methods of study by which to
examine the consequences of human behavior on the
global surface
23. Second, physical geographers, no less than
human geographers, contribute to an
understanding of place; for the concept of site --
the physical characteristics of a place -- is integral
to understanding areal differentiation on the global
surface.
The view of geography presented here is that
of a core sharply focused on the concept of place;
one in which both physical and human elements
play an important part in yielding knowledge of the
earth in a manner that is integrative of people and
the land.
24. ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY
1. The World in Spatial Terms
a. How to use maps and other geographic
representations, tools, and technologies to acquire,
process, and report information from a spatial perspective
b. How to use mental maps to organize information about
people, places, and environments in a spatial context
c. How to analyze the spatial organization of people,
places, and environments on earth's surface
2. Places and Regions
a. The physical and human characteristics of places
b. That people create regions to interpret earth's
complexity
c. How culture and experience influence people's
perceptions of places and regions
25. 3. Physical Systems
a. The physical processes that shape the patterns of earth's
surface
b. The characteristics and spatial distribution of ecosystems
on earth's surface
4. Human Systems
a. The characteristics, distribution, and migration of human
populations on earth's surface
b. The characteristics, distribution, and complexity of earth's
cultural mosaics
c. The patterns and networks of economic interdependence
on earth's surface
d. The processes, patterns, and functions of human
settlement
e. How the forces of cooperation and conflict among people
26. 5. Environment and Society
a. How human actions modify the physical
environment
b. How physical systems affect human systems
c. The changes that occur in the meaning, use,
distribution, and importance of resources
6. The Uses of Geography
a. How to apply geography to interpret the past
b. How to apply geography to interpret the present
and plan for the future
27. IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHY
Geography provokes and answers questions
about the natural and human worlds, using
different scales of enquiry to view them from
different perspectives.
It develops knowledge of places and
environments throughout the world, an
understanding of maps, and a range of
investigative and problem solving skills both
inside and outside the classroom. As such, it
prepares pupils for adult life and employment.
28. Geography is a focus within the curriculum for
understanding and resolving issues about
environment and sustainable development.
It also an important link between the natural and
social sciences. As pupils study geography, they
encounter different societies and cultures.
This helps them realize how nations rely on each
other.
It can inspire them to think about their own place
in the world, values and their rights and
responsibilities to other people and the
29. THE RELATIONSHIP OF GEOGRAPHY TO OTHER
SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES
This revived interest in places is a feature of
the third contemporary strand, with geographers
participating in the growing field of cultural studies
that encompasses scholars from the humanities
and social sciences in new ways of studying
human action in context. Such work ranges over
many aspects of behavior, including the micro-
scale of the individual body, seeking to
understand the meanings that underpin actions –
many of which are never recorded during the
processes of everyday life –and how communities
and groups identify with places and spaces.
30. The relationships between people and
nature are also being reconsidered, breaking
down the perceived artificial boundaries
between these long-considered opposites.
New approaches for interrogating actions are
being explored: geography quite literally
studies where events ‘take place’ and the
impact of those events is reflected in the
places’ character. Indeed, such is the
geographical contribution to cultural studies
that some identify a ‘spatial turn’ within the
humanities.
31. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
The natural environment is the primary
concern of physical geographers, although
many physical geographers also look at how
humans have altered natural systems.
Physical geographers study Earth’s
seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams,
landforms, and oceans. Some disciplines
within physical geography include
geomorphology, glaciology, pedology, hydrolog
y, climatology, biogeography,
and oceanography.
32. Geomorphology is the study of landforms
and the processes that shape them.
Geomorphologists investigate the nature and
impact of wind, ice, rivers, erosion,
earthquakes, volcanoes, living things, and other
forces that shape and change the surface of the
Earth.
Glaciologists focus on the Earth’s ice fields
and their impact on the planet’s climate.
Glaciologists document the properties and
distribution of glaciers and icebergs. Data
collected by glaciologists has demonstrated the
retreat of Arctic and Antarctic ice in the past
33. Pedologists study soil and how it is created,
changed, and classified. Soil studies are used by a
variety of professions, from farmers analyzing
field fertility to engineers investigating the suitability of
different areas for building heavy structures.
Hydrology is the study of Earth’s water: its
properties, distribution, and effects. Hydrologists are
especially concerned with the movement of water as it
cycles from the ocean to the atmosphere, then back to
Earth’s surface. Hydrologists study the water
cycle through rainfall into streams, lakes, the soil, and
underground aquifers. Hydrologists provide insights that
are critical to building or removing dams,
designing irrigation systems, monitoring water quality,
tracking drought conditions, and predicting flood risk.
