Rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment as they flow across the landscape. Erosion occurs through abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action, and solution. Sediment is transported through traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. Deposition takes place when the river's volume or speed decreases, such as when entering a lake or plain with a gentler slope. A river's erosional work shapes the terrain and depends on its volume and flow speed.
Geological action of river or Fluvial processes
The geological action of river is divided chiefly into three parts as Erosion, Transportation and Deposition.
Erosion: River erosion is mainly due to mechanical breaking down of rock fragment. The chemical action of
rivers is minimal. A wide variety of processes are involved in river erosion as follows;
a. Hydraulic action: It is the process of mechanical loosening or removal of the material by the action of the water
alone. The effectiveness of hydraulic action of a river is depends on gradient, velocity of the stream, width, depth
and shape of the channel and discharge.
b. Abrasion: The process of wearing-away of bed rock surfaces by mechanical processes such as rubbing, cutting,
scratching, grinding and polishing etc. is known as abrasion.
c. Attrition: The process of mechanical wearing and tearing of the transported rock fragments into smaller fragments
due to mutual impact and collision.
d. Cavitation: Highly turbulent rivers in rocky channels erode their beds by hydraulic plucking, in which pieces of
bed rocks are lifted out by strong eddies spiraling up around vertical axes. This sucking out of the rock pieces
produces cavities or depressions within the rock. This type of process is called cavitation.
e. Corrosion: The chemical processes of rock erosion by river water are known as corrosion or solution.
Important erosional features:
a. Potholes: These are cylindrical or bowl-like depressions in the rocky beds of streams, which are excavated in the
floors of the streams by extensive, localized abrasion. These are commonly found in softer bedrocks.
b. Water fall: These are defined as magnificent jumps made by stream or river water at certain specific parts of their
course where there is a sudden and considerable drop in the gradient of the channel.
c. River valleys: The river channel carved out by the flow of running water is commonly known as a river valley.
d. Gorges or canyons: During the river erosion, down cutting of its cannel gives rise to a deep narrow valley with
vertical or steep walls. Such a valley is termed as a gorge or canyons.
e. Escarpments: These are erosional land forms produces by rivers in regions composed of alternating beds of hard
and soft rocks. During river erosion soft rocks erode much faster than hard rocks, leaving behind steep slopes on
one side and a gentle slope on the other. The steep slope side is known as the escarpment.
Hog’s back: This is a sharp ridge like structure with high angle sides on two sides formed by harder rocks in an
inclined series of beds.
Mesa and butte: In regions of horizontal strata in which isolated portions of land is capped by a hard, erosion-
resistant bed, the erosional landforms produced will have an isolated flat-topped land area with seep sides,
commonly known as mesa. Isolated masses without flat tops are called buttes.
Transportation: A river is a most powerful agent of transportation. All the material being transported by a
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The work of rivers 2
1. The Work of Rivers
The erosional work of streams/rivers carves
and shapes the landscape through which
they flow.
3 functions of rivers
c. Erosion
d. Transportation
e. Deposition
2. The Work of Rivers
A. Erosion
•A river may erode in 4 ways
3.Abrasion/corrasion
Load carried by a river will grind against its
bed and sides.
This process slowly wears the bed and sides
away.
3. The Work of Rivers
A. Erosion
2. Attrition
When thrown against the sides and bed of
rivers, the load gets broken into smaller
pieces.
4. The Work of Rivers
A. Erosion
3. Hydraulic action
The work of turbulence in the water.
Running water causes friction in the joints of
rocks in a stream channel
Joints may be enlarged
Loosened fragments of rocks get swept away.
5. The Work of Rivers
A. Erosion
4. Solution/Corrosion
Certain minerals in rocks like limestone can
be dissolved in water.
Rocks are then eroded.
6. The Work of Rivers
Relationship of velocity and sediment size to
erosion
8. The Work of Rivers
B. Transportation (4 ways)
•Traction
Larger and heavier rocks/gravels are dragged or
rolled along the bed.
9. The Work of Rivers
B. Transportation (4 ways)
2. Saltation (saltim: by leaps/jumps)
Smaller and lighter rock fragments and sand
hop and bounce along the river bed.
At times, the distinction between traction and
saltation may be difficult to determine.
10. The Work of Rivers
B. Transportation (4 ways)
3. Suspension
Some of the load like silt and clay (fine-
grained) will float along.
They may only be deposited when stream
velocity reaches near 0.
Turbulence in the water is crucial in holding a
load of sediments.
11. The Work of Rivers
B. Transportation (4 ways)
4. Solution
Some minerals are transported in dissolved
form.
Especially chemical solution derived from
minerals like limestone or dolomite.
12. The Work of Rivers
C. Deposition
A river will drop its load when:
c. Volume decreases
d. Speed decreases
13. The Work of Rivers
C. Deposition
A river’s volume decreases when
• Dry season
• Dry region with high evaporation
• Presence of permeable rocks
• Receding flood waters
14. The Work of Rivers
C. Deposition
A river’s speed decreases when
• It enters a lake
• It enters a calm sea
• It enters a gently sloping plain
15. The Work of Rivers
The work of a river depends on its energy
Energy a function of
c. Volume of water
d. Speed of water flow (dependent on gradient)