34. Climatologists study Earth’s climate system and
its impact on Earth’s surface. For example,
climatologists make predictions about El Nino, a
cyclical weather phenomenon of warm
surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. They
analyze the dramatic worldwide climate changes
caused by El Nino, such as flooding in Peru, drought
in Australia, and, in the United States, the oddities of
heavy Texas rains or an unseasonably warm
Minnesota winter.
Biogeography's study the impact of the
environment on the distribution of plants and animals.
For example, a biogeography might document all the
places in the world inhabited by a certain spider
species, and what those places have in common.
35. Oceanography, a related discipline of physical
geography, focuses on the creatures and environments
of the world’s oceans. Observation of ocean tides
and currents constituted some of the first oceanographic
investigations. For example, 18th-century mariners
figured out the geography of the Gulf Stream, a massive
current flowing like a river through the Atlantic Ocean.
The discovery and tracking of the Gulf Stream helped
communications and travel between Europe and the
Americas.
Today, oceanographers conduct research on the
impacts of water pollution, track tsunamis,
design offshore oil rigs, investigate underwater eruptions
of lava, and study all types of marine organisms
from toxic algae to friendly dolphins.
36. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Human geography is concerned with the distribution
and networks of people and cultures on Earth’s surface.
A human geographer might investigate the local,
regional, and global impact of rising economic powers
China and India, which represent 37 percent of the
world’s people. They also might look at how consumers
in China and India adjust to new technology
and markets, and how markets respond to such a huge
consumer base.
Human geographers also study how people use
and alter their environments. When, for example,
people allow their animals to overgraze a region, the
soil erodes and grassland is transformed into desert.
The impact of overgrazing on the landscape as well as
agricultural production is an area of study for human
37. Finally, human geographers study how political,
social, and economic systems are organized across
geographical space. These include governments,
religious organizations, and trade partnerships. The
boundaries of these groups constantly change.
The main divisions within human geography reflect
a concern with different types of human activities or
ways of living. Some examples of human geography
include urban geography, economic geography, cultural
geography, political geography, social geography, and
population geography. Human geographers who study
geographic patterns and processes in past times are
part of the sub discipline of historical geography. Those
who study how people understand maps and
geographic space belong to a sub discipline known as
38. Many human geographers interested in the relationship
between humans and the environment work in the sub disciplines of
cultural geography and political geography.
Cultural geographers study how the natural environment
influences the development of human culture, such as how the
climate affects the agricultural practices of a region. Political
geographers study the impact of political circumstances on
interactions between people and their environment, as well as
environmental conflicts, such as disputes over water rights.
Some human geographers focus on the connection between
human health and geography. For example, health geographers
create maps that track the location and spread of specific diseases.
They analyze the geographic disparities of health-care access. They
are very interested in the impact of the environment on human
health, especially the effects of environmental hazards such
as radiation, lead poisoning, or water pollution.
39. LECTURE 2 MAJOR 3
(BASIC GEOGRAPHY)
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. SAMUEL GRECALDA
SUBMITTED BY:
BEED IIA-GENERAL EDUCATION
40.
41. THE GLOBE
A globe is a three-dimensional,
spherical,
scale model of Earth (terrestrial
globe or geographical globe) or other
celestial body such as a planet or moon.
While models can be made of objects
with arbitrary or irregular shapes, the
term globe is used only for models of
objects that are approximately
42.
43. Latitude Lines Imaginary lines running horizontally
around the globe. Also called parallels, latitude lines
are equidistant from each other. Each degree of
latitude is about 69 miles (110 km) apart. Zero
degrees (0°) latitude is the equator, the widest
circumference of the globe. Latitude is measured
from 0° to 90° north and 0° to 90° south—90° north is
the North Pole and 90° south is the South Pole.
Longitude Lines Imaginary lines, also called
meridians, running vertically around the globe. Unlike
latitude lines, longitude lines are not parallel.
Meridians meet at the poles and are widest apart at
the equator. Zero degrees longitude (0°) is called the
prime meridian. The degrees of longitude run 180°
east and 180° west from the prime meridian.
44. Equator Zero degrees latitude. The Sun is directly overhead
the equator at noon on the two equinoxes (March and Sept.
20 or 21). The equator divides the globe into the Northern
and Southern hemispheres. The equator appears halfway
between the North and South poles, at the widest
circumference of the globe. It is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16
km) long
Hemisphere a half of the earth, usually as divided into
northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western
and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the
poles.
Grid latitude and longitude lines form an imaginary grid over
the Earth’s surface.
45. Prime Meridian Zero degrees longitude (0°).
The prime meridian runs through the Royal
Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England
(the location was established in 1884 by
international agreement). The prime meridian
divides the globe into the Western and Eastern
hemispheres. The Earth's time zones are
measured from the prime meridian. The time at
0° is called Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT). With the Greenwich
meridian as the starting point, each 15° east
and west marks a new time zone. The 24 time
zones extend east and west around the globe
for 180° to the International Date Line.
46. International Date Line Located at 180°
longitude (180° E and 180° W are the same
meridian). Regions to the east of the
International Date Line are counted as being
one calendar day earlier than the regions to the
west. Although the International Date Line
generally follows the 180° meridian (most of
which lies in the Pacific Ocean), it does diverge
in places. Since 180° runs through several
countries, it would divide those countries not
simply into two different time zones, but into two
different calendar days.
47. Tropic of Cancer A line of latitude located at 23°30' north of
the equator. The Sun is directly overhead the Tropic of
Cancer on the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere
(June 20 or 21). It marks the northernmost point of the
tropics, which falls between the Tropic of Cancer and the
Tropic of Capricorn.
Tropic of Capricorn A line of latitude located at 23°30'
south. The Sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn
on the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere (Dec.
20 or 21). It marks the southernmost point of the tropics.
Arctic Circle A line of latitude located at 66°30' north,
delineating the Northern Frigid Zone of the Earth.
48. Antarctic Circle A line of latitude
located at 66°30' south, delineating the
Southern Frigid Zone of the Earth.
Globe The most accurate map of the
Earth, duplicating its spherical shape
and relative size.
49. MAPS
Map Representation of a physical plane with
selective information. Maps represent a
definite area and contain detailed
geographical information.
50. TYPES OF MAPS
Political Map: A political map does not show any
topographic features. It instead focuses solely on
the state and national boundaries of a place. They
also include the locations of cities - both large and
small, depending on the detail of the map.
51. Physical Map: A physical map is one that shows
the physical landscape features of a place. They
generally show things like mountains, rivers and
lakes and water is always shown with blue.
Mountains and elevation changes are usually
shown with different colors and shades to show
relief. Normally on physical maps green shows
lower elevations while browns show high
elevations.
52. Topographic Map: A topographic map is similar to
a physical map in that it shows different physical
landscape features. They are different however
because they use contour lines instead of colors to
show changes in the landscape.
53. Climate Map: A climate map shows information
about the climate of an area. They can show things
like the specific climatic zones of an area based on
the temperature, the amount of snow an area
receives or average number of cloudy days.
54. Economic or Resource Map: An economic or
resource map shows the specific type of economic
activity or natural resources present in an area
through the use of different symbols or colors
depending on what is being shown on the map.
55. Road Map: A road map is one of the most widely
used map types. These maps show major and
minor highways and roads (depending on detail) as
well as things like airports, city locations and points
of interest like parks, campgrounds and
monuments.
56. Thematic Map: A thematic map is a map that
focuses on a particular theme or special topic and
they are different from the six aforementioned
general reference maps because they do not just
show natural features like rivers, cities, political
subdivisions, elevation and highways.
58. CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS
REFERENCE OR NAVIGATIONAL MAPS
are created to help you navigate over the earth
surface. These kinds of maps show you where
particular places are located and can be used to
navigate you way to them. A street map or the
common highway road map falls into this category.
Physical geographers use topographic maps to
show the locations of landscape features on the
earth.
59. CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS illustrate the
horizontal and vertical positions (relief) of
land surface features. Topographic maps use
contour lines to show elevation (height above
sea level).
THEMATIC MAPS are used to communicate
geographic concepts like the distribution of
densities, spatial relationships, magnitudes,
movements etc. World climate or soils maps
are notable examples of thematic maps.
60. MAP ESSENTIALS
TITLE
Shows what the subject of the map is.
COMPASS ROSE
It has arrows which point in all 4 principal
directions.
SCALE
Used to represent distances between two
points on a map.
61. BAR SCALE
A scale on a map which gives distances in miles
or kilometers using bars.
LEGEND
Used to explain what the symbol on a map
represents.
KEY
Another name for a legend on a map.
LOCATOR MAP
Shows where in the world the area on the map
is located.
62. PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS
The four directions found with a compass - North, South,
East, and West.
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS
Another name for the principal directions.
POLITICAL MAPS
Maps which show the major political features of a region.
POLITICAL FEATURES
They include country borders, capital cities and other
features.
CAPITAL CITIES
They are shown as a star on a map.
PHYSICAL MAPS
Maps which show the major physical feature of a region.
63. PHYSICAL FEATURES
They include mountains ranges, rivers, oceans,
islands, deserts and plains.
SPECIAL PURPOSE MAPS
Maps which focus on one special topic like
climate, resources or population.
LINE SCALE
A scale an a map which gives distances in miles
or kilometers using lines.
64. MAP PROJECTION
Cylindrical: In standard presentation, these
map regularly-spaced meridians to equally
spaced vertical lines, and parallels to
horizontal lines.
Pseudocylindrical: In standard
presentation, these map the central meridian
and parallels as straight lines. Other
meridians are curves (or possibly straight
from pole to equator), regularly spaced along
parallels.
65. Pseudoazimuthal: In standard presentation,
pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and
central meridian to perpendicular, intersecting straight
lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing
away from the equator, and meridians to complex
curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed
here after pseudocylindrical as generally similar to
them in shape and purpose.
Conic: In standard presentation, conic (or conical)
projections map meridians as straight lines, and
parallels as arcs of circles.
66. Pseudoconical: In standard presentation,
pseudoconical projections represent the central
meridian as a straight line, other meridians as
complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs.
Azimuthal: In standard presentation, azimuthal
projections map meridians as straight lines and
parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are
radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or
aspect), they preserve directions from the center
point. This means great circles through the central
point are represented by straight lines on the map.
67. Other: Typically calculated from formula, and
not based on a particular projection
Polyhedral maps: Polyhedral maps can be
folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the
sphere, using particular projection to map each
face with low distortion.
Retroazimuthal: Direction to a fixed location B
(by the shortest route) corresponds to the
direction on the map from A to B.
68.
69.
70. LECTURE 3 MAJOR 3
(BASIC GEOGRAPHY)
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. SAMUEL GRECALDA
SUBMITTED BY:
BEED IIA-GENERAL EDUCATION
71. FLORA AND FAUNA
Fauna derives from the name of a Roman goddess,
but the handiest way to remember flora
and fauna is that "flora" sounds like flowers, which
are part of the plant world, and fauna sounds like
"fawn," and fawns are part of the animal kingdom.
72. Flora and fauna refer to plant and wildlife,
respectively. The term is often used to refer
to the indigenous plant and wildlife of a
geographical region. Both are collective
terms, referring to groups of plant or wildlife
specific to a region or a time period. For
example, the flora and fauna of a warm
region may consist of tropical to warm-
temperate vegetation and exotic species of
birds.
73. By definition, flora is a word of Latin origin
referring to Flora, the goddess of flowers. The
term can refer to a group of plants or to
bacteria. Flora is the root of the word floral,
which means pertaining to flowers. Fauna can
refer to the animal life or classification of
animals of a certain region, time period, or
environment. The term is also of Latin origin,
and in Roman mythology, Fauna was the sister
of Faunus, a good spirit of the forest and plains.
74. The flora and fauna of any given region are
usually explained in biological terms to
include the genus and species of plant and
animal life, their preferred growing or
breeding habits, and their connection to one
another in the environment as well. In
addition to geographical groupings,
environment also helps further their
classification. For example, aquatic flora and
fauna of a region refers to the plant and
animal life found in the waters in or
surrounding a geographic region.
75. THE IMPORTANCE OF FLORA AND FAUNA TO
HUMAN EXISTENCE ON EARTH
Flowers and animals; we can't live without
them. The flora of the earth produce the
oxygen that is breathed by the fauna and in
turn, the fauna exhale the carbon dioxide that
the flora need to live. One cannot live without
the other, and humans cannot live without
either; hence their importance.
76. Flora and fauna are the plant and animal life
of a region in a period of time. That may
sound simple, but the ecosystem created by
the interdependence of these two life forms
is not simple at all. In fact, humans cannot
breathe unless both flora and fauna survive
and thrive on the earth.
77. The very air we breathe and the food we eat,
the medicines that cure us, and the water that
keeps us alive would not exist were it not for
flora and fauna. All things in an ecosystem are
interdependent. The existence of one species
may depend on the health of another, such as
the relationship of bamboo forests to pandas.
Pandas only eat bamboo shoots, so the
destruction of the bamboo forests in China
resulted in the endangerment of the Panda,
due to starvation and loss of habitat.
78. In China, destruction of the forests left the
tigers with no place to go. Farmers killed
them in great numbers to protect their farm
animals, and soon there were few left. In an
attempt to save the species, Chinese tigers
were moved to the forests of Africa, where
they are surviving nicely.
79. ENDANGERMENT OF OCEAN FLORA AND FAUNA
The importance of flora and fauna in the
oceans cannot be underestimated, many of
which are endangered or extinct due to
pollution and other of man's actions.
Excessive dumping of nitrogen rich fertilizers
into the Gulf of Mexico has created the
growth of huge colonies of red algae, called
"red tide", which kills millions of ocean
creatures every year, and even a few
hypersensitive humans.
80. The mass killing of sharks has created a
dangerous overpopulation of sting rays.
Overfishing and whaling in Japan has caused
many species of whales to be seriously
endangered.
The Great Barrier Reef, home to millions of
the ocean's species, is dying due to pollution
and rising water temperatures, which is
causing a ripple effect unlike any we will ever
again see.
81. GLOBAL EFFECTS OF THE DESTRUCTION OF
FLORA AND FAUNA
The importance of flora and fauna cannot be
seen anywhere as distinctly as in our
rainforests. The Amazon rainforest once
gave us 20% of our oxygen supply. As their
destruction has progressed, so has the
incidence of respiratory illness around the
world. Some of our most effective drugs
come from rainforest plants. Destruction of
these plants, and their habitats, will not only
affect our health, but our very lives.
82. Half of the world's species of plants, animals
and microorganisms have become
endangered or extinct due to this pernicious
destruction of the rainforest. Birds and
animals are in part responsible for keeping
the rainforest alive, by spreading seeds
through their feces. Without them, many
plant species cannot propagate, and will
disappear.
83. MAN'S DESTRUCTION OF ECOSYSTEMS
Man, in his quest for money and power, has created a
world in which the ecological balance of flora and
fauna has been destroyed, in many instances
causing the extinction of entire species due to
destruction of habitat and food sources.
Manmade "acid rain" killed entire forests when it blew
into Canada and fell on the trees there. Smog has
killed plants, animals and even humans. The hole in
the ozone, said to be the main cause of the melting
arctic ice caps, is (like acid rain) believed to be
caused by the foul emissions of coal burning
factories.
84. GLOBAL ACTIONS CAUSE LOCAL
CONSÉQUENCES
The world's ecology is so complex, so fragile, so
interdependent, that an ecological upheaval of the
flora and fauna of one region of the world (i.e. the
destruction of rainforests) can affect the entire planet.
Global trade has introduced species to areas
outside of their natural habitat, where there are no
predatory species to control their destructive habits.
Fire ants were brought to the United States in a
cargo ship. They have caused the death of livestock,
people, and many native species of ants and insects.
You need look no further than Florida to see the
importance of native flora and fauna on the local
ecosystems.
85. Plants like Kudzu, Brazilian Pepper, Australian
Pine, and Chinese Tallow were brought in from other
countries to the United States and have invaded and
destroyed entire habitats of native flora. The
Everglades is being destroyed by Malaleuca, which
was seeded by airplanes to dry up the Everglades
and allow sugar cane to be planted after the Cuban
embargo.
The introduction of non-native brown anoles and
Cuban tree frogs into Florida has nearly caused the
extinction of native lizard and toad species, which
are their prey. Iguanas and other large lizard species,
as well as large snakes such as boas and pythons,
are invading the Everglades and other ecologically
sensitive areas.
86. In fact, Florida and its port cities have
introduced and become invaded by more
invasive non-native species than any other state
in the U.S.
Imports of salmon eggs into Japan have
caused outbreaks of disease into several of
their native fish species, causing great
economic and ecological losses.
The list goes on indefinitely. The University
of Arizona site tells a shocking tale of the
ecological and economic cost of invasive flora
and fauna to the U.S. alone every year.
87. WHAT CAN BE DONE?
The situation simply is out of control, and
although many organizations such as
Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund, as
well as local societies and agencies worldwide
are trying, there may be no solution.
The indigenous flora and fauna of the world
are dying, and the ecosystem as we know it is
dying with them. It has been said, that if insects
decided to take over the world, we would all be
doomed. If things keep going the way they are,
they may just have their chance.
88. Locally, you can find organizations that are
working to teach the importance of flora and
fauna native to your area and volunteer or
donate money. Globally, you can join
organizations like the World Wildlife Fund
and support their worldwide mission to save
the flora and fauna that support the world's
ecological systems.